PADRE SOL, MADRE LUNA: Cuentos Del Desarrollo De Base Pluricultural
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Viracocha 1 Viracocha
ווירָאקוצֱ'ה http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=37&ved=0COYCEBYwJA&url=http %3A%2F%2Fxa.yimg.com%2Fkq%2Fgroups%2F35127479%2F1278251593%2Fname%2F14_Ollantaytam bo_South_Peru.ppsx&ei=TZQaVK- 1HpavyASW14IY&usg=AFQjCNEHlXgmJslFl2wTClYsRMKzECmYCQ&sig2=rgfzPgv5EqG-IYhL5ZNvDA ויראקוצ'ה http://klasky-csupo.livejournal.com/354414.html https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99 ווירקוצ'ה فيراكوتشا http://www.startimes.com/?t=20560975 Viracocha 1 Viracocha Viracocha Great creator god in Inca mythology Offspring (according to some legends) Inti, Killa, Pachamama This article is about the Andean deity. For other uses, see Wiraqucha (disambiguation). Viracocha is the great creator god in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology in the Andes region of South America. Full name and some spelling alternatives are Wiracocha, Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqutra, and Con-Tici (also spelled Kon-Tiki) Viracocha. Viracocha was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.[1] Viracocha created the universe, sun, moon, and stars, time (by commanding the sun to move over the sky) and civilization itself. Viracocha was worshipped as god of the sun and of storms. He was represented as wearing the sun for a crown, with thunderbolts in his hands, and tears descending from his eyes as rain. Cosmogony according to Spanish accounts According to a myth recorded by Juan de Betanzos,[2] Viracocha rose from Lake Titicaca (or sometimes the cave of Paqariq Tampu) during the time of darkness to bring forth light. -
Inca Civilization 1425 A.D - 1532 A.D
Inca Civilization 1425 A.D - 1532 A.D The Inca first appeared in the Andes region during the 12th century A.D. and gradually built a massive kingdom through the military strength of their emperors. Known as Tawantinsuyu, the Incan empire spanned the distance of northern Ecuador to central Chile and consisted of 12 million inhabitants from more than 100 different ethnic (cultural) groups at its peak. Well-devised agricultural and roadway systems, along with a centralized religion and language, helped maintain a cohesive (solid) state. Despite their power, the Inca were quickly overwhelmed by the diseases and superior weaponry of Spanish invaders, the last bastion of their immense empire overtaken in 1572. The Inca first appeared in what is today southeastern Peru during the 12th century A.D (1100’s). According to some versions of their origin myths, they were created by the sun god, Inti, who sent his son Manco Capac to Earth through the middle of three caves in the village of Paccari Tampu. After killing his brothers, Manco Capac led his sisters and their followers through the wilderness before settling in the fertile valley near Cusco circa 1200. The expanding reach of the Inca state, lead to the need for information and people to travel quickly throughout the empire. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui is believed to have been the first Inca emperor to order forced resettlement to squash the possibility of an uprising from one ethnic (cultural) group. In addition, he established the practice in which rulers were prevented from inheriting the possessions of their fathers, thereby making sure that new leaders would conquer new lands and accumulate new wealth of their own. -
Myths of Survival and Heritage in Incan Religion
Viva Los Incas: Myths of Survival and Heritage in Incan Religion Emily Scarbrough ___________________________________________________________ Religion has taken on many forms throughout history, each revealing much about those who believed in them. In the Incan empire, religion was embraced as an explanation for natural phenomena and the formation of society. Religion served an important purpose as it developed into a complex set of myths that governed the empire. Their polytheistic religion had several deities who controlled how the world functioned, with most important of these gods controlling the sun. Looking at the mythology that developed in the Incan empire reveals unrelenting dedication to surviving as individuals and as a united society. Incan mythology seems to enshrine, above all else, a belief in preservation; the mythology suggests a belief in preserving the societal hierarchy, livelihood, and the lineage of the Inca leader. Standing as the cornerstone of Incan religion was Inti, the sun god. As the expression of the sun and light, Inti was responsible for the success of the harvest season. The sun gave life to maize, potatoes, and quinoa, which in turn ensured a steady food supply. While he did not create the Incas, he ensured their livelihood. To thank Inti, temples of the sun were built, prayers spoke, and tribute paid through the sacrifice of crops, llamas, and, in extreme cases, young children.1 Inti was also the subject of the most important of the many Incan festivals, Inti Raymi. Despite centuries of Spanish influence, the festival is still celebrated in modern day Peru, as a reminder of their Incan heritage. -
Spacecraft Deliberately Crashed on the Lunar Surface
A Summary of Human History on the Moon Only One of These Footprints is Protected The narrative of human history on the Moon represents the dawn of our evolution into a spacefaring species. The landing sites - hard, soft and crewed - are the ultimate example of universal human heritage; a true memorial to human ingenuity and accomplishment. They mark humankind’s greatest technological achievements, and they are the first archaeological sites with human activity that are not on Earth. We believe our cultural heritage in outer space, including our first Moonprints, deserves to be protected the same way we protect our first bipedal footsteps in Laetoli, Tanzania. Credit: John Reader/Science Photo Library Luna 2 is the first human-made object to impact our Moon. 2 September 1959: First Human Object Impacts the Moon On 12 September 1959, a rocket launched from Earth carrying a 390 kg spacecraft headed to the Moon. Luna 2 flew through space for more than 30 hours before releasing a bright orange cloud of sodium gas which both allowed scientists to track the spacecraft and provided data on the behavior of gas in space. On 14 September 1959, Luna 2 crash-landed on the Moon, as did part of the rocket that carried the spacecraft there. These were the first items humans placed on an extraterrestrial surface. Ever. Luna 2 carried a sphere, like the one pictured here, covered with medallions stamped with the emblem of the Soviet Union and the year. When Luna 2 impacted the Moon, the sphere was ejected and the medallions were scattered across the lunar Credit: Patrick Pelletier surface where they remain, undisturbed, to this day. -
Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples. -
Primary Cosmic Rays on the Lunar Surface
Primary Cosmic Rays on the Lunar Surface S. N. Vernov The Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, U.S.S.R. A. K. Lavrukhina V. I. Vernadskiy Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Moscow, U.S.S.R. With no atmosphere or magnetic field, the Moon is an ideal object for investigation of the temporal variations of cosmic rays in the region of the Earth's orbit. Results are reported for determination of the galactic cosmic ray flux during various time intervals in the 1965-1972 period, on the basis of data from the instruments of a spacecraft that made a soft landing on the lunar surface, and from the radioactivity of samples returned by the spacecraft. During minimum solar activity (the second half of 1965 and the begin- ning of 1966) (o (E > 30 [ MeV/nucleon) was determined to be 0.43 (± 10 percent) particles • cnr2 • s'1 • ster -1- the mean flux in the 1967-1970 period was lav (E > 100 MeV/nucleon) = 0.31 (± 20 percent) particles • cm"3 • s*1 • ster1. These values, within the error limits of the determinations, agree with the corresponding values of galactic cosmic ray intensities determined by stratospheric measurements. The mean flux of galactic cosmic rays over the past million years is equal to / (E > 100 MeV/nucleon) = 0.28 (±20 percent) particles • cm'2 • s"1 • ster1; this value agrees with the mean flux of modulated cosmic rays during the period of the nineteenth solar cycle. The mean flux of solar protons between 1965 and 1972 was lp (Ep > 20 MeV) = 2.46 / +0.44 \ I - _. -
Inti Raymi, the Sun Ceremony Travel Tags
Peru Inti Raymi, the Sun Ceremony Travel TAGs Cultural Immersion | Special Events | Nature | Local Cuisine | Archaeology Details 03 Nights in Cusco 01 Nights in Aguascalientes 02 Nights in Lima Fixed Departure Start of the program: 21st June 2020 Inti Raymi, the Sun Ceremony Inclusions / Exclusions Inclusions Transfers o Transfers Airport – Hotel – Airport in each city. Excursions o Cusco City Tour. o Full day tour to the Sacred Valley: Awanacancha + Pisac + Ollantaytambo. o Entrance fee to the preferential area for the Inti Raymi ceremony on 24/June. o Expedition train ticket: Ollataytambo/Aguascalientes/ Ollataytambo. o RT Bus service to the archaeological center of Machu Picchu*. o Visit to the sacred visit of Machu Picchu. o Half day Lima City Tour. Meals o Daily breakfast at the hotel. o 01 buffet lunch during the tour to the Sacred Valley. No drinks included. o 01 buffet lunch in Aguas Calientes. No drinks included. o 01 box lunch during the Inti Raymi. Others o Accommodation in the detailed hotels or similar. o Meals according to the itinerary. o Permanent assistance in each destination. Exclusions International or domestic air fares. Services and non-mentioned meals in the itinerary. Drinks. Early check-in, late check-out and hotel extras. Personal expenses. Tips for guides and hotel staff. Inti Raymi, the Sun Ceremony Hotels Hotels in Cusco Economy Category: Imperial Hotel – Standard Room Economy Superior Category: Amerinka Boutique – Standard Room Superior Category: C. Andina Standard Catedral – Standard Room Executive -
Creating Digital Open-Access Latin American Literature and Art •Fi INTI
Inti: Revista de literatura hispánica Volume 1 Number 93 Article 37 2021 Creating Digital Open-Access Latin American Literature and Art – INTI Project Collaboration Donald Russell Bailey Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/inti Citas recomendadas Bailey, Donald Russell (April 2021) "Creating Digital Open-Access Latin American Literature and Art – INTI Project Collaboration," Inti: Revista de literatura hispánica: No. 93, Article 37. Available at: https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/inti/vol1/iss93/37 This Digital Humanities – Transatlantic Literature is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Providence. It has been accepted for inclusion in Inti: Revista de literatura hispánica by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Providence. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DIGITAL HUMANITIES – TRANSATLANTIC LITERATURE In Memory of Donald Russell Bailey International Digital Academic Library Scholar and Digital Humanist CREATING DIGITAL OPEN-ACCESS LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND ART – INTI PROJECT COLLABORATION Donald Russell Bailey Providence College, USA Abstract: Since the middle of the 1990’s, higher education teaching, learning and research have evolved to include an ever greater digital presence. These digital developments in the humanities have lagged most other areas in academia, retaining a preference for the physical print. A team of Latin American scholars, faculty and digital librarians at a US institution of higher education has successfully collaborated since 2008 to publish the INTI: Revista de Literatura Hispánica journal’s original, peer- reviewed literature and art as open-access digital resources for teaching, learning and research. What began as a collaborative digitization project has in 7 years evolved into a full-scale digital publishing enterprise including print-on-demand for INTI’s 350 continuing print-subscription libraries. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara the Pachamama
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara The Pachamama Worldview in the Ecuadorian Urban Ayllu Network: Mashi Identity and Resistance in Early 21st-century Quito A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Cosme Francisco Caal Committee in charge: Professor John Foran, Co-Chair Professor Kum-Kum Bhavnani, Co-Chair Professor Ines Talamantez September 2014 The dissertation of Cosme Francisco Caal is approved __________________________________________________ Ines Talamantez ___________________________________________________ Kum-Kum Bhavnani, Committee Co-Chair __________________________________________________ John Foran, Committee Co-Chair June 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you Kenia Mendez for all of your love and support all these years. I would also like to thank the professors in my committee for their time and support, especially John Foran who oversaw my progress of this manuscript, professor Bhavnani for her insight, and professor Talamantez for her spiritual support and guidance. Thank you Dr. Noa Logan Klein for helping me get started on the manuscript. I also would like to thank Samuel Morgan, Reginald Van Apelen, Ana Rodriguez, and the rest of my LA family. iii VITA OF COSME F. CAAL June 2014 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in Sociology, University of California, Irvine, 2002 (cum laude) Master of Arts in Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2008 Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2012 (expected) PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2005-12: Teaching Assistant, Sociology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara 2009: Councilmember public relations consultant, Quito, Ecuador. 2013: Council seat campaign consultant, District 13, City of Los Angeles AWARDS Rotary Ambassadorial Fellowship to Quito, Ecuador 2009 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: indigenous political mobilization, spirituality and identity Studies in globalization and Latin America with professor William I. -
ILWS Report 137 Moon
Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Albury February 2020 © 2011, revised 2020. All rights reserved by the authors. The contents of this publication are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in existence or to be invented, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the authors, except where permitted by law. Preferred citation of this Report Spennemann, Dirk HR & Murphy, Guy (2020). Returning to the Moon. Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 137. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. iv, 35 pp ISBN 978-1-86-467370-8 Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University. Contact Associate Professor Dirk HR Spennemann, MA, PhD, MICOMOS, APF Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia. email: [email protected] Spennemann & Murphy (2020) Returning to the Moon: Heritage Issues Raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Page ii CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. HUMAN ARTEFACTS ON THE MOON 3 What Have These Missions Left BehinD? 4 Impactor Missions 10 Lander Missions 11 Rover Missions 11 Sample Return Missions 11 Human Missions 11 The Lunar Environment & ImpLications for Artefact Preservation 13 Decay caused by ascent module 15 Decay by solar radiation 15 Human Interference 16 3. -
The Moon As a Laboratory for Biological Contamination Research
The Moon As a Laboratory for Biological Contamina8on Research Jason P. Dworkin1, Daniel P. Glavin1, Mark Lupisella1, David R. Williams1, Gerhard Kminek2, and John D. Rummel3 1NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 2European Space AgenCy, Noordwijk, The Netherlands 3SETI InsQtute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA Introduction Catalog of Lunar Artifacts Some Apollo Sites Spacecraft Landing Type Landing Date Latitude, Longitude Ref. The Moon provides a high fidelity test-bed to prepare for the Luna 2 Impact 14 September 1959 29.1 N, 0 E a Ranger 4 Impact 26 April 1962 15.5 S, 130.7 W b The microbial analysis of exploration of Mars, Europa, Enceladus, etc. Ranger 6 Impact 2 February 1964 9.39 N, 21.48 E c the Surveyor 3 camera Ranger 7 Impact 31 July 1964 10.63 S, 20.68 W c returned by Apollo 12 is Much of our knowledge of planetary protection and contamination Ranger 8 Impact 20 February 1965 2.64 N, 24.79 E c flawed. We can do better. Ranger 9 Impact 24 March 1965 12.83 S, 2.39 W c science are based on models, brief and small experiments, or Luna 5 Impact 12 May 1965 31 S, 8 W b measurements in low Earth orbit. Luna 7 Impact 7 October 1965 9 N, 49 W b Luna 8 Impact 6 December 1965 9.1 N, 63.3 W b Experiments on the Moon could be piggybacked on human Luna 9 Soft Landing 3 February 1966 7.13 N, 64.37 W b Surveyor 1 Soft Landing 2 June 1966 2.47 S, 43.34 W c exploration or use the debris from past missions to test and Luna 10 Impact Unknown (1966) Unknown d expand our current understanding to reduce the cost and/or risk Luna 11 Impact Unknown (1966) Unknown d Surveyor 2 Impact 23 September 1966 5.5 N, 12.0 W b of future missions to restricted destinations in the solar system. -
PSO-Based Soft Lunar Landing with Hazard Avoidance: Analysis and Experimentation
aerospace Article PSO-Based Soft Lunar Landing with Hazard Avoidance: Analysis and Experimentation Andrea D’Ambrosio 1,* , Andrea Carbone 1 , Dario Spiller 2 and Fabio Curti 1 1 School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851, 00138 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (F.C.) 2 Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The problem of real-time optimal guidance is extremely important for successful au- tonomous missions. In this paper, the last phases of autonomous lunar landing trajectories are addressed. The proposed guidance is based on the Particle Swarm Optimization, and the differ- ential flatness approach, which is a subclass of the inverse dynamics technique. The trajectory is approximated by polynomials and the control policy is obtained in an analytical closed form solution, where boundary and dynamical constraints are a priori satisfied. Although this procedure leads to sub-optimal solutions, it results in beng fast and thus potentially suitable to be used for real-time purposes. Moreover, the presence of craters on the lunar terrain is considered; therefore, hazard detection and avoidance are also carried out. The proposed guidance is tested by Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate its performances and a robust procedure, made up of safe additional maneuvers, is introduced to counteract optimization failures and achieve soft landing. Finally, the whole procedure is tested through an experimental facility, consisting of a robotic manipulator, equipped with a camera, and a simulated lunar terrain. The results show the efficiency and reliability Citation: D’Ambrosio, A.; Carbone, of the proposed guidance and its possible use for real-time sub-optimal trajectory generation within A.; Spiller, D.; Curti, F.