7/11/18 BERLIN
Theories OPEN Perspectives Instruments CITY FORUM OFFENE STADT OPEN CITY FORUM 2018 Research cluster of TU Braunschweig tu-braunschweig.de/stadtderzukunft International Conference | November 7th 2018, Stadtwerkstatt Berlin | Berlin Science Week
Exploring challenges and opportunities of openness and its implications for theories, perspectives and instruments of the Open City
IMPRINT CONTENTS
© 2018 by ISU / Research Group Offene Stadt Technische Universität Braunschweig Texts by kind permission of the authors. Institute for Sustainable Urbanism ISU Images by kind permission of the authors. Research Group „Offene Stadt“ Prof. Dr. Vanessa Miriam Carlow (Coordinator) All rights reserved. OFFENE STADT TPI 04 Pockelsstraße 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 531 391-3537 OPEN CITY FORUM 05 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Fax: +49 (0) 531 391-3534 PROGRAM 06 Prof. Dr. Vanessa Miriam Carlow, [email protected] Dr. Maycon Sedrez, Ines Dobosic, Olaf Mumm (ISU) SPEAKERS + EXPERTS 08 Dr.-Ing. Nadine Appelhans (TU Dortmund) www.sustainableurbanism.de Hannes Müller (ISU) www.offene-stadt.org ABSTRACTS 10
ISBN: 978-3-946859-08-6
“OFFENE STADT: Theorien, Perspektiven, Instrumente” Research group: In cooperation with: Funded by:
OPEN CITY FORUM 2018 Made possible by: Mediapartner: Part of: OFFENE STADT OPEN CITY FORUM 2018 Theorien, Perspektiven, Instrumente Contribution to ISU Talks #06
The OPEN CITY FORUM is part of “OFFENE STADT: The- Openness has interlinked dimensions: the physical open- Exploring challenges and opportunities of openness and The OPEN CITY SYMPOSIUM invites renowned interna- orien, Perspektiven, Instrumente” – a joint inter- and ness of space, institutional openness, the openness of its implications for theories, perspectives and instru- tional scholars Edgar A. Pieterse, Harald Welzer and Tali transdisciplinary research project by TU Braunschweig, social, economic and ecological systems, and responsive- ments of the Open City. Hatuka to join the conversation on challenges and chanc- TU Dortmund and the German Institute of Urban Affairs ness to future change. es of openness for cities and society. in cooperation with the Senate of the City of Berlin and The OPEN CITY FORUM critically examines the principles supported by a renowned advisory board. The project is The open city is a challenging concept and an opportunity. of openness and how they can be translated into urban The OPEN RESEARCH FORUM is a platform for exchange funded by the Robert Bosch Foundation. The exploration of such new perspectives and approaches space and practice. The public event connects research- and development of innovative methods and tools; inte- considering openness in urban development is crucial as ers, academics, professionals, experts as well as decision grating existing disciplinary concepts and theoretical Openness is at the center of current societal debates when the speed of societal changes, urban growth and deterio- makers of municipalities and the civil society. approaches of openness towards new perspectives and issues of belonging, security and resource distribution are rating environmental conditions increases. Can the con- instruments for the sustainable transformation and de- being negotiated. In the light of insecurity and uncertainty cept of openness provide designers, planners, decision Though workshops, lectures and podium discussion, we velopment of urban areas. 20 selected scientists from regarding future developments, current societal debates makers and citizens new strategies to counter multiple seek to explore innovative methods and tools, integrating various disciplines present their research and discuss point towards new lines of conflict regarding «openness» uncertainties in the process of urban development, with- existing disciplinary concepts and theoretical approaches together with the research group, invited experts of the and «closure» within urban areas. out irrevocably obstructing future possibilities? of openness towards new perspectives and instruments for research cluster FUTURE CITY of TU Braunschweig and the sustainable transformation and development of cities. the wider public.
RESEARCH TEAM ADVISORY BOARD Backgorund: ISU Talks ISU Talks #6: OPEN CITY FORUM
TU Braunschweig Prof. Dr. Hardy Bouillon ISU TALKS is an annual series of conferences that discuss The OPEN CITY FORUM is a contribution to the sixth inter- Institute for Sustainable Urbanism (ISU) Associate Professor of Philosophy emerging and relevant issues regarding to contemporary national symposium of the annual ISU Talks series that will Prof. Dr. Vanessa Miriam Carlow (Lead) University of Trier, New Direction Foundation in Brussels urban development and it is organized by the Institute of be held on November 7th in the scope of the Berlin Science Ines Dobosic Sustainable Urbanism. The conference puporse is to bring Week. It is hosted by ISU and the Open City Research Group. Olaf Mumm Prof. Jochen Rabe together experts on relevant topics to engage on debates Majd Murad Professor for Urban Resilience and Digitalization with citizens and academic community about current is- # Open City Dr. Dagmar Schulze Heuling Technische Universität Berlin sues of urbanism and related disciplines. ISU Talks con- # Architectures of Openness nects scientific research presentations with open conver- # Practices of Openness TU Braunschweig Prof. Dr. Johanna Rolshoven sations with invited speakers and moderators. # Public Spaces of Openness Institute of Geoecology (IGÖ) Professor for Cultural Anthropology # Urban Development and Uncertainty Prof. Dr. Boris Schröder-Esselbach Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz The previous editions have explored the themes: # City Information Modeling Dr. Michael Strohbach # Open Urban Systems Prof. Dr. Harald Welzer #1 The Housing Question (2013) # Open Social Structures German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu) FUTURZWEI. Stiftung Zukunftsfähigkeit #2 Mobile Cities (2014) # Porosity Jan Hendrik Trapp #3 Ruralism (2015) # Inclusiveness Univ. Prof. Dr. Erol Yildiz #4 Urban Africa (2016) # Urbanity of Movement Technische Universität Dortmund Professor of Education Science #5 Future Cities (2017) # Urban Development and Appropriation Department of Urban and Regional Sociology University of Innsbruck Dr.-Ing. Nadine Appelhans
Research Group “Offene Stadt” Institute for Sustainable Urbanism ISU Pockelsstraße 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Email: [email protected] Phone: +49 (0) 531 391-3537 OFFENE-STADT.ORG SUSTAINABLEURBANISM.DE/ISU-TALKS
4 5 PROGRAM PROGRAM OPEN RESEARCH FORUM OPEN CITY SYMPOSIUM
09:00 - 10:00 Registration + Breakfast 16:30 - 17:00 Registration
10:00 - 10:15 WELCOME + INTRODUCTION 17:00 - 17:30 WELCOME + INTRODUCTION Dr.-Ing. Nadine Appelhans and Prof. Dr. Vanessa Miriam Carlow Dr.-Ing. Nadine Appelhans and Prof. Dr. Vanessa Miriam Carlow Research Group “Offene Stadt” presents: “Offene Stadt – Theorien, Perspektiven, Instrumente” Research Group “Offene Stadt” presents: “Offene Stadt – Theorien, Perspektiven, Instrumente”
10:15 - 10:45 LIGHTNING ROUND I Moderation: Olaf Mumm and Jan Trapp 17:30 - 18:15 DR. TALI HATUKA Fabio Bayro-Kaiser: The desired closed city contested by the unwanted open city Working the City – New Vision for Openness Zinovia Foka: Contesting the Narratives of Partition: Space Appropriation in Nicosia’s Buffer Zone Head of the Laboratory of contemporary Urban Design at Tel Aviv University Betsabea Bussi & Zeynep Tulumen: Building social bridges: The case of Porta Palazzo Market in Turin Sara Sako, Michelle Bastian: Synthesis of Feminist Approaches and Architecture: An Intervention 18:15 - 19:00 PROF. DR. HARALD WELZER Dimitra Prapa: Openness in academic spaces: three examples from Athens Director of FUTURZWEI. Stiftung Zukunftsfähigkeit Nitin Bathla: An extended openness: The ‘open cities’ of the Delhi urban region Anna Kostreva & Alex Head: Open Society and the Right to Exceed 19:00 - 19:30 Break Edna Peza: Fear in the city: a story of research, photography, and outreach 19:30 - 20:15 PROF. DR. EDGAR A. PIETERSE Preconditions for “openness” in divided Cape Town 10:45 - 12:15 Parallel Workshop Sessions Director of African Centre for Cities at University of Cape Town Workshop Session I: Space Workshop Session II: Time Moderator: Olaf Mumm Moderator: Ines Dobosic 20:15 - 21:15 PODIUM DISCUSSION Rapporteur: Prof. Dr. Vanessa M. Carlow Rapporteur: Prof. Dr. Boris Schröder-Esselbach Provocation: Prof. Dr. Tatjana Schneider Moderation: Prof. Dr. Vanessa Miriam Carlow and Prof. Dr. Boris Schröder-Esselbach Provocation: Prof. Dr. Eckart Voigts Participants: Tali Hatuka, Edgar Pierterse and Harald Welzer 12:15 - 13:00 Lunch 21:15 CONCLUSION + OUTRO
13:00 - 13:30 LIGHTNING ROUND II Moderation: Olaf Mumm and Jan Trapp Prof. Dr. Vanessa Miriam Carlow, Prof. Dr. Boris Schröder-Esselbach and Research Group “Offene Stadt” Letizia Chiappini, Ying-Tzu Lin & Anastasiya Halauniova: Slutty Urbanism: Against Pervert Urban Performances Elena Porqueddu: Design for the Open City: directing rather than mastering emergent transformations Bianca Herlo, Jennifer Schubert & Malte Bergmann: Social Living Labs: Co-Designing Open Cities Ananya Ramesh, Anurag Jain: Peri-urban Transformations in Bangalore’s Periphery Study Area: Proposed Bidadi Township and Peri-Bidadi Area Gala Nettelblad: Openness as Conflict: The Contentious Politics of Planning in the Context of Migration in Cities Gökce Sanul: Spaces of Openness in Istanbul: Solidary Publicness and Experimental Practices Benedikt Stoll: Re-tracing Home: Conversations with Syrian newcomers on the “arrival crisis” in Berlin Anakkara Vadakkath Venugopal: Tourism paradox Hendrik Weiner: Local collaborative design-projects as catalyst and research-instrument of urban transformations
13:30 – 15:00 Parallel Workshop Sessions Workshop Session III: System Workshop Session IV: Institution Moderator: Dr. Michael Strohbach Moderator: Dr. Dagmar Schulze Heuling Rapporteur: Jan Trapp Rapporteur: Dr.-Ing. Nadine Appelhans Provocation: Prof. Dr. Dirk Konietzka 15:00 - 15:15 Coffee Break
15:15 - 16:15 PLENARY SESSION Moderation: Olaf Mumm and Dr. Michael Strohbach Reports from Session I, II, III and IV and open discussion with all participants
6 7 SPEAKERS + EXPERTS
DR. TALI HATUKA PROF. DR. EDGAR A. PIETERSE PROF. DR. DIRK KONIETZKA PROF. DR. ECKART VOIGTS Head of Laboratory for Contemporary South African research chair in Urban Policy, Professor of Sociology at the Institute of Social Sciences, Professor of Literary and Cultural Studies at the Urban Design (LCUD), Tel Aviv University Director of African Centre for Cities (ACC) Technische Universität Braunschweig, Member of TU Institute of English and American Studies, * Speaker at the Open City Symposium * Speaker at the Open City Symposium Braunschweig research cluster FUTURE CITY Technische Universität Braunschweig, Member of TU * Expert at the Open Research Forum Braunschweig research cluster FUTURE CITY Tali Hatuka is an architect and urban planner and the Head Edgar Pieterse is the founding director of the African Cen- * Expert at the Open Research Forum (and founder) of the Laboratory of contemporary Urban tre for Cities at the University of Cape Town—the most in- Dirk Konietzka is professor of sociology at the department Design (LCUD), in the Department of Geography and Hu- fluential urban research centre on the African continent of social sciences at TU Braunschweig, Germany. His re- Eckart Voigts is professor of English Literature and Culture man Environment at Tel Aviv University. Her work focus- with a global remit. He is a life long activist determined search interests focus on social change, social demogra- at TU Braunschweig, Germany. Co-editor of Transforming es primarily on two main fields of research: (1) the urban to find creative and inclusive ways of generating ground- phy and stratification. Cities. Discourses of Urban Change (Winter 2018), Com- realm and society (public space, conflicts and dissent); and ed discourses about the city and its potential futures. He panion to Adaptation (Routledge 2018), Dystopia, Science (2) urban development and city design (housing, and indus- has authored/edited fourteen books, over a hundred peer Fiction, Post-Apocalypse (WVT 2015), Reflecting on Darwin trial areas). She has worked as an architect and a planner reviewed articles, curates exhibitions and provides urban (Ashgate 2014), special issue of Adaptation on Transmedia on a planning project related urban development and city policy advice to a variety of African and international de- Storytelling (OUP 2013). Since 2016 co-PI of research proj- design, funded by Israeli municipalities and ministries. velopment agencies. His most recent book is: New Ur- ect on ‘British-Jewish Theatre’ (VW Foundation). ban Worlds. Inhabiting Dissonant Times (Polity, 2017). He holds the South African Research Chair in Urban Policy. » WORKING THE CITY: NEW VISION FOR OPENNESS He currently holds the Richard von Weizsäcker Fellow at Openness is a political, normative and social ideal. The quest the Robert Bosch Academy in Berlin and was the inaugu- for an open city is not novel and highly contested, revolving ral Alfred Herrhausen Fellow. around the question of the “other” throughout history. Today it is expressed in protests and rage for and against refugees PROF. DR. TATJANA SCHNEIDER worldwide. How architects and planners, as key agents in » PRECONDITIONS FOR “OPENNESS” IN Professor of Architecture Theory and History at the Insti- the development of cities, respond to this dramatic dynam- DIVIDED CAPE TOWN tute for History and Theory of Architecture and the City, ic? What is their role in cultivating openness through theory South African cities are the paradigmatic case of divided Technische Universität Braunschweig, Member of TU and practice? The key idea of this presentation is that the cities due to the history of intentional racialised division Braunschweig research cluster FUTURE CITY fourth industrial revolution is an opportunity to develop a and injustice. Since the onset of democracy there has * Expert at the Open Research Forum PROF. DR. HARALD WELZER new vision for the open city. Since the Industrial Revolution, been successive public policies to reverse this legacy but Director of FUTURZWEI. Stiftung Zukunftsfähigkeit cities, immigration and industry have evolved together. In a it seems to have, paradoxically, entrenched the legacies Prof. Dr. Tatjana Schneider is a critical spatial theorist and * Speaker at the Open City Symposium time of dramatic shifts in the manufacturing sector -- from of the past. During the last two years the African Centre educator. She was educated in Germany and the UK and large-scale mass production methods to small-scale dis- for Cities convened a deliberative space (i.e. the Integra- received her PhD in Architecture from Strathclyde Univer- Harald Welzar is a sociologist and social psychologist, tributed systems; from polluting and consumptive produc- tion Syndicate) to forge a novel shared understanding of sity, Glasgow, for research on the mechanisms of themed co-founder and director of ‘FuturZwei. Foundation for tion methods to a cleaner and more sustainable process; the contemporary drivers of urban division with an eye on environments. Sustainability’, Professor of Transformation Design and from broad demand for unskilled labor to a growing need generating novel ideas about how to shift the status quo. In the face of epochal urban transformations and increas- Mediation at the University of Flensburg, Permanent Visit- for a more educated and specialized workforce – cities see The talk will provide an account of this process with a view ing socio-spatial inequalities in many parts of the world, ing Professor for Social Psychology at the University of St. new investment and increased employment opportunities. of extracting generic ideas that may enrich the debates in my research and teaching engages with case studies that Gallen. He has written numerous books on socio-political Yet, to reap these benefits also requires a shift in our think- Berlin about the imperatives of openness. foster principles of justice. It is particularly concerned issues and sustainability, including ‘Climate Wars. What ing about manufacturing, labor and development in cities. with the social, economic and political parameters with- is being killed in the 21st century’, ‘Self-thinking. A guide More than two centuries after the start of the Industrial in and through which cities, territories and architectures to resistance’, lastly ‘The smart dictatorship. The attack Revolution we have an opportunity to re-consider the ways are made and the tools and methodologies that allow citi- on our freedom’, all published in the S. Fischer publishing in which industry creates places, sustains jobs, and sup- zens to intervene transformatively in the (re)production of house. He is also publisher of ‘Futurzwei. Magazine for the ports social openness and spatial diversity. space. future and politics’.
8 9 ABSTRACTS
01_SPACE 02_TIME 03_SYSTEM 04_INSTITUTION
FABIO BAYRO-KAISER 14 ANEES ARNOLD 26 LETIZIA CHIAPPINI, YING-TZU LIN, 38 GALA NETTELBLAD 48 OPENNESS AS CONFLICT: THE CONTENTIOUS POLITICS THE DESIRED CLOSED CITY CONTESTED BY THE UN- A FOOT-HOLD IN THE CITY ANASTASIYA HALAUNIOVA OF PLANNING IN THE CONTEXT OF MIGRATION IN CITIES WANTED OPEN CITY SLUTTY URBANISM: AGAINST PERVERT URBAN PER- NITIN BATHLA 28 FORMANCES BETSABEA BUSSI, ZEYNEP TULUMEN 16 AN EXTENDED OPENNESS: THE ‘OPEN CITIES’ OF THE GÖKÇE SANUL 50 SPACES OF OPENNESS IN ISTANBUL: SOLIDARY BUILDING SOCIAL BRIDGES DELHI URBAN REGION BIANCA HERLO, JENNIFER 40 PUBLICNESS AND EXPERIMENTAL PRACTICES THE CASE OF PORTA PALAZZO MARKET IN TURIN SCHUBERT, MALTE BERGMANN ANNA KOSTREVA, ALEX HEAD 32 SOCIAL LIVING LABS: CO-DESIGNING OPEN CITIES ZINOVIA FOKA 18 OPEN SOCIETY AND THE RIGHT TO EXCEED BENEDIKT STOLL 52 RE-TRACING HOME: CONVERSATIONS WITH SYRIAN CONTESTING THE NARRATIVES OF PARTITION: SPACE ELENA PORQUEDDU 42 NEWCOMERS ON THE “ARRIVAL CRISIS” IN BERLIN APPROPRIATION IN NICOSIA’S BUFFER ZONE 34 EDNA PEZA DESIGN FOR THE OPEN CITY: DIRECTING RATHER THAN FEAR IN THE CITY: A STORY OF RESEARCH, PHOTOGRA- MASTERING EMERGENT TRANSFORMATIONS DIMITRA PRAPA 20 PHY, AND OUTREACH ANAKKARA VADAKKATH VENUGOPAL 54 TOURISM PARADOX OPENNESS IN ACADEMIC SPACES: THREE EXAMPLES ANANYA RAMESH, ANURAG JAIN 44 FROM ATHENS PERI-URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS IN BANGALORE’S PERIPHERY STUDY AREA: PROPOSED BIDADI TOWN- HENDRIK WEINER 56 LOCAL COLLABORATIVE DESIGN-PROJECTS AS CATA- SARA SAKO, MICHELLE BASTIAN 22 SHIP AND PERI-BIDADI AREA LYST AND RESEARCH-INSTRUMENT OF URBAN TRANS- SYNTHESIS OF FEMINIST APPROACHES AND ARCHI- FORMATIONS TECTURE: AN INTERVENTION
10 11 01_SPACE THE DESIRED CLOSED CITY CONTESTED BY THE UNWANTED OPEN CITY
Fabio Bayro-Kaiser
RWTH Aachen University
Germany [email protected]
Latin America, informal settlements, living lab, public space, architectures of openness
Fig. 1 The growing city of Tarija, Bolivia. A place where specu- Fig. 2 The road towards San Andres. A road that connects the lation and corruption have produced severe social and environ- consolidated city with the rural area through the informal city. mental damage. Source: DigitalGlobe 2018. Source: DigitalGlobe 2018 (edited).
Based on a modern and utopian way of planning, Latin sustainable, resilient and inclusive cities. The cities of Bo- ciplinary approach and thrives at tackling the challenges American cities have historically developed two realities: gotá and Medellín in Colombia are wonderful examples of of social disparities, environmental degradation and vul- one of formality and socioeconomic wellbeing typical to what can be achieved by the spatial and social linkage of nerability; which the city of Tarija greatly faces. For such the (traditional) city centres -the desired closed city? and these two realities. In this sense and framed by the SDG´s purpose, a road that connects the city centre with the rural one of informality, insecurity and despair in peri-urban ar- and the new urban agenda, transforming cities can be area was chosen as a case of study. This roads leads to eas -the unwanted open city? The first does not acknowl- seen as experimental laboratories, for the development the community of San Andres, historically constructed for edge the existence of the second and the second largely and implementation of innovative planning instruments the movement of agricultural produces towards the city, overcomes the first in size and population, and therefore in and strategies towards a sustainable development. And and which today it is the main route for daily commuters complexity. All though one could argue for the open qual- if cities where to develop towards openness, dealing with (Fig. 2). Focusing on the revitalization of public space as ities of the traditional colonial city centre, it has closed uncertainty and simultaneity challenges them in an ever a tool for the production of a liveable environment, two itself -spatially and socially- from an emerging surround- more complex manner. Therefore, models capable of for- workshops where held so far. In them, different social and ing. But, the promise of economic growth, a liveable envi- mulating propositions grounded on diffuse and/or incom- institutional actors came together and coproduced a con- ronment and the political attention they enjoy, has made plete knowledge are yet to be developed. ceptual framework for future development. Hence, open- them to a desired model. Hence, the desired closed city. ing planning debates on the one side and physically and On the contrary, the emerging surroundings are an open This contribution addresses the issue of informal urban- socially integrating an informal city into an existing urban architecture by itself as they are still not ´properly´ de- ization in the city of Tarija in Bolivia. And drawing from a structure. fined. All though spatially they could be interpreted as a mixed-method empirical data collection in Tarija on vari- Fig. 3 The ravines as places for action: where vulnerable dwell- closed city, their unregulated ways of being and self-or- ous occasions, it became clear that current planning pol- The main argument of this contribution is that, formal ings lay and at the same time, valuable ecological systems are ganization -as a potential for innovation- shows different. icies and building codes are overwhelmed by the informal planning needs to acknowledge the informal ways of be- being destroyed. Source: Author. However, the situation of despair of its dwellers has made nature of urbanisation. They might have been successful in ing in order to tackle the challenges of urbanisation ac- them an undesired model for development, thus, revealing some scenarios in the consolidated city, however, they are cordingly. And especially, the formal city is not a logical References them as the unwanted open city. Despite the fact that Lat- not applicable to the emerging surroundings. The current consequence of the informal city, but that rather the for- in American cities are mainly developing informally, plan- strategies to impose an absolute and abstract regulatory mal city (the desired closed city) is nowadays contested McGuirk J. (2014) Radical cities: across Latin America in ning institutions have unsuccessfully tried to formalize framework to the emerging surroundings have only led to by the informal city (the unwanted open city). There are search of a new architecture. New York: Verso. the informal, or one could say to close an open city. This legal and social clashes between institutions and dwell- still unseen potentials in the emerging surroundings and incapacity of addressing the informal phenomena has only ers, promoting even more the spatial and social segrega- in order to properly address this phenomena, the fear of Rolshoven J. (2014) Die Sicherheiten einer Offenen Stadt. made room for land speculation and corruption, which tion. National social housing policies have also failed to the informal needs to be overcome; this includes the infor- Available under: https://www.eurozine.com/die-sicher- combined have produced severe social and environmental address this situation properly. Even though they provide mal economic activity. This are the essentials for an open heiten-einer-offenen-stadt/ damage to the cities (Fig. 1). the resources and the legal framework for social housing, city. And following on the identified role of public space their integration into existing urban structures has not yet in inclusive and open cities, the living lab has put an al- Sennett R. (2006) The Open City. In: LSE Cities: Towards In this context of neglect, projects such as Alejandro Ara- been achieved by the State. Moreover, this bears a heavy ternative vision for development into the municipalities‘ an Urban Age. Available under: http://esteticartografi- vena´s incomplete housing in Chile or Urban Think Tank´s burden for the municipalities as they still have to provide agenda: the transformation of neglected and degraded as07.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/ berlin_richard_sen- vertical spaces in Venezuela for instance, have shown an the scarce resources of land and basic infrastructure, spaces into attractive public (open) places as a backbone nett_2006−the_open_city1.pdf alternative vision for the informal city. Where especially scenario which again leads to the challenges mentioned of city development in order to promote inclusion and the the role of public space in an inclusive and open city was above. preservation of natural ecosystems. This especially on the UN – United Nations. (2017) New Urban Agenda. Quito: UN. underpinned. Following, many practitioners, scholars and existing ravines; which connect the region, the cities and initiatives have identified and conceptualized the poten- This contribution therefore proposes an alternative meth- the neighbourhoods (Fig. 3). WBGU – German Advisory Council on Global Change tials of informality and self-organization in the production od for urban planning. It proposes a living lab approach as (2016) Humanity on the move: Unlocking the transforma- of space -arguing the need for a link between the formal a scientific and spatial construct for a democratic discus- tive power of cities. Summary. Berlin: WBGU. and informal in order to achieve the global goals towards sion around urban planning. The living lab has a transdis-
14 15 BUILDING SOCIAL BRIDGES THE CASE OF PORTA PALAZZO MARKET IN TURIN
Betsabea Bussi*, Zeynep Tulumen*
* DASP, Politecnico di Torino
Italy [email protected] openness, urban transformations, holistic strategy, market, inclusiveness
Fig. 1 The Gate project: scheme reporting the actions undertaken and their mutual interconnections. Source: Authors.
The most famous and important market in Turin, Porta market, today it is an authentic multi-ethnic market (Gilli In particular, it improved the local fabric by stimulating its It is necessary to strengthen and promote processes of ac- Palazzo, is the largest open-air market in Europe. It cov- & Ferrari 2018). The market has such a strong imageable „natural economy“, mainly enhancing the market. The most tive citizenship based on a sense of shared social respon- ers an area of 51,300 square meters with more than one identity that the whole area orbiting around it is consid- important choice was not to intervene through preferential, sibility, enhancing the rich associative life and the positive thousand street vendors. Besides its scale, it is an ex- ered as a full-fledged neighbourhood, although at an ad- “ethnically-marked” actions, pointed exclusively at immi- dynamics of the territory. traordinary place of encounter and exchange, an area of ministrative level it is indistinctly part of the Centre. grants, but to promote collaboration among newcomers socialisation, confrontation, discovery and dialogue. Porta and “natives” towards this shared space (Briata 2014). This paper aims to show the process Porta Palazzo un- Palazzo represents one of the main places where inte- Nevertheless, because of its marked interculturality and derwent to become a place with a strong open identity gration processes begin in a city with a strong traditional its multi-ethnic face, the area has been associated for a The participatory mechanism focused on a broad vision of where anyone can recognise himself in. Full of resources identity like Turin. long time with insecurity, fear and delinquency. inclusiveness. This allowed to reinforce social cohesion, and vulnerabilities, it can be regarded as an urban labo- re-qualify the built environment, promote the neighbour- ratory that well reflects the development of the city in the Borrowing Reijndorp’s (2009) metaphor of the Bazaar, the Indeed, the surrounding area has been characterised by hood as cultural and artistic resource for the city (Fabbri- direction of a European metropolis. In this context, Porta Open City should be a place with an “overwhelming sup- a spontaneous process of architectural degradation, a catti 2013). Palazzo is a democratic space, where people with different ply and an equally differentiated demand, not only of goods social and economic precariousness widespread among origin, social and religious background meet, relate and but also of experiences, impressions, ideas”. Before being the residents, combined with phenomena of illegality and Through this holistic approach, the project managed to practice openness. places of exchange, in fact, markets are born as meet- abusiveness. overcome the partiality of planning programs, intervening ing places, collective assemblies, social reference points. directly on the field, in those fragile neighbourhoods char- References They are among the places that most reveal the transfor- The distrust of the inhabitants further worsened the situa- acterised by social decay. It did not confine itself to filling mations in a multi-ethnic sense of the cities, the inter- tion, marginalising the area, except for the space and time the dismissed spaces of the area with new “activities”: it Christiaanse K. (2009) The Open City and its enemies. In twining of people of different origins. As natural centres interval in which the market took place. In fact, the genu- encouraged full-grown dynamic actions, capable of build- Open City: Designing coexistence, edited by Rieniets T., J. of socialisation, they become often the first place in which ine nature of the market, which allows to break each pre- ing bridges among old and new citizens. Sigler & K. Christiaanse, 25-36. Amsterdam: SUN. immigrants seek contact both with compatriots and with conception, has never been questioned. In this framework, the new world in which they moved. can this multifaceted market be considered as a catalyst Promoted actions concern all the urban domains - built, Briata P. (2014) Spazio urbano e immigrazione in Italia: for a physical and social regeneration of a whole district? sustainable, social, economic, cultural. Some examples esperienze di pianificazione in una prospettiva europea. For a long time, Porta Palazzo was the Sunday meeting are the reconversion of the built heritage through reuse Milano: FrancoAngeli. of fellow citizens, once for the countless immigrants from Recognising this potential, in 1998 the City of Turin solutions addressed to elderly and young population, and southern Italy and now for those coming from all over the launched the urban pilot project The Gate - living not for socio-cultural activities; the creation of multi-lan- Gilli M. & S. Ferrari. (2018) Tourism in multi-ethnic dis- world. It has become the place to feel closer to home. leaving, aimed at improving the living and working con- guage assistance and youth centres; the set up of a calen- tricts: the case of Porta Palazzo Market in Torino, Leisure “When in a foreign city, - Reijndorp (2009) wrote - immigrants ditions of the district. In the last decade, Porta Palazzo dar of regular events to exploit the aggregative potential of Studies 37:2, 146-157. look for places where they suspect they can deal with the has been the centre of an intense physical, economic, the area; the redevelopment of commercial space as well situation, such as markets, where routines are the same all environmental, social and cultural requalification, which as a better waste management of the market. In doing so, Fabbricatti K. (2013) Le sfide della città interculturale: La over the world. For centuries they have formed part of a su- demonstrates that it is possible to transform a district small ad hoc measures built a net able to restructure the teoria della resilienza per il governo dei cambiamenti. Mi- pralocal, familiar environment”. and improve its spaces without distorting its atmosphere life of the neighbourhood. lano: FrancoAngeli. and vitality, keeping alive its history and memory. This has Thus, Porta Palazzo has seen the arrival of new foreign been possible thanks to a series of interventions capable Today, the district is attracting more and more private in- Reijndorp A. (2009) The City as Bazaar. In Open City: De- communities in the socio-economic fabric of the city, of operating both on the physical degradation of the area vestments, settlements of new businesses and families. Al- signing coexistence, edited by Rieniets T., J. Sigler & K. which use the market as a possible way of integration and and on the social conditions of the inhabitants. though still presenting some critical issues, Porta Palazzo Christiaanse, 93-102. Amsterdam: SUN. employment opportunities. has become a place where to settle and not just transit, a Through an innovative integrated approach to urban re- virtuous example of open strategy for urban transformations. If Porta Palazzo has been previously an authentic Pied- generation, The Gate managed to involve various actors As Christiaanse (2009) reminded, “Open City cannot be de- montese market, and later an authentic multi-regional and to trigger a process of redevelopment of the territory. signed: it has to be produced via active intervention strategies”.
16 17 CONTESTING THE NARRATIVES OF PARTITION SPACE APPROPRIATION IN NICOSIA’S BUFFER ZONE
Zinovia Foka
Bauhaus-University Weimar
Germany [email protected] urban partition, porosity, space appropriation, openness, in-between
Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, was officially divided in 1974 Greek- and Turkish-Cypriots, and renewed interest – and The third example discussed in this paper is Nicosia’s Fig. 1 This map forms part of the research carried out by ‚Con- in the aftermath of an eleven-year-long conflict between capital flux – into Nicosia’s historic centre. A surge in lo- own Occupy Movement (OBZ) of 2011/2012. Undoubtedly flict in Cities and the Contested State‘ (RES-060-25-0015), fund- the island’s Turkish- and Greek-Cypriot communities. As cal initiatives occurred, as urban regeneration processes inspired by other concurrent Occupy movements world- ed by the Large Grant Programme of the Economic and Social a result, a heavily militarized Buffer Zone, established as were reinvigorated and diverse formal and informal ac- wide, Nicosia’s OBZ developed organically from protests Research Council (ESRC) in the UK an emergency measure against perpetuation of intercom- tors gradually stepped forward to articulate new visions and other events directed against neoliberal approach- munal violence, has been cutting through its historic cen- and demands with Nicosia’s Buffer Zone at their epicen- es to economic development of Nicosia’s historic centre. tre ever since. Carved out of its urban fabric and under tre. This paper is discussing three examples, focusing on Openly critical to exiting systems of governance in Cyprus, References the control of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force, this spatial practices that reaffirm or contest the established OBZ was not conceptualized as a reunification movement; enclosed, abandoned and slowly degrading cityscape was notions and narratives of partition. it was, however, generally concerned with peace and the Constantinou C. M. & M. Hatay. (2010) Cyprus, ethnic con- impermeable until 2003. island’s demilitarization in the frame of an open, inclusive flict and conflicted heritage. Ethnic and Racial Studies, The analysis tackles first a cultural heritage turn in offi- society freed from known social norms. Occupying a Buffer 33(9), 1600-1619. In the aftermath of the conflict, the Buffer Zone, also known cial planning strategies for Nicosia’s urban development. Zone checkpoint at the centre of the historic centre, OBZ as the Green Line, Dead Zone or No Man’s Land, acquired Influenced by cultural policies of the European Union, of participants performed sovereignty, realizing and inhab- Lefebvre H. (2007).The production of space [La production the status of a symbol in Cypriot imagination. Being cen- which the Republic of Cyprus is a member state since iting even briefly, in-between the polities they renounced, de l‘espace]. Malden, MA: Blackwell. (Original work pub- tral to antipodal national master narratives that see their 2004, the Nicosia Master Plan was updated. The New their own vision for Nicosia. lished 1974). ‘own’ as victim and the ‘other’ as perpetrator, it has come to Vision Plan promotes a top-down urban heritage-driven epitomize partition and the Cypriot conflict itself. Moreover, strategy, seeking to regenerate Nicosia’s historic centre Based on qualitative empirical material and archival re- New Vision for the Core of Nicosia Final Report. (2004) employed to legitimize opposing political claims, it has also economically and socially. Through changing narratives of search, this paper inquires into the relation between spa- Nicosia: Bi-Communal Development Programme. become a primary vehicle to sustain the state apparatus heritage-making diverse buildings and sites in Nicosia’s tial transformation and openness in the unusual context and its political elites in power on both sides of the divide. historic centre and in its Buffer are being reimagined as of a divided city in unresolved conflict. The examples an- Soja E. W. (1996) Thirdspace: journeys to Los Angeles and shared heritage, to serve the purpose of the city’s future alysed here offer pregnant analytical moments to under- other real-and-imagined places. Cambridge, Massachu- In Nicosia’s Walled City particularly, the presence of the reunification. In due process, however, other memories stand Nicosia’s Buffer Zone as a dynamic social construct, setts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Buffer Zone resulted in depopulation, transformation and and narratives of coexistence are being erased. accommodating multiple visions of and for the city. As continuous degradation of its surrounding urban area as much the locus for compliance with established norms as Welz G. (2015) European products: making and unmaking well, turning a centre into two edges. To tackle these is- At the same time, capitalizing on its unprecedented poros- for revolutionary praxis and articulation of new ideas and heritage in Cyprus. New York: Berghahn. sues, an elaborate Master Plan was devised, facilitating ity, bottom-up initiatives have reclaimed and appropriated demands, it induces and accommodates various interpre- collaboration between the two communities and planning space in the Buffer Zone, effectively transforming it even tations and discourses, while it is simultaneously provid- Wilson T. M. & H. Donnan (Eds.). (2012) A companion to for the city’s coordinated development in light of reuni- briefly through their spatial practices into their ‘shared ing the space for their physical expression. It is there that border studies. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. fication soon to come. During 44 years of recurring and space’. Home for Cooperation (H4C), an NGO activity cen- various practices converge or collide, where the struggle unsuccessful peace negotiations, however, partition was tre, stands at the heart of institutionalized activism. Lo- over power and control is taking place, determining whose perpetuated and this top-down approach failed to play a cated at the periphery of the historic centre and housed in claim on space is legitimate and who is silenced, exclud- primary role in processes of conflict reconciliation, rap- a formerly abandoned building in the Buffer Zone, offers ed and further marginalized. Taking up a predominantly prochement and integration; its success, in only physical office and meeting space to a wide range of NGOs devel- spatial perspective, drawing on Lefebvre (2007) and Soja terms, was limited to stimulating small scale activities oping around it. Bringing people in the Buffer Zone, H4C (1996), this paper explores a position physically and con- and pockets of high quality residential development. is transformed into a peculiar public space connecting the ceptually in-between, where perceptions and practices of two sides of Nicosia, and aiming at expanding beyond the ‘openness’ and ‘closure’ become entangled. The reinstatement of controlled mobility through desig- limits of the Buffer Zone to advocate a new norm for in- nated checkpoints between Nicosia’s two sectors in 2003 terrelation between Nicosia’s communities, one based on offered opportunities for casual daily interactions between inclusiveness and cooperation.
18 19 OPENNESS IN ACADEMIC SPACES THREE EXAMPLES FROM ATHENS
Dimitra Prapa
Independent researcher
Greece [email protected] university, Gini, Polytechnio, asylon, Papoulakeion
Aspects of openness in a city are found when a city is made protests end and take shelter at, and leading even to their hospitable, welcoming to all, promoting inclusiveness and temporary occupation at some times, is what makes these revoking separations and barriers that lead to enclosed spaces parts of the open city, prominent parts of it actually. spaces, segregated for particular groups of people, ei- One example of such a space that will be presented and ther more or less privileged ones. An open city is also a discussed is the NTUA Polytechnic university complex at Fig. 1, 2, 3 Spaces inside Gini building. Source: Author. Fig. 4 NTUA Polytechnic university city that encourages participation, a city that is open to be Patission Street, in the center of Athens, and Gini building complex at Patission Str. Source: formed and shaped by the users, and where the civilians as a part of it which has a prevalent such character. Author. are able to take action to shape their life, to question pol- itics imposed on them, to demand to have a say on issues The openness dimension in the academic spaces will be that concern them, to actually practise democracy. also searched for, in the everyday academic function of those same academic spaces. Since there is a constant ne- Features and fragments of an open city can been found in gotiation, and debate and conflict on the issue of openness academic spaces in Greece. This is related to the politi- and on the actors of it, it can be observed that the everyday cal culture that exists in them, with the student movement academic function tries to fortify itself and to protect the having a traditional presence in the political scene, and closures in which it can ensure the continuation of its oper- to the principle of “asylon”, which is a principle which is ation. Therefore in the same academic complex there can being strongly and proudly defended by a great part of the be spaces more open to the city, friendlier towards their student and academic communities, although it is being external claimers, but also spaces more secluded, more at the same time often accused by the state and the mass restricted to their academic function. media, which largely influence the wider society’s opinion. The “asylon” is a status of protection of the universities’ It is of value in my opinion to look also into two spaces which academic function and freedom, recognized on academic are not part of the claimed-by-society university spaces, institutions in Greece, and does not allow any state au- but which have incorporated the “openness” in their func- thority’s interference and entrance inside the public uni- tion in a different way, and to look into how this has made versities’ academic spaces, unless they have been called them more vivid parts of the student community and at the by the rectorship (or in case of life-threatening situations same time open again to the city, open parts of the city. The Fig. 5 Papoulakeion Study Room. Source: Author. Fig. 6 Dancing Sector room at NTUA Campus. Source: Author. or a felony committed in the act). The debate on it is often first of them will be the Papoulakeion Study Room, belong- active, sparked by temporary occupations of the university ing to the Medical School of University of Athens, at Goudi, buildings by students (after student assemblies’ relevant and the second of them will be the dancing sector’s room decisions), or a lot less often by non-students, after in- at the NTUA Polytechnic Campus at Zografou. cidents of minor criminality on the surroundings of uni- versity spaces, after protests ending or beginning in those The three academic spaces to be presented and discussed university spaces, etc. The relation being formed in some here, were selected based on personal experience of them cases between university spaces with citizens and groups during my university years as a student at NTUA. They are of citizens who are not necessarily members of the univer- all in the area of Athens, but in different parts of it, and they sity community, leading to those university spaces hosting belong to two different universities. There are other aca- also assemblies, independently organized events by the demic spaces in the same universities and in other ones external community, being the space for protests to be or- also that can also be studied as open academic spaces, ganized, discussed, and started, or the place where the and this could be a future target of this research.
20 21 Figure 1a-c. Floor plans and programme, traced drawings, of case study Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier. Scale 1:500
a j k
b k d h
f c l e g
1a. Ground floor plan 1b. First floor plan 1c. Second floor plan
a laundry room e kitchen l solarium b maid’s room f kitchen entrance c main entrance g living room d garage h terrace i private sitting room j master bedroom k bedroom SYNTHESIS OF FEMINIST APPROACHES AND
ARCHITECTURE Figure 1a-c. Floor plans and programme, traced drawings, of case study Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier. Figure 2a-c. Altered floor plans and programme, of case study Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier. Scale 1:500 Scale 1:500
AN INTERVENTION a j b f k e i b k Sara Sako*, Michelle Bastian* d h f a c g c l * The University of Edingburgh e g h d
United Kingdom 1a. Ground floor plan 1b. First floor plan 1c. Second floor plan 2a. Ground floor plan 2b. First floor plan 2c. Second floor plan
a laundry room e kitchen l solarium a rotation of stair c rotation of stair g rotation of stair b maid’s room f kitchen entrance new private sitting d kitchen opened up h light structures- fence [email protected] c main entrance g living room b room e new nursery treatment of floor - d garage h terrace f removal of door i plates extended i private sitting room feminist architecture, architectural theory, gender inequality, Villa Savoy, Villa Mairea, Larkin Company Administration Building j master bedroom k bedroom
Fig. 1 a-c Floor plans and programme, traced drawings, of case Fig. 2 a-c Altered floor plans and programme, of case study Villa study Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier. Scale 1:500. Source: Authors. Savoye, Le Corbusier. Scale 1:500. Source: Authors.
Figure 2a-c. Altered floor plans and programme, of case study Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier. Scale 1:500 Challenging patriarchal values and norms in the built envi- ries was carried out to identify a framework of feminist ap- ministration Building suggests how spatial arrangements The initial designs of the buildings arguably reinforce gen- b f ronment through the application of feminist architectural ap- proaches. The framework was applied on works by some at work aid the reinforcement eof difference in status be- der inequality, which has been discussed, yet they do not proaches on works by iconic architects. of the most iconic architectural figures in Western society, tween women and men, while sexually i segregating the reveal anything about how the space was inhabited in re- namely Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier, Villa Mairea by Al- workforce, representational of the public sphere. Further- ality. Similarly, the alterations made for these case studies
Within the discourse of feminist architectural theory, ar- var Aalto and Larkin Company Administration Building by more, aa few common themesc were identified gin the three suggest how to promote gender equality; the interventions chitecture is generally recognised as a cultural artefact, Frank Lloyd Wright. The framework was further used to case studies, namely the spatial segregation of privateh and do not automatically accommodate gender-conscious meaning that the built environment exists in a context evaluate the extent of patriarchal norms and values ex- public, the hierarchical valuesd associated with the spatial people. While the alterations successfully address the aim from which it has been produced. The context might be de- plicit in mentioned case studies, and to create feminist in- dichotomies,2a. Ground floor plan as well as2b. Firstcontrol floor plan of space as2c. a Second result floor of plan spa- of the project by initiating discussions regarding feminist scribed as a society and all the entailed values and norms terventions of these case studies. The interventions were tial arrangement. approaches in architecture, the reality is that the issue a rotation of stair c rotation of stair g rotation of stair associated with the given society, resulting in a built en- made with the intentions of keeping the main principles of new private sitting d kitchen opened up h light structures- fence must be addressed in all disciplines, if gender quality is b room e new nursery treatment of floor - vironment reflecting such values and norms. While there the designs of each respective building and therefore only Finally, the project proposedf removal of doorhow patriarchali plates values extended and to be achieved. are many conflicting ideas that co-exist within a society, producing changes that addressed the aspects of the male norms in architecture can be challenged by evaluating and the issue of defining collective societal principles re- prerogative of the built environment. the application of feminist approaches on the three case References mains complex, many feminist theorists maintain that in a studies, creating feminist interventions of architecture contemporary Western society, the dominating patriarchal The literature review of feminist architectural theories informed by the feminist theories. Furthermore, some Kuhlmann D. (2013) Gender studies in architecture. New tendencies have the greatest effect in shaping the built en- disclosed that the built environment is yet a predominant- important principles were used to guide the alterations York: Routhledge. vironment. Many challenge the reflection and expression ly male prerogative. Feminist theorists claim that space towards more inclusive architecture, namely integrating of society in the built environment as a secondary artefact is socially constructed and that the use, experience and the public and private, eliminating spatial segregation Matrix. (1984) Making space: women and the man-made of building and planning, a repercussion of the patriarchy perception of space contributes to reinforcing gender through diversity of spaces, as well as spatial flexibility, environment. London: Pluto Press. in Western society that is arguably ignored. Furthermore, inequality. Moreover, the theorists studied argue that accommodating a larger diversity of people. the pronounced hierarchal differences between genders the male prerogative is based on three principal factors, Spain D. (1992) Gendered spaces. Chapel Hill: University contribute to defining the expression of architecture, re- namely the male dominance of the professional architec- By dissecting and confronting the factors behind the male of North Carolina Press. sulting in further maintenance and reaffirmation of gen- tural field, the gendered spatial dichotomies of private and prerogative of the built environment respectively, one can der inequality. The oppression of women is thus enhanced public, and territorial behaviour. The three identified fac- begin to challenge the values and norms of the patriarchal Weisman L. (1994) Discrimination by design: a feminist in the built environment and feminist approaches must be tors became the framework of feminist approaches in the Western society. Feminist interventions of iconic architec- critique of the man-made environment. Urbana: Univer- synthesised with architecture if gender equality is to be project. tural works were produced and addressed the issue of ac- sity of Illinois Press. addressed. commodating a society, which is moving in the direction to- The application of the framework of feminist approaches wards feminist awareness, in a built environment which is The project presented an analysis of feminist architectural on the case studies indicated how the patriarchal society reaffirming gender inequality. There are several potential theories and their application on buildings by some of the is reflected and reaffirmed through the architectural de- implications of the discourse of the synthesis of feminist most iconic architects in Western history. The aim was to sign. Villa Savoye can be considered as a medium for Le approaches and architecture, such as realisation of the challenge patriarchal tendencies explicit in architecture Corbusier’s expression of sexism, in the way it was de- approaches by evaluating existing building and planning through revision of existing architectural works, by syn- signed and later documented and represented through policies. It is also essential to outline the importance of an thesizing feminist approaches and architecture. The in- photographs. Villa Mairea shows further reaffirmation of intersectional perspective to achieve a thorough feminist terventions intended to initiate discussions regarding im- gender roles in the design of the building, regardless of analysis of the built environment. In addition, the results plementing feminist theories in contemporary as well as Aalto’s consideration of social values. The two case studies summarised the urgency stated throughout the project re- prospective architecture, moving from concepts to actions, represent patriarchal tendencies in domestic architecture garding the need to develop theories into actions, in order creating a more inclusive and tolerable built environment. and the private sphere, and contribute to the stereotypical to create inclusive cities. gender roles of women as the home-carers and men as An initial literature review of feminist architectural theo- the breadwinners. Meanwhile, the Larkin Company Ad-
22 23 02_TIME 24 25 A FOOT-HOLD IN THE CITY
Anees Arnold
London School of Economics and Political Science
United Kingdom [email protected] urban inequality, post-apartheid, inclusivity, urban re-shaping
Fig. 1 The racial make-up of Cape Town, 1 dot = 50 people (Data source: Census 2011). Source: Author.
A divisive landscape has long sorted the South African part of this concept includes the right to the co-produc- Towards a secure sense of community goes on to question the meaning of belonging to the city people along the lines of race. These divisions and scars of tion of space and urban-life (Lefebvre 1996). Presently, the when it can be questioned who the city belongs to (Simone the apartheid past still affect the urban life greatly today, only way to exert this right is via financial capital. Market Due to market mechanisms the working class cannot af- 2004:139). These are evocative thoughts, especially con- disadvantaging the majority of the population. Cape Town mechanisms within the apartheid spatial fabric are pres- ford to occupy areas within Cape Town. In the case of Cape sidering that it is the majority that are being constricted is no exception to this statement, and remains an embodi- surising the poorer working class to the extent that this Town’s inner city, neighbourhoods are undergoing large from asserting their urbanity in centres of power. This as- ment of these past principles of spatial divisions. right is no longer displayed. Lefebvre himself states the amounts of gentrification, creating businesses and amen- sertion is required in order for the city to be open to all, as following: “For the working class, rejected from the centres ities that are not suited to the poorer working classes. This opposed to the notions of “openness” exclusively benefit- The black and coloured working-class are constrained towards the peripheries, dispossessed of the city, expropriat- in itself is resulting in residential alienation. ing the privileged. on the periphery of the city with little access to the op- ed thus from the best outcomes of its activity, this right has portunities that the inner-city possesses. Those that have a particular bearing and significance” (Lefebvre 1996:179). This exemplifies the importance of establishing a secure Acknowledgements managed to access the city are being driven out through foothold for the working-class people through affordable market mechanisms. Although it has been 24 years since Disrupting the Notion of Temporality housing. What can be created is a series of spaces within In the production of this research I’d like to thank my su- the first democratic election, the so-called “freedom of the city centre that disrupt its fabric, creating spaces that pervisor, Dr David Madden, whose insights on the role access” remains a privilege, often only granted via finan- Under the apartheid regime and spatial segregation black suit the needs of the working class. housing has to play in the city are unparalleled. I’d like to cial capital. This phenomenon stands in contradiction to Africans were regarded as ‘temporary sojourners’ of the thank the Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa the notion of an “open city” where, in theory, the city is city with rural homelands being their permanent space Affordable housing has the potential to subvert notions of for granting me access to their data. accessible to all but the urban reality of the city is that it (Lemanski 2006:418-419). The notion of a ‘sojourner’ is alienation beyond securing housing for the working class. excludes most. one that needs to be disrupted as it is still largely the case Countering the notion of displacement through ensuring a References today. The black and coloured working classes, who work permanent presence of working class, it also needs to be Outlining Spatial Justice in the inner-city, spend their working hours in this space, ensured that amenities within the area are affordable to Lefebvre H. (1996) Writings on cities, Analysis, 53(2), p. but then retreat to their homes on the periphery. This is the working class that permanently occupy these respec- 260. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004. In his book “Seeking Spatial Justice” Ed Soja explains hugely problematic, even though they can legally access tive neighbourhoods. These amenities would in turn be that the term ‘spatial justice’ encompasses many facets the city as they please, they are still forced to commute to economically accessible to the rest of the working-class Lemanski C. (2006) The impact of residential desegre- between two extremes: the corporal body and the phys- homes which they can afford-often on the periphery. demographic. AbdouMaliq Simone states that such spac- gation on social integration: evidence from a South Af- ical planet (Soja 2010:31). Soja is particularly concerned es are necessary to allow people to find their own vernac- rican neighbourhood, Geoforum, 37(3), pp. 417–435. doi: with: “[…] how consequential geographies are produced in The notions of temporality and permanence need to be ulars and practices – that they too are the producers of 10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.09.002. the spaces in between these outer limits, ranging in scale tested here. Lefebvre states that the ‘right to the city’ can- urban-life and social practices and not just victims of it from what Michel Foucault once called the “little tactics of not be regarded as the simple right to visit the city (Lefe- (Simone 2005:205). Simone A. (2004) For the City Yet to Come: Changing Af- the habitat” to the regional, national, and global expressions bvre 1996:158). Furthermore, AbdouMaliq Simone echoes rican Life in Four Cities. Durham: Duke University Press. of geographically uneven development” (Soja 2010:31). This this sentiment by saying that the right to the city cannot Reshaping the apartheid urban fabric through perma- report is particularly concerned with what Soja, is refer- be reduced to the idea of being maintained in the city but nence Simone A. (2005) The Right To the City, Interventions, 7(3), ring to here as “expressions of geographically uneven devel- rather, that it must include the right to “use the city as an pp. 321–325. doi: 10.1080/13698010500268189. opment”, and how this has both manifested and continued arena of mutable aspirations, to varying degrees of realisa- The paper will explore the idea that the sense of black ur- in the post-apartheid urban landscape, particularly at a tion” (Simone 2005:323). banity within the inner-city has become lost on the gener- Soja E. (2010) Seeking Spatial Justice. Minneapolis: Uni- local scale. al population and needs to be challenged. Furthermore, versity of Minnesota Press. doi: 10.15713/ins.mmj.3. What this means in the case of Cape Town is that the notion it will explore mediums by which a black presence can be Taking into account that the city largely offers its advan- of the temporary presence of the black and coloured work- secured in order to create a truly accessible city. Abdou- tages to the elite, the question of Henri Lefebvre’s concept ing class in the city needs to be disrupted and dismantled. Maliq Simone poses the question of what it means to be “The Right to the City” is foregrounded. We need to ques- To ensure the right to urban-life, a permanent presence of urban, when the only place for black people to demon- tion who are these rights afforded to? Essentially, a large black and coloured working class needs to be established. strate their urbanity is in areas away from the city. He
26 27 AN EXTENDED OPENNESS THE ‘OPEN CITIES’ OF THE DELHI URBAN REGION
Nitin Bathla
ETH Zurich Fig. 2 The transformation of settlement structure in India. Switzerland Source: Author. In red, orange and yellow, the hotpots of villages that transformed [email protected] into Census Towns in 2001, 2011, and 2021 respectively. In gray line hatch are the industrial freight corridors that were developed extended urbanisation, Delhi region, small towns in India in cooperation with intergovernmental direct involvement. In the dotted gray hatch are areas densely settled that are transforming due to population movement.
Research Question: Can the ‘open city’ be found in the in-sit systems, and the closing down of existing spaces to the tomobile production. Its population increased from 1,879 settlement transformations of rapidly industrializing urban urban poor. The existing villages in the dispersing urban in 2001 to 9,994 in 2011, a jump of 431%. regions? regions, step in to bridge the deficit in housing and provi- sion for migrants, and the marginalized, and thus experi- 2) Kapashera (Administrative transformation). A census The ‘city’ has long served as a useful toponymical tool ence the socio-demographic transformation into towns. In town that lies at the jurisdictional boundary of Delhi, close to define and describe places of urban social struggles, this paper presentation, I will present findings that are a to Udyog Vihar, an area with garment and textile produc- emancipation, and resistance. However, the epistemic part of my larger ongoing doctoral research project at the tion units. Its population increased from 21,617 in 2001 to framework of the ‘open city’ while adopting the analyti- ETH Zurich, on the ‘extensive concentrated urbanization 74,073 in 2011, a jump of 242%, during which it also trans- cal qualities of city should not merely restrict itself to the of Delhi’s urban region’. I will present analyses from an formed from a village to census town. artificial binaries of city/non-city, city/hinterland etc. En- ethnographic study of three rapidly transforming settle- riching the analytic framework of the open city with re- ments in the extended urban region of Delhi (Fig. 3). These 3) Bhiwadi (Municipal transformation). A municipal town flexive epistemic shifts in urban studies (eg., Brenner & settlements are: about 70 kilometres from the centre of Delhi. From being a Schmid 2015; Robinson 2006) offers the possibility to not village in 1975, when and industrial township was planned only open radical new sites for analysis, but also visibilize 1) Naharpur Kasan (Unacknowledged transformation). A here, it was declared as a census town in 1991 when its the everyday urban lives of places that often masquerade village located about 40 kilometres from the centre of Del- population reached 15,285. In the two decades since, its as rural. I refer to this as ‘the paradigm of extended open- hi, adjacent to Manesar, a planned industrial area for au- population jumped by 600% to 104,921 when it was de- ness’ (Fig. 1), one that allows to trace the translocalization clared a municipality. This was when a municipal board in the everyday urban realities of rapidly dispersing urban was established, and a masterplan was proposed for the regions. Greater Bhiwadi area.
Urbanization is composed of three mutually constitutive Although, the cases presented above represent a moments – Extended, Concentrated, and Differential ur- Fig. 1 The paradigm of extended openness cross-section of the spatial transformation process, the banization. The dimensions of territorial regulation, spa- (based on Brenner & Schmid, 2014). everyday urban struggles of migrants is what unites them. tial practice, and everyday life help activate these mo- They represent models not only for affordable housing ments and seek emancipatory potential in urbanization. and qualities of the ‘extended open city’. Concomitant to provision, and appropriation, but also the radical poten- Urbanization is a collective project that allows for trans- the exponential rise of the Indian economy, the number tials of how spatial autonomy and openness is mediated formatory potential. Uneven development leads to the var- of towns grew exponentially as well. In the last two dec- and negotiated. The following hypothesis emerge out of iegated patterns and pathways of urbanization. ades, the number of towns jumped by over 300% to 9,500 the study, which will be further elaborated in the discus- (Fig. 2), a trend that is set to continue over the next decade sion at the conference: How does openness develop in response to the closed ur- when it is predicted that another 2,231 towns will be add- ban systems of new towns, greenfield institutions, housing ed (Roy & Pradhan 2018). What is noteworthy about this 1. There is a contiguous spatial divergence in housing speculations, and industrial townships? To discover this extraordinary rise is that most of the new towns emerged and workplaces for migrants along socio-economic extended openness we must not only look where it must unplanned and as a consequence of the in-situ transfor- lines. Unlike in traditional cities, these worlds while being be, but rather where it organically develops, learn from it mation of existing villages, yet they often remain non-mu- physically adjacent seem far apart with only very limited and reform upon the process. nicipal and are referred to as Census Towns. intersections and there is little encounter in the spaces of daily life. The recent transformations in the settlement structure These towns often but not exclusively emerge in the ex- in India, especially those in the rapidly dispersing and in- tended urban regions of cities such as Delhi and Mumbai 2. The rhythms of migration are becoming brief, and dustrializing urban regions such as Mumbai and Delhi of- accompanying the regional urban dispersion of the spa- Fig. 3 A sketch of the extended urban region of Delhi. bringing distant places in an ever-closer relationality. A fers an opportunity to explore and understand the nature tial liberalization process, the seeding of greenfield closed The case study sites are numbered 1-3. Source: Author. majority of the labour migrants maintain a sustained cir-
28 29 cular relationality with their places of origin. This is linked 4. The urban social movements are becoming increas- 5. The right to the city just like labour conditions is be- References to an increasing casualization of labour whereby there is a ingly territorial in their strategies. The civil society, and coming contractual. Housing contracts are short-term prevalence of short-term contracts. grassroots organizations working with labour migrants, and are increasingly tied to workplace contracts. Due to Brenner N. & C. Schmid. (2015) Towards a new episte- women, the marginalized, commuters, and fighting for the transition in the governmental and social processes of mology of the urban? City 19, 151–182. https://doi.org/10. 3.The settlements experiencing transformations in housing rights are increasingly becoming territorial in urbanization, there is still a deficit in security, social jus- 1080/13604813.2015.1014712 their social structure experience simultaneous local their strategy. This means that they are not only installing tice, and legality. entrepreneurial development. It is not uncommon that and coordinating rights centres in the destinations with- Robinson J. (2006). Ordinary cities: between modernity similar typologies emerge bottom-up across multiple set- in the zones of concentrated urbanization, but also in the and development. Psychology Press. tlements (Fig. 5). While the entrepreneurial efforts are of- places of origin. ten geared towards increasing land-value, they also help Roy S. N. & K. C. Pradhan. (2018) Census towns in India: to fill in the provision deficit for the incoming migrants and current patterns and future discourses. Centre for Policy small enterprises. Research, Delhi.
Fig. 5 A typical tenement block form the rapidly urbanizing Cen- sus Towns. Source: Author. Fig. 4 Congruent Disparities in the extended urban region of Del- These blocks are developed by the residents of the village for hi. Source: Author. migrants. The typology although offers affordable collective Gated condominiums, institutions, shopping malls, and recre- housing solutions, they also deny ‘rights to the urban’ to the in- ation facilities emerge in congruency and close dependency to coming migrants. The blocks are heavily surveilled, evictions are tenement blocks for labor migrants, land enclosures, and agri- constant and violent, and rents and cost of amenities are unaf- cultural areas. fordable.
30 31 OPEN SOCIETY AND THE RIGHT TO EXCEED
Anna Kostreva*, Alex Head*
* Wasteland Twinning Network
Germany, United Kingdom [email protected] freedom, rights, urban, digital, globalization
Fig.1 Exceed image teaser. Source: Author.
What does an "Open City" look like and for whom? What free- Our research, through the Wasteland Twinning Network, doms would citizens and non-citizens have in an open city? explores what happens when there is an intention to resist What freedoms do we have? What freedoms should we have? the enclosure of a space, to keep a wasteland available for public use and to look at what happens when one puts this While these answers vary greatly between countries and idea into play. Similarly, the idea of the data-wasteland is cities, the overarching freedom in today's world is that of an experiment to resist digital surveillance/profiteering the free market. This means that the foremost freedom and political manipulation. Given the excess of tracking, people have concerning the city is one of ownership, ac- profiling and online data-collection that degrades our cording to the price they can pay. Considering this situa- freedom of speech, we wish to seriously examine the ways tion, which other freedoms and rights have been discard- in which societies could reset the balance of political pow- ed? er away from Google, Apple, Facebook and others. Fig. 1 Noise protest outside of proposed (and now aborted) Goo- gle Campus in Kreuzberg, Berlin. Source: Authors. The proposed paper will explore concepts of freedom in While Europeans and Americans go about attempting to both physical and digital urban spaces. We would like to reframe their cities for more citizen involvement, inhabi- propose parallels between these two worlds, as they in- tants and users are often unaware of how their consump- References tertwine themselves in our lives, behaviors, and freedoms tion patterns redistributes wealth from the poor to the more and more. They are both full of architectures that rich. Inhabitants and users are too often unaware of how Baur R., V. Baur & H. Ferguson. (2017) Our world to structure, catalyze, and sometimes inhibit social interac- their participation is the hinge on which labor, land, and change! Lars Müller Publishers. tions. resources are globally privatized, resulting inevitably in spaces that are less open, to less people, for a more dem- Graeber D. (2011) Debt: the first 5,000 years. Melville House. One of the main challenges to an open city, a democratic ocratic future. city, in the western world is our detachment from the ma- Jacobs J. (2016) The death and life of great American cit- jority of production itself. For this reason, not only do we Additionally, research often blurs cause and effect be- ies. Vintage Books. need to reframe the question of openness in cities for local tween privatization and the socio-political violence of ex- social democracy, we also need to examine what "open- clusion. In order to ‘open’ this debate our proposed paper Mirowski P. (2014) Never let a serious crisis go to waste: ness" means according to a global agenda for equality and aims to make certain processes of enclosure and resis- how neoliberalism survived the financial meltdown. Verso. freedom. Can one have excess in freedom? What is the tance within digitized and urban environments apparent. cost of freedom? What is the value of freedom if it is lim- Pasquinelli M. (2017) The automaton of the anthropocene: ited to a certain group of people, and walled off to others? on carbosilicon machines and cyberfossil capital. South Atlantic Quarterly, vol.116, no.2, pp. 311-326. Our research looks specifically at a comparison between the urban wasteland and what we call the "data waste- land." "Wasteland" is a term that describes an under-uti- lized space, one that is not reaching its full profit potential. Paradoxically, but not unexpectedly, wastelands are often bustling with other types of activities, and have value sys- tems unrelated to profit.
32 33 FEAR IN THE CITY A STORY OF RESEARCH, PHOTOGRAPHY, AND OUTREACH
Edna Peza
Université Paris Diderot, CESSMA Laboratory
France [email protected] cultural events, urbanism, insecurity, photography, participation
In France, research is frequently considered a lonesome bermann 2017). Participants were also asked to submit a References and isolated activity dedicated to the production of cryptic brief caption alongside their photo entry answering these articles on rather obscure topics that will hopefully be read questions. More than 110 contributions were received Van Auken P. M., S.J. Frisvoll & S. Stewart. (2010) Visualis- by other researchers. In these circumstances, in 2016, the from different cities around the world showing different ing community: using participant-driven photo-elicitation Université Sorbonne Paris Cité created the Festival des fears and concerns in a variety of urban settings. for research and application. Local Environment, 15(4), Idées Paris looking to explore major societal challenges, 373-388. combine interdisciplinarity and scientific research with ar- This document seeks to contribute to the discussion on tistic creation, and consolidate the link between academic practices of openness in research of urban affairs by pre- Lourenco N. (2012) Città, violenza urbana e sentimento research and society. Since then, calls have been done for senting this matter in two fronts. First, concerning the di insicurezza. Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Si- researchers at the USPC to present their scientific work Festival: the city’s role as a place of interaction between curezza, VI(3), 149-165. as a cultural project for a general audience. The Festival experts and public on different subjects in the Festival des des Idées also seeks to be open to the city, presenting Idées. How can research be shared with a general audi- Marraffa M. & D. Moreau. (2010) Observer la ville. (A. these events in several venues that range from galleries ence by the means of art and culture? Second, concerning Vacarme, Ed.) Vacarme(50), 59-61. Retrieved from https:// to restaurants and public spaces. the photo exhibition: the dangers of the city through the www.cairn.info/revue-vacarme-2010-1-page-59.htm eyes of its inhabitants. Research on urban affairs requires “Fear in the city” is an international photographic exhibi- a constant connection with the city and its inhabitants if Moore G., B. Croxford, M. Adams, M. Refaee, T. Cox & S. tion that became part of the Festival des Idées. It began as the goal is to improve quality of life in the constantly grow- Sharples. (2008) The photo-survey research method: cap- a PhD research project on geography and urbanism about ing metropolis of the XXIst century. This communication turing life in the city. Visual Studies, 50-62. the effects of violence and insecurity on urban configura- can be enhanced by means of visual media. By examining tions and daily practices. When discussing the subject with the photos received for “Fear in the city”, we seek to an- Robert P. & R. Zaubermann. (2017) Du sentiment d’in- specialists and non-specialists alike, conversation always swer the following questions: When speaking of insecurity, sécurité à l’État sécuritaire. France: Le Bord de l‘eau. turns to personal experiences of violence and/or crime what kind of architectural or urban elements shown? How in their own urban contexts. Be it in the form of drive-by are the situations in the photography described by their shootings in Chicago, street harassment in Madrid, pick- authors? Are there any common subjects? What is the re- pocketing in Rio, road rage in Perth, everyone has a story lationship between the depicted objects and the authors’ to tell. These stories are fundamental to understand ev- characteristics? Finally, through these experience, we an- eryday fears and concerns that shape the way citizens use alyze participant-driven photo elicitation as a methodolog- and interpret urban spaces, and the ways they interact ical tool for future projects on urban analysis concerning with each other. security in cities (Moore et al. 2008).
To showcase these stories, an international call for entry for a photo exhibition was launched through social media during the summer of 2018. People were asked to sub- mit a photo related to any of the following questions: What scares you when you go out? What places do you consider unsafe? How does urban insecurity affect the way you live your city? How does insecurity manifest itself on the urban environment? These questions were formulated to ad- dress the concepts of fear and concern as manifestations of the feeling of insecurity (Lourenco 2012; Robert & Zau-
34 35 03_SYSTEM 36 37 SLUTTY URBANISM AGAINST PERVERT URBAN PERFORMANCES
Letizia Chiappini*†, Ying-Tzu Lin†, Anastasiya Halauniova†
* University of Milan-Bicoccal, † University of Amsterdam
Italy, Netherlands [email protected] slutty urbanism, digital platform, political geography
The concept of the ‘slutty’ responds to the growing gap be- Therefore, SU deals with the interrelation between urban tween ethical commitments that digital platforms should platforms, networks, and politics. The manifesto argues take, and the harsh forms of extraction and cultures of vio- for the political (re)turn in geography to (re)focus the po- lence and indifference taking place in urban space around litical as a central anchor in urban debates. The emerging the world. SU opens up careless academia that is utterly digital turn calls attention to the way that urban space is incapable to deal with the current acceleration. This blog digitally mediated, hence urges urban scholars to recon- is a response to the primitive digital urban revolution un- figure understandings of digitally-mediated cities and the der way. The aim is to address entrepreneurial enclosures, complex ways that the digital urbanism is produced by and legalistic bureaucracies and cleansed heritage ghettos, through social, political and technological processes. our answer should be no longer a constructive one: our counter strategies might be offensive and promiscuous. We make an end to ambiguous urban regimes. That’s why they are slutty, they can play several roles, like enlighten SU maps the untidy nexus of urban space abuse, opening policy makers, agents of transformation, sense makers up digital networks in order to insert subversive politics. through platforms. Schluss with the naïve apolitical labels We play with the sanitized literature that deals with digital such as smart city! Unlike them, we are the ethical sluts, platforms and urbanism, on the one hand, and the belief and we are polluting PR policy campaigns such as the Am- system of openness, on the other hand. Indeed, what is sterdam WeMakeCity festival. We shall speak to power and ‘open’? Open needs a door to be closed, welcoming some do the slut-shaming with the aim to promote a new ethical and making it harder to enter for others. Open demands a production and consumption of the digital urbanism-un- timetable arranging the lifestyles and temporalities of ac- der-construction. cessibility. In The ‘openness’ is an exclusionary privilege that is promoted by commercial digital platforms.
38 39 between the diverse local groups–as a premise for under- Summary SOCIAL LIVING LABS pinning productive conviviality despite the political and/or social tensions. Our social living lab hosted thus a broad Focusing on the socio-political aspects of design research CO-DESIGNING OPEN CITIES range of participatory workshops, design classes and dis- and their impact on the urban space, allowed us to address cussions, a series of interventions and prototypes, leading questions about how democracy, ideology and memory are to the development of open source, transformative tools manifested in the city. The transdisciplinary processes – such as the De:Routing app, the Hybrid Meeting Point instal- made possible by the social living lab approach and assist- lation, the Memories of the Future app, the Pinpoint platform ed by civic tools and interventions – engaged us critically in Bianca Herlo*, Jennifer Schubert*, Malte Bergmann* as well as the Audio Box3. Those tools offered the possibility the urgent question of design’s agency within a mixture of for generating an individual, bottom-up narrative built on practical, factual, theoretical and normative stances, vis- * Berlin University of the Arts (UdK) diverse experiences in urban space, and also condensed à-vis the context of overarching change processes influ- the citizens’ perspectives to valuable and visible claims enced by digitalization. We argue that any attempt to locate Germany towards top-down structures–and thus strengthened the design’s potential and roles within these developments, role of citizenship in this specific locality. against the backdrop of increasingly complex and interde- [email protected] pendent problems and also with regards to the ongoing po- Pilot 2: “Mit-Mach-Stadt Brandis” (2016-2017) larization of our societies, entails the necessity to develop a design research, living lab, social design, civic tools, design interventions critical understanding of the implications and frameworks One subsequent participatory design project was “Mit- of design practices for the production of socially relevant Mach-Stadt” (“Participatory City”), in Brandis, a town of knowledge within participatory design approaches and 10,000 inhabitants nearby Leipzig4, with the goal to im- transdisciplinary research. By implementing social living plement new avenues for civic engagement as well as to labs, we not only provide tools for collective and transfor- improve communication and exchange between the mu- mative practices, but also emphasize a mindset that con- nicipality and the citizens. We questioned how citizens siders inclusion, discourse and the ability to deal with each Abstract Social living labs stress the importance of considering the use and adapt new digital means that have the potential other’s differences in a respectful way7. local context by developing a space of encounter and im- to strengthen local and social structures. Here again, one This proposal reports on practice-led design research proj- plementing a set of participatory design processes. main methodological decision was to install a social living References ects that rely on the concept of “social living labs” conducted lab in the central area of the city. It became the focal point, by members of the research cluster Civic Infrastructures at Locating our research within a mindset of a politically en- where we conducted a series of intensive workshops with Burger P., R. Förster & L. Jenni. (2000) Transdisciplinary the Berlin UdK. It aims at contextualizing the projects’ pro- gaged design practice, we ask the following questions: residents, as well as public interventions, group discus- training and research. In: Transdisciplinarity: Joint Prob- cesses and outcomes in the context of the currently renewed How can design enhance communities with hybrid (phys- sions, informal and half structured interviews, meetings lem-Solving among Science, Technology and Society. Haff- discourse on design’s social and political agencies and its po- ical and digital) collaborative platforms and tools? In this with the municipality and public presentations. One key mans Sachbuch Verlarg AG, Zurich. Workbook I: Dialogue tential for shaping open cities through a more inclusive, dem- stance, we follow a normative concept of openness that insight was the strong desire for an independent digital Sessions and Idea Market. ed. R. Häberli et al., pp 80-111. ocratic urban development (Manzini 2014). The focus lays on emphasizes the importance of democratic values being exchange platform with low-threshold access and means the relationships between participatory design, technology embedded in these hybrid urban spaces. The exploration for self-organization5. In order to open up to less digitally Ehn P. (2009) Design things and living labs. Participatory De- development and their political and social implications – at of city-making processes is presented here based on two literate people, several communication channels were in- sign and Design as Infrastructuring. In: Botta M. & M. Luga- the intersection of bottom-up processes, public institutions design research projects. Both served as pilots, bringing stalled: the advertising pillar in the center of the market no (eds.). Swiss Design Network. Edizioni Milano, pp. 52–63. and formalized politics. together researchers from different disciplines, practi- square and the digital letterbox6 installed in the entrance tioners, inhabitants, representatives of initiatives and mu- of the town hall. Finally, the hybrid communication struc- Franz Y. (2015) Designing social living labs in urban re- Digital technology is increasingly interwoven with everyday nicipalities. ture interconnected existing and new collaborative inter- search. In: Living Labs: Concepts, Tools and Cases. Dr life and has a strong impact on the socio-cultural trans- faces and set the basis for negotiation processes on insti- Ballon, P. & Schuurman, D. (eds.) formation of today’s urbanity. Urban spaces become in- Pilot 1: “Community Now? Conflicts. Interventions. New tutional as well as bottom-up levels. herently hybrid since ICT act as mediators for novel types publics” (2013-2016)2 Manzini E. (2014) Making things happen: social innovation of communication and interaction. Focusing on communi- and design. Design Issues, 30(1), pp 57-66. ties of practice (Wenger et al. 2002), we developed a frame- Within the German-Israeli cooperation, we aimed at de- 3 All civic tools are open source: github.com/DRLabCivic [last work for designing experimental and contextualized tools veloping a deeper understanding of the potential of design view 30. 10. 2018]. Wenger E. et al. (2002) Cultivating communities of practice. for urban explorations by challenging the “top-down” city1 interventions in highly diverse neighborhoods, with spe- Harvard Business School Press Boston: Massachusetts. with small-scale spatial appropriations. The main meth- cial regards to processes that are increasingly becoming 4 Was awarded as “Innovative Municipality” The award was odological approach in these participatory design process- digitized. The goal was to support civic initiatives in Je- funded by the Saxon Ministry of the Interior (SMI). For further es was the socially oriented living lab (Franz 2015). We built rusalem and Berlin in taking on ownership of processes information, please see drlab.org/projects/mit-mach-stadt [last on an open reading of the living lab approach (Ehn 2009), in their neighborhoods and become part of political deci- view 30.10.2018]. which aims to create a transdisciplinary setting (Burger et sion-making. One essential part of the cooperation were al. 2000) embedded in actual living environments, as well design interventions that aimed at fostering discussion 5 We developed, among other tools, a citizens’ platform, that as for the experimentation with open-ended processes. aims at providing a continuous space for participation and dis- cussion at local scale, the resulting project ideas being commu- 2 “Community Now?” Is a cooperation between The Design nicated to the municipality. All open source tools can be found 1 Current research has recognized the power of technology to Research Lab/Berlin University of the Arts, the German Society on github.com/DRLabCivic [last view 30. 10. 2018]. advance urban understanding, especially as cities today under- for Design Theory and Research (DGTF) and the Bezalel Acad- go rapid transformations and continuous changes. However, the emy for Arts and Design Jerusalem. The first research phase 6 The hybrid letterbox bridges the gap between analogue and utilization of digital technology has focused mainly on decoding was concluded in February 2015 in Berlin with an international digital space. It digitizes hand written postcards and sends it urban phenomena from the outside, via big data, satellite imag- conference, exhibition and a series of neighborhood walks and to digital platforms, like Twitter or Instagram, or it can directly ing, and pattern-recognition of complexity and chaos. This has interventions funded by the German-Israeli Future Forum Foun- project the statement in public space. For further information 7 The focus on socio-material infrastructures comes from the disregarded a major question, namely how the city is actually dation (DIZF) and the Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb): please see: drlab.org/projects/hybrid-letter-box [last view 30.10. basic approach of the Civic Infrastructures research cluster of lived and experienced. www.community-now.org 2018]. the Design Research Lab Berlin, www.drlab.org.
40 41 risks for its self-destruction. The action of designers is thus shaped as a creative response to immanent and site-specific conditions and is based on continuous minimum adjustments and real- life observation (rather than on overall comprehensive plans based on abstract principles). This idea disrupts the established concept of Designers and Planners as the people who produce architectural plans on a drawing table and promotes a different attitude which induces to observe more and design less. For example, the Metro cable project in Medellin does not completely change the informal settlements, but it incorporates them into a wider system of relationships (fig.1). Secondly, they are based on a multi-scale analysis that is fundamental to explore cross-scale effects. A multi-scale understanding makes it possible to frame the correct scale of (minimum) intervention rather than proposing a comprehensive plan which defines everything from micro to macro scale. By building new wide-scale connections, Medellin Metrocable, enhanced the slow micro-connectivity. Vice versa, the coordinated assemblages of micro-projects, provided by the PUI (Integrated Urban Project), had a big impact on a large scale (fig.1).
DESIGN FOR THE OPEN CITY DIRECTING RATHER THAN MASTERING EMERGENT TRANSFORMATIONS
Elena Porqueddu Fig.Fig. 1 1Medellin Medellin Metrocable Metrocable.. Source EDU (2005 )Source: EDU (2005).
Independent researcher Thirdly, they define only the essential spatial conditions which can structure an open evolution. For example, Elemental’s project works as an incremental adaptive structure capable of (1) Italy supporting a constant adaptation and improvised expansions and (2) limiting the possibility for chaos. Elemental defines this building as a “diversity organizer”: an unfinished architecture, which encourages each dweller to fill the voids through heterogeneous surfacing, personal colours, [email protected] textures and uses, according to ever-changing needs and possibilities (fig.2). Fig. 2 Incremental Housing. Basic structure as a “diversity organizer” Fourthly, they aim at channelling the spontaneous individual initiatives toward the common good. Elemental. Quinta Monroy. Iquique. Chile. Courtesy Elemental peri-urban, transformation, land, livelihood, institution The crucial resource for developing such projects is coordination: the simple sum of individual performances, even if each of them is of a certain quality, does not necessarily foster the collective interest. Elemental in Quinta Monroy (1) provides those things that individual interventions can hardly guarantee and (2) engages in a dialogue with residents, giving guidance on how to create self-constructed long-lasting expansions, without the need to control every single addition (fig.2). Finally, this research highlights also how design can become the ideal field where science and art can meet, as it combines symbolic, emotional, creative aspects with scientific approaches, theories, methods and technologies. For example, the Metrocable has also a visual strong impact: The recent theory of Planning and Urban Design high- isting reality and to cooperate with emergent orders. This Medellin Metrocable, enhanced the slow micro-connectiv- it becomes a symbol of inclusion, as its high visibility brings attention to the settlements which lights how healthy, vibrant cities or neighbourhoods be- approach aims at providing a specific place with the miss- ity. Vice versa, the coordinated assemblages of micro-pro- were previously perceived as being disconnected from the city. Furthermore, the future have as open systems whose main characteristic is the ing ingredients that can activate its ability to remain open, jects, provided by the PUI (Integrated Urban Project), had Fig. 2 Incremental Housing. Basic structure as a “diversity orga- development of this research aims at enhancing the potential of Design to cooperate with ability to accommodate difference, incorporate change diverse and adaptive and to self-produce the solutions to Fig.a big2 impactIncremental on a large Housing scale. (Fig.1).Basic structure as a “diversity organizernizer” Elemental.” Quinta Monroy. Iquique. Chile. Source: Cour- and foster adaptation. The present research highlights emergent problems, without trying to predict and control tesy Elemental. Courtesy complex living systems. This will hopefully lead to frame an ecological approach capable to how the Open City is an emergent system, the overall form the final, formal outcome of the transformation. Thirdly,Elemental. they define Quinta only theMonroy. essential Iquique. spatial Chile conditions. Elemental of which cannot be predicted in advance, because it arises which can structure an open evolution. For example, Ele- incorporate natural adaptive cycles into the design process, thus fostering incremental from unforeseen (social-spatial) interactions rather than The presented case studies show how open systems can mental’s project works as an incremental adaptive struc- transformations with the minimum need of economical and energetic resources. being determined by an a priori intention. be intentionally generated, but also how they require a pe- Finally,ture capable this researchof (1) supporting highlights a constant also adaptationhow design and cancycles become into the the design ideal process, field wherethus fostering science incremental and art culiar kind of direction, which entails to consider the pro- canimprovised meet, expansionsas it combines and (2) limiting symbolic, the possibility emotional, for If,transformationscreative as this aspectsresearch with the withshows, minimum scientific the need O pen ofapproaches, economical City is a fertile ground for flourishing resilience and city Although the advances in theories of complexity, self-or- ject as the beginning of a transformation rather than its chaos. Elemental defines this building as a “diversity or- and energetic resources. ganisation, assemblage, adaptation, have supported an final stage. This research highlights that these open-end- theoriesganizer”:, methodsan unfinished and architecture, technologies which. For encourages example, tdiversity,he Metro cableit follows has alsothat a visualthere strongis an impact:urgent need to orient the design practice toward its increasingly sophisticated understanding of the city as ed design strategies, although very different and operat- it eachbec odwellermes a to symbol fill the voids of inclusionthrough heterogeneous, as its high sur visibility- emergence.If, as thisbrings research attention By shows, exploring theto Openthe the settlementsCity complexity is a fertile groundwhich which lies between over-control and deregulation, an emergent system, urban design practice often fails to ing at different scales, in very distant geographical areas facing, personal colours, textures and uses, according to for flourishing resilience and city diversity, it follows that transform this fine understanding into strategies and ac- and heterogeneous urban situations, do have something wereever-changing previously needs perceived and possibilities as (Fig.2).being disconnectbetweenthereed fromis an orderurgentthe needcity.and tochaos,Furthermore orient betweenthe design, the individualpractice future to- expression and collective interest, this renovated tions capable of addressing urban complexity and cooper- in common. development of this research aims at enhancingdesignward the its potential emergence.approach of Bywill Dexploringesign hopefully to the cooperate complexity open new whichwith unforeseen possibilities for the heterogeneous ating with open urban systems. Fourthly, they aim at channelling the spontaneous indi- lies between over-control and deregulation, between or- Firstly, they emerge from a thorough understanding of the complexvidual initiatives living towardsystems the. commonThis will good. hopefully The crucial lead landscapesderto andframe chaos, anof between ourecological everyday individual approach life expression and theircapable and emergent collec to- states of becoming. In fact, Urban Design is still widely based on master plans, place-specific social-spatial dynamics. In fact, the context incorporateresource for developingnatural adaptivesuch projects cycles is coordination: into the tivedesign interest, process this renovated, thus design fostering approach incremental will hopefully which present themselves as finished projects designed analysis is crucial for detecting the latent potential for the the simple sum of individual performances, even if each open new unforeseen possibilities for the heterogeneous from the top-down, aiming at pre-determining the final Open City and the risks for its self-destruction. The ac- transformationsof them is of a certain with quality,the minimum does not necessarilyneed of economical fos- landscapes and energetic of our everyday resources. life and their emergent states outcome of a certain transformation within a pre-defined tion of designers is thus shaped as a creative response ter the collective interest. Elemental in Quinta Monroy (selected)of becoming. references: site. In their best examples, they are animated by a sincere to immanent and site-specific conditions and is based on If,(1) as provides this research those things shows, that individual the O interventionspen City is can a fertile ground for flourishing resilience and city intention to produce a regime of urban complexity able to continuous minimum adjustments and real-life observa- diversity,hardly guarantee it follows and (2) thatengages there in a dialogueis an urgentwith resi -needReferences 1.to Christiansee,orient the designK., J. Singler,practice and toward T. Rieniets its (eds.). 2009. Open City: Designing coexistence. generate diversity. Nonetheless, they remain external in- tion (rather than on overall comprehensive plans based dents, giving guidance on how to create self-constructed emergence. By exploring the complexity which lies betweenAmsterdam. over Uitgeverij-control SUNand. deregulation, terventions in an otherwise spontaneous emergent trans- on abstract principles). This idea disrupts the established long-lasting expansions, without the need to control every Dovey2. K. Dovey,(2012). Informal K. 2012. Urbanism Informal and Urbanism complex andadaptive complex adaptive assemblages. International Development formation. In this respect they cannot cooperate with open concept of Designers and Planners as the people who pro- betweensingle addition order (Fig.2). and chaos, between individual expressionassemblages. and Internationalcollective interest,Development this Planning renovated Re- Planning Review 34 (4): 349-368. systems, which are emergent phenomena, to a certain duce architectural plans on a drawing table and promotes design approach will hopefully open new unforeseenview 34 (4): 349-368.possibilities for the heterogeneous extent unpredictable and in a constant state of becoming. a different attitude which induces to observe more and de- Finally, this research highlights also how design can be- 3. Gunderson, L. and C. Holling (eds.). 2002. Panarchy. Washington: Island Press. sign less. For example, the Metro cable project in Medellin landscapescome the ideal of ourfield whereeveryday science life and and art their can meet, emergent as it Ellinstates4. N. (2006).ofEllin, becoming. N.Integral 2006. Urbanism. Integral UrbanismNew York: .Routledge. New York: Routledge. Although the Open City cannot be top-down designed, it does not completely change the informal settlements, but combines symbolic, emotional, creative aspects with sci- needs some direction. In fact, it can also spontaneously it incorporates them into a wider system of relationships entific approaches, theories, methods and technologies. Gunderson5. Sennett, L. & C. R.Holling 2013. (eds.). The Open(2002). City Panarchy.. www.richardsennett.com Wash- . veer toward its self-destruction and turn into a closed sys- (Fig.1). For example, the Metrocable has also a visual strong im- ington: Island Press. tem. Jane Jacobs anticipated how the same forces which (selected)pact: it becomes references: a symbol of inclusion, as its high visibility nourish city diversity can often contribute to its self-de- Secondly, they are based on a multi-scale analysis that is brings attention to the settlements which were previously Rieniets T., J. Sigler & K. Christiaanse (eds.). (2009) Open struction. What is then the role of design in fostering its fundamental to explore cross-scale effects. A multi-scale perceived1. Christiansee, as being disconnected K., J. Singler, from theand city. T. Further Rieniets- City:(eds.). Designing 2009. coexistence. Open City: Amsterdam. Designing Uitgeverij coexistence SUN. . emergence? understanding makes it possible to frame the correct more, the future development of this research aims at en- scale of (minimum) intervention rather than proposing a hancingAmsterdam. the potential Uitgeverijof Design to SUN cooperate. with complex Sennett R. (2013). The Open City. www.richardsennett.com. The present research aims at framing a different approach comprehensive plan which defines everything from micro living2. systems.Dovey, K.This 2012. will hopefullyInformal leadUrbanism to frame and an complexeco- adaptive assemblages. International Development to Design, animated by the intention to observe the ex- to macro scale. By building new wide-scale connections, logical Planningapproach Reviewcapable 34to incorporate(4): 349-368. natural adaptive
42 3. Gunderson, L. and C. Holling (eds.). 2002. Panarchy. Washington: Island Press. 43 4. Ellin, N. 2006. Integral Urbanism. New York: Routledge. 5. Sennett, R. 2013. The Open City. www.richardsennett.com.
PERI-URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS IN BANGALORE’S PERIPHERY STUDY AREA PROPOSED BIDADI TOWNSHIP AND PERI-BIDADI AREA
Ananya Ramesh*, Anurag Jain†
* CEPT Research and Development Foundation † Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
India [email protected] peri-urban, transformation, land, livelihood, institution
A primate city at state level, Bangalore is severely over- Economic Zones, etc to direct or diffuse pressures off ur- by parastatal agencies, Bangalore Metropolitan Regional Analysing the resulting impacts on everyday life condi- burdened. Its metropolitan region development vision is ban areas (Roy 2009). These in turn affect land dynamics, Development Authority (BMRDA), in this particular case. tions, we developed a spectrum-based framework, en- characterised by large-scale projects such as Banga- livelihoods, and ecosystems in peri-urban areas. While the Owing to the prominence of ‘urban’ as economic centres, compassing triggers of change, degrees of impact, coping lore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor, Satellite Townships, vision of the Bidadi township itself is exclusive to certain parastatal agencies tend to adopt an ‘urban’ logic and fo- strategies and resultant changes. Using this framework Ring Road Projects etc. Efforts to decongest Bangalore sections and corresponding power corridors of the society, cus in these contested spaces. This also highlights blind- and Bidadi as a case, the study illustrates how an acon- and develop counter magnets are actualised through such value of the local political economy, local institutions, and spots of governance and the institutional machinery’s textual vision, introduces degrees of uncertainties neces- proposals in the peri-urban areas. These projects are land is relatively undermined to promote this urban vision location-agnostic and cursory approach to development sitating adaptation and coping mechanisms whose oppor- resource and land intensive, most often in contradiction of township. For example, a few land developers and large initiatives, impacting the nature and degree of openness tunity cost renders the system and project preferentially with local valuation systems of land, labour and resourc- land-holding farmers have thrived on the uncertainty cre- in such peri-urban development visions. Multiplicity and open and closed. es. Proposed to be developed as a model township, ‘Bi- ated by the freeze on land conversion, while small land- ad-hoc addition of agencies along with jurisdictional con- dadi Township’ (35km South-West of Bangalore) is being owners with less bargaining power are nudged towards flicts amplify the uncertainty. Acknowledgements taken forward, premised on conditionalities of land freeze distress land sales. (9000 acres) and curated economic development. Situated Study area chosen includes area demarcated for pro- The researchers thank Sachinkumar Rathod for the re- within the larger peri-urban development vision, this study The utility of peri-urban areas as a source of food supply posed Bidadi Township and seven neighbouring villages search support. attempts to understand impacts of a development propos- for urban areas has been well researched in urban agri- (peri-Bidadi). This area is witnessing growth of industries, al within the land, livelihoods and institution framework. culture since 1980s (Simon et al. 2004). However, the agri- large-scale residential developments and land aggrega- References Uncertainty in the project proposal, communication as cultural practices in peri-urban are now increasingly being tion by actors within and outside the resident community. well as implementation, has influenced substantial shifts shaped by growing pressures from the urban. Diversifying Dominated by farming communities, local economy main- Narain V. & S. Nischal. (2007) The peri-urban interface in in everyday lives of Bidadi residents. Studying their adap- into horticulture, floriculture and dairy farming are some ly thrives on agriculture, sericulture and dairy farming. Shahpur Khurd and Karnera, India, Environment and Ur- tation and coping mechanisms as distinct modes of prac- of the immediate adaptation strategies observed in Bidadi. Using a qualitative approach, a case-based exploratory banization, Vol 19(1), pp. 261-273. tice, we observe the urban-rural continuum and examine With the rising investment by manufacturing industries in research was developed. We carried out focus-group dis- how the peri-urban is subjected to multiple forces acting the vicinity of peri-urban areas to foster growth, ‘complex cussions, semi-structured interviews, site documentation Roy A. (2009) Why India cannot plan its cities: Informality, multi-directionally. Coupled with the uncertainty arising mosaic of juxtaposed activities as incompatible activities’ and secondary literature review. insurgence and the idiom of urbanization. Planning theory, out of the region’s unstable political timeline character- (Simon 2008) are also observed in Bidadi where agricul- 8(1), pp. 76-87. ised by shifting foci and unmatched priorities, the effects tural fields and industries are in close proximity of each Unpacking the course of peri-urban development in Bida- of instruments like ‘land freeze’ further make the project other. Uncertainty arising out of the project timeline, polit- di, following field observations highlight abrupt shifts and Simon D., D. McGregor & N. Kwasi.( 2004) The changing exclusive. Bidadi case illustrates how a non-responsive ical instability and medium of execution has pushed many changes. Agrarian distress (aggravated by non-responsive urban–rural interface of African cities: Definitional issues state vision, that is exclusive in its decision making and farmers to quit their traditional livelihood practices and policies and proposals), shifts in livelihoods from primary and an application to Kumasi, Ghana, Environment and stakeholder participation, is pressurising agreement on join these surrounding industries as labour force often to secondary sectors (initiated due to emerging employ- Urbanization, Vol 16(2), pp. 235-247. residents of the peri-urban region, on pre-decided terms; making them more vulnerable due to limited skills. ment opportunities as factory wage workers; also, to avoid through communication tools and development choices being self-employed and undertaking high-risk activity of Simon D. (2008) Urban Environments: Issues on the that deny agency and room for disagreement. These mosaics in turn offer a challenge on the govern- farming), change in cropping patterns (shift to commercial Peri-Urban Fringe, Annual Review of Environment and ance front. Metropolitan cities in India typically have been crops and crops less dependent on water and labour) en- Resources, Vol. 33, pp 167-185. While the word peri-urban can be used to denote place, plagued by lack of institutional support in the governance vironmental degradation and resource depletion. Forced process or concept (Narain & Nischal 2007), we present of peripheral areas. Apart from a token mention of ‘consti- displacements caused by loss of land and access to live- our study primarily using the context of ‘territorial place’ tution of a town panchayat’ for an area in transition from lihoods, changing social networks, inter-generational and the ‘processes’ through which the economy of Bida- rural to urban, the 74th Constitutional amendment leaves shifts in occupation, health hazards and shifting economy, di region is constituted and exercised. To promote various it to the discretion of the states to create this institution. emerge as major eventualities. forms of urban and industrial development, the State of- For all practical purposes, peri-urban areas are typically ten uses tools like conversion of land, creation of Special beyond the jurisdiction of urban local bodies and governed
44 45 04_INSTITUTION 46 47 OPENNESS AS CONFLICT THE CONTENTIOUS POLITICS OF PLANNING IN THE CONTEXT OF MIGRATION IN CITIES
Gala Nettelbadt
Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space
Germany [email protected] conflict, institutional change, migration, planning, post-politics
This contribution envisions the open city as a space of con- This post-political literature inquiries into the capacities answer this project’s research question. A fertile starting flict. It argues that, if the open city is to be genuinely dem- of planning processes to frame, and transform, the role of point for research on the institutional changes that have ocratic (Sennett 2006), conflict is immanent to the way it is conflict and to repoliticise planning and urban policy-mak- been induced by these conflicts is the ‘citizen’s dialogues’ planned and negotiated as a political and social structure. ing (Gualini 2015; Nicholls & Uitermark 2016; Gribat et al. initiative introduced in May 2018 by local authorities, in- Accordingly, this is also the case in the context of contem- 2017). Referring to these discussions, the contribution tended to foster exchange between citizens against the porary migration in cities, which is more and more contest- aims to, first, present the central arguments and claims backdrop of the recent conflicts. Other civil society initia- ed and subject to tensions in increasingly heterogeneous of authors working with this new notion of conflict in plan- tives and actor coalitions will be scrutinised, too. urban societies. By focusing on the new lines of conflict ning. Second, it critically examines their central claims that have been emerging in cities through the politiciza- with regards to the transformative potential of conflicts The contribution is based on the author’s doctoral proj- tion of migration, the author critically enquires what can be in the context of migration-related citizen disagreement. ect within the DFG-funded research project “Immigration learned by grasping conflicts as source for social change While underlining the potential usefulness of an analytical strategies: The politics of planning and regeneration in and transformation of local institutions in the open city. focus on the conflictive nature of planning processes for cities” at the Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and urban research on migration, the paper will criticize three Space (IRS). It explores the urban governance of migration The recent eruption of anti-migration riots in German points: first, the discussions in the literature remain most- in six large and mid-sized cities in Germany, scrutinizing cities such as Cottbus and Chemnitz have posed serious ly on a theoretical meta-level and are confined to philo- the way in which cities develop planning strategies in or- questions about the ways in which citizen disagreement is sophical debates; often, they are unsatisfactorily infused der to attract or discourage migration. problematized and accommodated in democratic politics with empirical material. Second, cases are not systemat- at the level of the city. Yet, there seems to be surprisingly ically collected and examples that do not fit the argument References little research engaging with migration as a local field of are scarcely considered. Third, this leads to the argument conflict and how municipal authorities, urban policy mak- that more attention needs to be payed to the conditions Gribat N. et al. (2017) Planung als politische Praxis: ers and planners negotiate it. What conflicts and contes- under which the transformative potential of conflicts un- Zur Einleitung in den Themenschwerpunkt. sub\urban. tations arise around the politicized topic of migration in locks the possibility of democratic openings. zeitschrift für kritische stadtforschung. 5.(1-2).7-20. cities today? Do they lead to institutional change and new coalitions between urban actors? What room for maneu- It is against this backdrop that we can begin to argue more Gualini E. (ed.). (2015) Planning and conflict: critical per- ver do city governments have in dealing with increasingly nuancedly why the emphasis should not lie in finding a spectives on contentious urban developments. New York, reactionary, populist, nationalist, xenophobic or anti-mi- solution for conflicts between those urban actors that en- NY: Routledge. grant sentiments in cities? What are the roles and posi- vision an open city, and those who envision a closed city tions of urban planners and policy makers towards such for migration, but rather to ask what can be learned from Nicholls W. & J. Uitermark (2016) Introduction: planning/ disagreement? such conflicts for urban development in general, without resistance. Urban Geography. 28(4).1-9. legitimizing racist sentiments in the city. This paper would like to use the Open City Forum as an Sennett R. (2006) The Open City. LSE Cities. [online]. Avail- opportunity to present and discuss the theoretical basis Empirically, the project is grounded in an explorative case able at: https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/the- of a three-year long research project that aims to address study, which will be carried out in the city of Cottbus in the open-city/en-gb/ . [accessed 29/10/2018]. these questions. Drawing on the thinking of political theo- federal state of Brandenburg, Germany. The city has been rist Chantal Mouffe, the paper engages with planning the- characterised by shrinkage since the 1990s, facing both ories, which stipulate that democratic planning needs to demographic and economic decline. Following a wave of start not from a position that seeks to resolve conflict to pro- and anti-migration protests in 2017 and 2018, ten- achieve consensus, but from an acceptance of its position sions that had been developing between these polarised in risky and insecure situations of continual dissent and groups caused high media coverage and discussion. This opposition. situation offers a fruitful scene for urban research and to
48 49 SPACES OF OPENNESS IN ISTANBUL SOLIDARY PUBLICNESS AND EXPERIMENTAL PRACTICES
Gökçe Sanul
Vrije University Brussels
Belgium [email protected] cultural organizations, solidary publicness, spaces of openness, Istanbul
Neoliberal policies brought up privatizations as an issue ed Ottoman Bank Museum, workshop spaces, café, and Before presenting findings about the aspect of publicness, in the agenda of urban scholars and led to a consensus on a bookstore. More importantly, it hosts SALT Research, underlying ways of creating spaces of openness will be the loss and death of public spaces. Within these debates, which consists of print and digital resources open to the clarified based on previous analysis over SALT, DEPO and ‘material’ public spaces like streets, squares and parks public, an open archive. However, going beyond this proj- alternative theaters. This notion indicates urban spaces are assessed in terms of the question of accessibility to all. ect, it has become a working space for the students from where equality and freedom could be staged in three ways: However, these debates underestimated the opening up of the neighborhood and another floor has also opened for the provision of space for co-existence 2) the excavation new spaces which do not fit to the normative ideal of pub- library users. and making visible of undocumented histories 3) the cre- lic space. Therefore, focusing on alternative theatres and ation of translocal spaces of engagement. Each of these two cultural centers, namely SALT and DEPO, this paper DEPO is a relatively small cultural centre, which opened ways intersect on the imaginary of opening up space for reconceptualizes publicness through the notion of spaces in 2009 as an initiative of one of the important NGOs in a common life. However, all of these underlying ways of of openness. In other words, it elaborates on the aspect Turkey, Anadolu Kültür which aims to of create dialogue spaces of openness which operate in a context of private of publicness of the notion of spaces of openness which between different ethnic, religious, and regional groups funding require further elaboration by considering cre- has started to be developed in a larger research project. through culture and arts. Founded by Osman Kavala, a ative perspectives on publicness. In doing so, we rely on Accordingly, this research asks in what type of publicness businessman and an active figure of cultural policies in the conceptualization of ‘public city’ by Kurt Iveson (2007) do the selected cultural organizations engage in; and how Turkey, DEPO is located in the Tophane neighbourhood which breaks the privileged connection between public this publicness turns into spaces of openness. of Beyoglu, where it is housed in an old tobacco ware- address and public space. In other words, this approach house that was inherited by the family of Osman Kavala. attaches importance to make particular publics through The cultural organizations are selected due to their crit- This building was first used as an exhibition space during circulation of ideas instead of forming a consensus on a ical stance in the contemporary art scene of Istanbul, the 9th Istanbul Biennial. After a renovation process, the normative ideal of public space where the essential aim is which has always been different than Western contexts in DEPO team settled there in 2009. to come together with strangers. terms of its funding structures. In other words, contem- porary arts in Turkey developed mainly through private The dataset consists of interview transcripts, texts in the Therefore, findings show that spaces of openness is based funding due to an absence of public funds. In this context, websites of cultural organizations, and their social media on a solidary publicness which has formed through local SALT, a non-profit cultural organisation funded in 2011 accounts as well as fieldwork notes and photos. This data and translocal networks of solidarity of the selected cul- by Garanti Bank, opened with the initiative of prominent set has been analyzed by combining narrative analysis, tural organizations. Besides, this research also reveals Turkish curator Vasıf Kortun. The mission of SALT is de- qualitative content analysis with social network analysis experimental practices of those organizations which have scribed as exploring critical and timely issues in visual and and participant observation. This research was conduct- emerged in the way of extending limits of solidary public- material culture, and cultivates innovative programmes ed over a two-year period between March 2015 and March ness towards diverse publics coming from different socio- for research and experimental thinking. It operates in 2017. The main empirical data was gathered in 2015 and cultural and economic backgrounds. However, these ex- two different buildings in Beyoglu. SALT Beyoglu, located 2016, however, in order to take into account the changing perimental practices also indicate possibilities of closures in a 19th century building on Istiklal Avenue, consists of political context in Turkey, contact with some informants which should be considered while developing the notion of an exhibition space, archival space, café, bookshop, open has been maintained. Following this first round of inter- spaces of openness. cinema, and an open garden. Its location influenced the views, which facilitated the analysis of organizational dy- physical design of the building, whose ground floor plan namics, relations with public authorities, characteristics References forms a continuation of Istiklal Avenue, signaling its open- of the cultural and spatial infrastructures, and interaction ness to the public. However, SALT Beyoglu was closed in with the locality a second round of interviews conducted Iveson K. (2007) Publics and the city. Malden: Blackwell December 2015 due to licensing issues. The second build- in January 2016 focused on substantive reflections on the Publishing. ing, called SALT Galata, is located on the Bank Streets in content of the exhibitions and public events, as well as the the Karakoy district and hosts an auditorium, the renovat- social relations between actors in their networks.
50 51 RE-TRACING HOME CONVERSATIONS WITH SYRIAN NEWCOMERS ON THE “ARRIVAL CRISIS” IN BERLIN
Benedikt Stoll
Guerilla Architects London / Berlin
United Kingdom / Germany [email protected] Fig. 1 Re-tracing an “old” home from Aleppo, Syria. Source: Fig. 3 Drawing and writing workshop at VIENNA DESIGN WEEK Guerilla Architects (BY-NC-ND 3.0 DE). 2017. Source: Guerilla Architects (BY-NC-ND 3.0 DE). refugee architecture , arrival crisis, habitus, cognitive mapping, fluid home workshops as well as subsequent building workshops were conducted during. The temporary installation of an “ideal home” was meant to give associative thought-pro- voking impulses which do not offer architectural “solu- tions” but rather question the meaning of basic spatial fragments that showcased common denominators rather The design research project “Re-tracing Home” aims to Following the Syrian independence in 1946, the country than diverging comfort zones. Therefore, it was discussed challenge the contemporary notion of the crisis as a one modernised and internationalised so that women started in how far one could actually transfer various notions of of politics, not of capacity and to provide a new perspec- to enter higher education and become part of the public home of people from different socio-cultural and -spatial tive on the perceptions and imaginations of “home” and life. Consequently, lifestyles changed and people aspired backgrounds into architecture. This dilemma of transla- “housing”. This paper argues that the “refugee question” to move out of their old courtyard houses to live in apart- tion – culturally and spatially – was eventually not only is regarded as a political short-term problem which is ments designed by architects. concerned with the accommodation of refugees but in- meant to be “solved“ by temporary architecture. This re- Fig. 2 Discussing recent examples of “refugee architecture” with dicated a more general understanding of contemporary sults in an unwelcoming reception of newcomers that hin- It appeared that those who stay in their home countries need Syrian architects. Source: Guerilla Architects (BY-NC-ND 3.0 DE). modes of co-habitation in response to the current housing ders their integration and exacerbates the “housing ques- to re-adapt to predominant norms that might be relatable shortage. tion”. Moreover, it has be criticised that the knowledge and with Bourdieu’s idea of class conform patterns of behaviour Being Syrian in Syria is different to being Syrian in Germa- preferences of newcomers are almost never incorporated but Wines’ assumption of particular architectural identities ny. The rise of new border realities and identities should In the next phase, it is planned to explore the socio-spatial in their arrival process in Germany. might need to be redefined. In contrast, transtopian dias- lead to a more open and not deterministic reception of perceptions of “home” at the scale of a neighbourhoods in pora communities seem to disobey any deterministic logic newcomers. This new understanding could be the basis Berlin-Lichtenberg which is a particular district with var- This alleged “arrival crisis” is investigated from an urban of distinctive cultural or architectural imprints but declare of an informed design agenda for contemporary “refugee ious forms of housing and a very mixed population. More- design perspective by addressing the discrepancy between an independent logic on the move to choose what is best housing” which could eventually also be considered as over, a comprehensive exhibition shall give an overview of government (mass) housing programmes and local grass- and what is not. Based on these cognitive mapping work- one aspect of re-creating home away from home. Wheth- the whole project in context of the political “Heimat” dis- root projects. Reflecting on the general issue of affordable shops, the speculative design proposition of a “fluid home” er their social, cultural, political or spatial integration is cussions in Germany. housing in Germany, the socio-spatial integration of new- postulates open and undifferentiated “housing” structures questioned, newcomers have to feel safe and comforta- comers is analysed by correlating Bourdieu’s theoretical that can be appropriated by its inhabitants. In this way, new- ble in an appropriated home-like space first of all in order References “habitus” concept (1979) and Wines’ architectural “High- comers would be enabled to set the thresholds to the public to be able to slowly demand the encounter with others to rise of Homes” project (1981). The consequent framework themselves and become part of the cultural and architec- re-negotiate the thresholds with the public. Bourdieu P. (1979) Distinction. of distinctive cultural and architectural identities is jux- tural process of re-negotiating meaning into space. taposed with the memories and experiences of displaced The importance of lived time, culture, ownership and Yildiz E. (2016) Inbetween as social practice. In: Migrating newcomers who were asked to re-narrate, re-write and Migration may have the potential for re-imagining transto- meaning in space might propose the performance of Spaces – Architecture and Identity in the Context of Turk- re-draw their old, new and ideal “home”. pian cities and societies in which every integration starts home as the most visual and embodied interpretation of ish Remigration. Bürkle S. (Ed.). at home. A new cross-cultural co-design agenda should future cities and societies (Mihailescu 2016). If one idealis- The thematic analysis of this fieldwork focused on the introduce a new narrative of urban design to openly di- tically attempts to design for newcomers who are coming King S. (2004) Imagining the world at home: the distant presumed commonalties of the participants’ Syrian class minish architectural exoticisation of “other” cultures and from a cultural background that might be very different spaces of the Indian city. In: Spaces of global cultures. habitus (Bourdieu) and architectural identities (Wines) in call for a new perspective on “refugee architecture” and from European ways of life and concepts of architecture, King S. (Ed.). contrast to their subjective notions of “home” and diver- contemporary housing models. Challenging common pre- this attempted inclusion can inherent racist clichés or re- gent narratives. Moreover, ideas like Mihailescu’s (2016) conceptions and dualisms through an ethical approach to duce complexities which even cannot be build. The cultur- Mihailescu V. (2016) Reading a house – migration, house- performed identities of Romanian migrants and Yildiz’ sanctify particularities should blur the lines of architec- al re-appropriation of identities might encounter invisible holds and modernity in Post-communist rural Romania. (2016) transtopias of returning Turkish immigrants helped tural and cultural boundaries. borders like the tacit separation of a guest and a living In: Brave New World – Romanian Migrants’ Dream Hous- to identify and contextualise different figurations of new- room which are actually one room. If one attempts to me- es. Wild B. & R. B. Betea (Ed.). comers. To sum up, one can say that “expanding architectural cul- diate the city as fluid space of shifting borders, one has to tures emerge from a hybridization of historic (colonial) co-produce its preconditions as well as its findings. Wines J. (1981) The highrise of homes. http://www.siteen- The discussion of distinctive architectural imprints or times and diasporic spaces, and imagination of exogenous virodesign.com/content/high-rise-homes (accessed on preferences almost always came down to the impres- standards and transnational lifestyles” (King 2004) that „Re-tracing Home“ was already presented at VIENNA DE- 12.03.2017). sion that traditional Syrian architecture is not functional demand a new understanding of contemporary “refugee SIGN WEEK 2017 with a public engagement project con- and convenient for contemporary forms of life anymore. architecture” in Germany and beyond. sisting of city walks led by migrants, drawing and writing
52 53 TOURISM PARADOX
Anakkara Vadakkath Venugopal
Politecnico di Milano Fig. 2 Conceptual sketch showing the impact on tourism dependent cities by mass tourism. Source: Author. Fig. 4 Rethinking the tourism planning and governance. Source: Italy RT Model framework in Kerala. [email protected] 1. Decentralized mechanisms inherent to the RT frame- work, helps initiate faster decision making, involving all Tourism planning, Responsible Tourism, Right to the city, Social Justice, Inclusiveness stakeholders directly impacted, ensuring transparency in actions. By doing so, more clarity in the roles and respon- sibilities shape up, with the state playing the role of a fa- cilitator for tourism.
2. The state’s focus, thus can be restricted to creating Fig. 3 Observations on the approach to treating tourism assets. platforms for interactions of private investors with the lo- What constitutes good tourism planning and governance? Source: Author based on Nougués-Pedregal et al. 2017. cal RT bodies and in providing for tourism infrastructure Does it merely aim for economic growth, or does it have to in the state. become more humane and sensitive in today’s world? Whose mercialization across the city. To cater to the demands city has it become, the tourist’s or the residents? Whose voic- of the rising tourist population, as well as migrants who 3. The tourists are seen as part of the solution than a prob- es should the governance listen to? come seeking employment, the physical impacts are seen, lem. Through raising awareness amongst the residents through haphazard construction practices. These cities and tourists constantly, will ensure a holistic development Travel & Tourism is one of the largest economic sectors in have reported the loss of heritage structures. The cultural and coexistence. the world, creating employment and prosperity. Developing heritage becomes a bait to attract tourists, with festivals countries are increasingly seeing tourism as an opportunity and other elements projected as a commodity, thus losing As discussed earlier, tourism in today’s context does not for economic growth, focusing on policies and investments its inherent pristine value. The socio cultural impacts cut merely encompass economic growth, but socio cultur- to boost the same. The results are reflected through the across many layers, and a common voice in most cases, al dynamics of the societies. Through the RT framework, increased tourism flows to these countries, seen through is that of a sense of alienation, which the local residents aimed at connecting tourists with the community and lo- the tourism heat map and expenditure graph below. face, from one’s own ancestral backyard. Social activism cal heritage, human and social development is aimed at, has increased in such cities over the years and its time the through spaces for sharing goods, cultural exchanges and Social activism against mass tourism is gaining momen- tourism approach is looked upon critically again. Words through living closer to nature. tum in the western world, especially in the historic areas like sustainability and eco-tourism has been plastered on in Europe. Insensitivity to local needs and exploitation of Fig. 1 Convergence in International Tourism Expenditures projects yielding very less positive results. References resources has brought criticism and the need to rethink Source: World Economic Forum, ‘The travel and tourism com- the tourism strategies. Venice and Barcelona are strong petitiveness report 2017’. The current mass tourism approach of ‘towards the out- Butler J. (1980) The concept of a tourist area cycle of evo- cases of how the local residents who once opened the side’ (Nogués-Pedregal et al. 2017) is one which lays the lution: implications for management of resources. Cana- gates to the tourism industry, are being forced to move out over time. Most regions witness an initial stage of di- city, its heritage and buildings on a platter as a commodity. dian Geographers, 5-12. of their own homes, due to increased land prices, environ- rect involvement of the tourists with the locals, who gain The shift is required from the approach to valorizing the mental impacts and socio cultural changes. through this interaction. The state steps in, witnessing the tourism assets as a resource, towards one where, it is ap- Afrodita B. (2012) Models of tourist development in the economic potential of the industry and opens the doors for preciated and enhanced for what it is. context of regional development. Annals of Faculty of Eco- The paradoxical nature has surfaced, with the industry investors. With the economic gains as the prime driving nomics, University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics, vol. which helped in the growth of the city, now adversely im- factor, the market forces drive towards mass tourism, with When the approach to tourism planning and governance 1(1), 507-512. pacting it and the elements which give identity to it. the locals being pushed away gradually over time. is one of valuing the inherent elements that shaped the space, it leads to a more personal connection with the lo- Dayanand M.S. (2005) The tourism industry of Goa: current With developing countries like India, ranked currently as In this study, I look into two cities of India, 1. Panaji in Goa cal residents, who directly benefits from the interaction, status and future potential. the 3rd worldwide in tourism investments, rising to be- and 2. Fort Kochi in Kerala. These contextual studies high- as in the early stages of Butler’s tourism model. Efforts to come one of the top travel and tourism economies in the light the tourism impacts on the socio economic and phys- promote such heritage elements, bringing the tourists to Dredge D. & T. Jamal. (2015) Progress in tourism planning world, it becomes imperative to develop alternative tour- ical fabric of the cities. appreciate the local lifestyles and customs, will ensure a and policy: a Post-structural perspective on knowledge ism planning and governance mechanisms that do not more sustainable approach, than the market forces being production. Tourism Management, 285-297. merely encompass economic growth, but other socie- These contextual studies, show how the tourism indus- driven by capitalistic models. tal aspects of environmental concerns and socio cultur- try evolves over time into a major player in the economy. Nogués-Pedregal A. M. N., R.T. Molero & D. C. Zurbini. al changes, to ensure these countries don’t go down the Economically, a shift is seen from the traditional occu- The Responsible tourism model that has sprouted in cer- (2017) Thinking against „empty shells“. In: Tourism Devel- same path as mass touristic cities. pations like agriculture and fishing, towards easier and tain parts of India and the world is an example of an ap- opment Projects. Etnoloska Tribina 47(40), 88-108. quicker sources of revenue, oriented to cater the needs of proach that embodies this concept. The key points of this The existing studies by Miossec and Buttler (1980), shed the tourists. This is reflected through selling of land and approach and what I proposed to be integrated within this light on the link tourism has with regional development property to tourism based investors and the waves of com- framework are:
54 55 LOCAL COLLABORATIVE DESIGN-PROJECTS AS CATALYST AND RESEARCH-INSTRUMENT OF URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS
Hendrik Weiner
Hafencity-University Hamburg, raumdialog
Germany [email protected] co-design, design research, collaboration, youth, urban development
Fig. 1 Sitzskulptur Tenever, Bremen 2010-12. Source: Author. Fig. 2 Raumteiler, Berlin-Kreuzberg, 2015. Source: Author.
Collaborative design-projects implement interventions and confrontation with the question how to empower people References local processes as co-designs of space and community. In for being able to influence and build up there environment. a local setting people step in a collaborative working pro- The approach has strong relations to the Scandinavian Ehn P., E.M. Nilsson & R. Topgaard. (2014) Making futures. cess to discover and improve a site. Designers and people Participatory Design (PD) (Ehn et al. 2014) and refers to The MIT Press. not trained as designers, concerned and interested people Participatory Action Research (PAR) (Kindon et al. 2010). work together and share ideas, experiences and knowledge Findeli A. et all. (2008) Research through design and at eye level. By implementing there ideas, these projects As a ‚research through design‘ (Jonas 2007) respective- transdisciplinary: a tentative contribution to the methodol- becoming real interventions in space and new nuclei in the ly ‚project based research‘ (Finedli 2008) this practice as ogy of design research. In: Proceedings of Focused, Swiss community. Growing up, references to the local authorities well has a big potential for a collaborative and trans-dis- Design Network Syposium 2008, Berne, Schweiz, 67-91. and an internal organization will be needed. The starting ciplinary research of spatial transformations. Processes points of this kind of projects can be multifaceted: improve like collaboration, self-organization, knowledge develop- Jonas W. (2007) Research through DESIGN through re- the local quality of public space, establish new recreation ment, discovering and developing of local potentials can search - a cybernetic model of designing design founda- areas or meeting points, play in the streets and so on. be researched together with all participants. Here the tions. In: Kybernetes 36 (9). Special issue on cybernetics paradigm of research changes from researching about and design. The practice of collaborative design-projects is generat- something to researching with something. The research- ed from working methods of architecture, design and art. er becomes a multifaceted role as designer, member of a Kindon S.L., R. Pain & M. Kesby. (2010) Participatory ac- These disciplines has got a special know-how in percep- group and researcher, hence the researcher gets compre- tion research approaches and methods. Connecting peo- tion of spaces and circumstances, expressing needs, us- hensive perspectives and a real insights. This way of re- ple, participation and place. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge ing materials, creating references and building spaces. search follows the need of an extended way of knowledge (Routledge studies in human geography, 22). The use of these knowledge by all kinds of concerned and production: a research embedded in a transformative pro- interested people, in particular by no experts, opens up cess with the civic society as an actor of knowledge pro- Schneidewind U. & M. Singer-Brodowski. (2013) Trans- ways of direct collaborations, people driven innovation duction (Modus-3-knowledge production, Schneidewind & formative Wissenschaft. Klimawandel im deutschen Wis- processes and bottom-up organized local developments. Singer-Brodowski 2013). senschafts- und Hochschulsystem. Marburg: Metropolis Verlag. I‘m developing the approach of collaborative design-proj- My input discusses the challenges and potentials to act ects for years as spatial designing project work with chil- and design with children and youth in urban space at dren and youth and in cooperation with local institutions. eye level with cases of real projects (Sitzskulptur Tenev- Together with the children and youth, an examination of er, Bremen; RaumTeiler, Berlin). It asks for possibilities there daily environment is started. Wishes, needs, quali- to use the disciplinary knowledge of architecture, design ties and deficits of the environment are asked and tested and art to give people real options to co-create there en- by artistic, action and design research methods. Step by vironment. Further, it asks about ways to use the concept step ideas are developed and implementations of these of collaborative design-projects in urban development ideas are organized. In addition to that the projects be- processes and as starting points of local co-productions. come cases in my PhD, focussing on the processes of col- In these projects the role of all participants such as ini- laboration, the way of working together, the used working tiators, designers, concerned people as well as institu- methods and the role of the ‚designer‘. tions and administrations are being questioned. The input names artistic methods of operations, shows results and The approach of collaborative design-projects has been makes ways of anchoring research into the local - with developed by making real projects and by the intensive local actors as co-researchers - a subject of discussion.
56 57 NOTES Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute for Sustainable Urbanism ISU Research Group „Offene Stadt“
Pockelsstraße 3, 38106 Braunschweig Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 531 391-3537 Email: [email protected]
www.sustainableurbanism.de www. offene-stadt.org
60