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THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return. -
World War Ii in the Philippines
WORLD WAR II IN THE PHILIPPINES The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 Copyright 2016 by C. Gaerlan, Bataan Legacy Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. World War II in the Philippines The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 By Bataan Legacy Historical Society Several hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Philippines, a colony of the United States from 1898 to 1946, was attacked by the Empire of Japan. During the next four years, thou- sands of Filipino and American soldiers died. The entire Philippine nation was ravaged and its capital Ma- nila, once called the Pearl of the Orient, became the second most devastated city during World War II after Warsaw, Poland. Approximately one million civilians perished. Despite so much sacrifice and devastation, on February 20, 1946, just five months after the war ended, the First Supplemental Surplus Appropriation Rescission Act was passed by U.S. Congress which deemed the service of the Filipino soldiers as inactive, making them ineligible for benefits under the G.I. Bill of Rights. To this day, these rights have not been fully -restored and a majority have died without seeing justice. But on July 14, 2016, this mostly forgotten part of U.S. history was brought back to life when the California State Board of Education approved the inclusion of World War II in the Philippines in the revised history curriculum framework for the state. This seminal part of WWII history is now included in the Grade 11 U.S. history (Chapter 16) curriculum framework. The approval is the culmination of many years of hard work from the Filipino community with the support of different organizations across the country. -
War Crimes in the Philippines During WWII Cecilia Gaerlan
War Crimes in the Philippines during WWII Cecilia Gaerlan When one talks about war crimes in the Pacific, the Rape of Nanking instantly comes to mind.Although Japan signed the 1929 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, it did not ratify it, partly due to the political turmoil going on in Japan during that time period.1 The massacre of prisoners-of-war and civilians took place all over countries occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army long before the outbreak of WWII using the same methodology of terror and bestiality. The war crimes during WWII in the Philippines described in this paper include those that occurred during the administration of General Masaharu Homma (December 22, 1941, to August 1942) and General Tomoyuki Yamashita (October 8, 1944, to September 3, 1945). Both commanders were executed in the Philippines in 1946. Origins of Methodology After the inauguration of the state of Manchukuo (Manchuria) on March 9, 1932, steps were made to counter the resistance by the Chinese Volunteer Armies that were active in areas around Mukden, Haisheng, and Yingkow.2 After fighting broke in Mukden on August 8, 1932, Imperial Japanese Army Vice Minister of War General Kumiaki Koiso (later convicted as a war criminal) was appointed Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army (previously Chief of Military Affairs Bureau from January 8, 1930, to February 29, 1932).3 Shortly thereafter, General Koiso issued a directive on the treatment of Chinese troops as well as inhabitants of cities and towns in retaliation for actual or supposed aid rendered to Chinese troops.4 This directive came under the plan for the economic “Co-existence and co-prosperity” of Japan and Manchukuo.5 The two countries would form one economic bloc. -
Paris Resilience Strategy
Paris Resilience Strategy FLUCTUAT NEC MERGITUR Front page : Bernard Pedretti/ Mairie de Paris Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris “Fluctuat nec Mergitur”, which translates to “Beaten by the waves but not sunk”, proudly announces our motto. Made official in 1853 by the Baron Haussmann, it had been used by Parisians since the 16th century. Its origins lie in the river’s history, dating back to antiquity! Urban resilience is therefore not a new trend: it is an integral part of urban discourse. The concept was, however, somewhat forgotten at the end of the 20th century, as our societies were convinced that technical solutions would be able to overcome the risks faced by our cities. Today we are confronted with new and great challenges, which affect current and future generations. Climate change, air pollution, growing inequalities, terror threats, persistent water insecurity, the migrant crisis – all these challenges bring cities to the front line. DR/Mairie de Paris Far from inducing anxiety, urban resilience offers solutions to better prepare and adapt cities, their populations, businesses and infrastructures to these I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the challenges. It also provides opportunities to create institutional, business, academic and associated new activities and jobs while improving citizens’ partners, as well as to the municipal teams, for their quality of life. contribution to this very ambitious work, which has only just begun. I also warmly thank Michael Governance, which is our ability to organise ourselves Berkowitz and 100 Resilient Cities – Pioneered by collectively with all stakeholders and to create new the Rockefeller Foundation (100RC), who have partnerships, particularly beyond the municipality, is enlightened, guided and supported us in this key to the resilience of Paris. -
Transcript of Spoken Word
http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 1 BOZA RAFAJLOVIC‘S TESTIMONY CONDUCTED ON MAY 2ND 1997 IN BELGRADE Now, you will hear the testimony of Boza Rafajlovic, a journalist who successfully escaped occupied Belgrade when he was 17 years old. He managed to reach the Adriatic coast under the Italian control from where he tried to evacuate his family from Belgrade. After a period of time spent in an Italian transit camp, Boza joined Tito’s army. Now I will let Boza introduce and describe himself, his family, and his life before the war. Jasa Almuli a journalist from Belgrade, conducts this interview for the U.S. Holocaust Museum and Jeff and Toby Herr Collection. Q: Bozo please… A: I escaped Belgrade under the Germans’ bombs. It was on Sunday, April 6th 1941. My parents were aware of the fact that I decided to leave. Not to run away, but to leave. Inside my house we talked about necessity for resistance. I wanted to be a volunteer. I was only 17 years old. The Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia did not recruit volunteers. I was walking throughout demolished Belgrade looking for the military institution that would recruit me. In front of the main military headquarters I was told that there is no military command and that Belgrade is an open city. I was born on December 23rd in a family, that through circumstances, became assimilated and accepted a Serbian last name Rafajlovic. My grandfather and his brother had the same name. -
Bentley, Caitlin Accepted Thesis 12-04-15 Fa 15.Pdf
Read all instructions first and then perform each step in this order. 1. Select File/Save As menu options to save this document (name it: Last, First MM-DD-YY) to your computer disk. 2. Open Word and this file. The file opens in Protected Mode. Type title above in the gray box as instructed and tab to next field (see instructions in each gray field and in the status bar). Tab and answer all questions until you return back to the title above. 3. Please scroll to and read Chapter 1 to learn how to unprotect this document. Once the document is unprotected the gray fields will continue to display on the screen, but will not print or convert to the PDF file. Fields can then also be modified if needed. 4. Once the document is Unprotected, scroll to Chapter 2 to read about the automatic Table of Contents, Heading Styles, Tables, Figures, References, and Appendices. 5. To remove this box, click it, point to outer gray hash marks until you see the Move icon, click to select, and press Delete key. Linking Communications: the Philippine Regional Section of the Allied Intelligence Bureau's Operations in the Occupied Islands,1942-1945 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Caitlin T. Bentley December 2015 © 2015 Caitlin T. Bentley. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Linking Communications: The Philippine Regional Section of the Allied Intelligence Bureau's Operations in the Occupied Islands,1942-1945 by CAITLIN T. -
View Online (Part 1)
~-SF - THE WHITE HOUlE WASHI NGTON J ~nuury 21, 1944. I F.u. ri. ~ ++- •r f'" .-,'=' }i')fl . ·· •rrt~ 'T,,,.lor, ... ~_. l::v~r,·l' ,,."' "'"•1! , ~"•lo '!1~ " · - 1.,.. '-1 • .~.'·~''' · •o !.h• Pr•~••tBn• , ancl•l!\'n , ... ,, ... ,. "Jicr. ,. "'"' '"'~'""",t<?U f'r'Y\ lf"rO ll'1 ~tt h u !'It, , V.t. h·H r t t y , ( ilr'l"''r{ C''J o:••-f H'l ("'A .. 1dC .. , , 11/'1 f"l, \11 r"• Jl'>_,~ fll' fh~ v, ~ ~el.rJ ~ .., ..- ........ p..,....,. ,.~~ ~..,cro ,. t- - +l,.r•f"'lo . '· DEPARTMENT OF STATE WA8HINQTON January 28 , 1944 My dear Mr. Preaident: I In coapliance with your memorandua ot Januarr 21 , li44 I haYe prepared a reply to Mr . Mrron Taylor tor your signature , it you approve. I have likewiae prepared extra copiea ot Mr· Taylor•a letter and Mr. Tittmann•a l etter tor reference to Admiral Leahy, it you consider it appropriate. E:ncloaurea: 1. From Mr. T!Q'lor. 2. From Mr . Tlttmann. 3 . To Mr . Taylor. Tbe President , The White Bouae. .. ~ - / Jf/fU.U'1 31, 1944 0..... •"7J'Gft l '!bank J'C'& t ar )'OUI' l e t t • r or J anwu•J 11. 1 1144 enolcat ~ a letter £1'011 lro - 1ti:Yann a t; Va t!CL"l C1i)' 0\lt.!. :."\& It a Ya t10IU11• 1nt p retat!oa ot :he •o;:..en C~ Q 0 atat.oa t - · : :.... a• • 00 1)7 or t r . 1t...ano•• let ~•r • &a lad t.o ... tl\at 'J u are en J ~:y ln ;; a ..11 ~ raat. -
1941-12-28 [P ]
k Weather Forecast The Evening and Sunday star is Generally fair and slightly edder Sun- delivered in the city and suburbs at day: moderate winds. Temperatures yes- re.r,3C pernpr monln-mnn»v, Tv,prne NlgntNiaht *lnalFinal terday-Highest, 50, at 12:30 p.m.; lowest. 39. at 8 a.m. Edition and Sunday Morning Star at From th* United State* Weather Bureau report. Per hflOnth. Full Details on Fate A-2. Xo. 1,918—Xo. 35,670. WASHIXGTOX, 1). C., DECEMBER 28, 1941-112 PAGES. ** aJ&Es™^ TEN CENTS -- ■ ■' ■ — — -- ■ ■ .... — ■ — ■ -.- ■ -- ■ JAPS NOW OFFER TO END MANILA BOMBINGS Filipino Surrender Is Condition; Parleys Bolster Allies' Heart of Left in Flames Position, Capital Roosevelt Says Reinforcements Are Rushed Japan Shall Pay British Place War Plans Shown To Defenders; Foe Less In Kind, Shocked Representatives Legislators Warn Burma Defense Of 33 Nations Than 80 Bv JOHN C. HENRY. Miles Away of Manila Bombing President Roosevelt and Prime By the Associated Press. Barbarism in Worst Minister Churchill, assuming MANILA, Sunday, Dec. 28.—The Japanese bombed unde- Form, Norris Says Under Wavell dramatic leadership of the world-wide war against Axis fended Manila savagely for more than three hours yester- By thy Asuoriatyd Pry**. aggression, spread before the day leaving the heart of the in flames, and then Shocked declared capital legislators grim- Indian Commander's accredited representatives of 33 belatedly offered to consider the on condition that ly yesterday that when the United nations the advanced city open Aide Is Named to yesterday the Filipino army "co-operate” with them and "cease all States has gathered the full force blueprints for marshaling every resistance.” of its offensive might Japan shall Dependency Post economic and fighting resource be made to pay in kind for the of this This manifesto was broadcast by the Tokio radio and addressed globe-encircling front— cruel and of un- By the Associated Press. -
War, Resistance, and Memorialization in Tuscany, 1943-1945
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Spring 2011 Heroes or Terrorists? War, Resistance, and Memorialization in Tuscany, 1943-1945 Lynda Lamarre Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Recommended Citation Lamarre, Lynda, "Heroes or Terrorists? War, Resistance, and Memorialization in Tuscany, 1943-1945" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 596. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/596 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEROES OR TERRORISTS? WAR, RESISTANCE, AND MEMORIALIZATION IN TUSCANY, 1943-1945 by LYNDA LAMARRE (Under the Direction of Charles S. Thomas) ABSTRACT This thesis will delve into the unfolding of the Italian Resistance, from an underground association to a militant organization, which aided and facilitated the Allied advance to northern Italy. Particular emphasis will be placed on the actions and consequences of the Resistance in rural Tuscany and their affect on the local population. It will examine the changing views of Italian society, from the immediate post-war era and the decades that followed, with a brief examination of the cinematographic influences on the social views. It will include the debate over who deserves a commemorative monument and the divided and changed memory regarding the Resistance. Finally, the author will examine the current debate over the most appropriate way to memorialize the complicated and tumultuous struggle to free Italy over sixty years ago. -
Bombing the European Axis Powers a Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945
Inside frontcover 6/1/06 11:19 AM Page 1 Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 Air University Press Team Chief Editor Carole Arbush Copy Editor Sherry C. Terrell Cover Art and Book Design Daniel M. Armstrong Composition and Prepress Production Mary P. Ferguson Quality Review Mary J. Moore Print Preparation Joan Hickey Distribution Diane Clark NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page i Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 RICHARD G. DAVIS Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 2006 NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page ii Air University Library Cataloging Data Davis, Richard G. Bombing the European Axis powers : a historical digest of the combined bomber offensive, 1939-1945 / Richard G. Davis. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-148-1 1. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations. 2. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations––Statistics. 3. United States. Army Air Forces––History––World War, 1939- 1945. 4. Great Britain. Royal Air Force––History––World War, 1939-1945. 5. Bombing, Aerial––Europe––History. I. Title. 940.544––dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Book and CD-ROM cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6615 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page iii Contents Page DISCLAIMER . -
JANA REVEDIN Architect Phd Professor of Architecture and Urbanism
JANA REVEDIN Architect phd professor of architecture and urbanism WORKS ____ in the search for a new architectural and urban cal novel “Margherita” (Aufbau 2020) describes ethic and has given birth to a global collective the cultural and social revival of Venice during CURRICULUM (70 worldwide laureates between 2007 and 2021), the 1920ies and 1930ies. Her biographical Novel which is devoted to scientific and professional ex- about Jean-Michel Frank and his Muse Eugenia change and experimentation. Errázuriz is to appear (Aufbau 2021). VITAE In 2022 Jana Revedin is appointed the curator of Architectural Theory the first International Exposition at the Architec- Her theory of “radicant design” proposes the ture Biennale Versailles, France. collective transformation of the contemporary city on the basis of an “open-work” morphology Scientific Committees of participative experimental processes. “Radi- Jana Revedin is invited to deliver keynote lectures Born in Constance (Germany), Jana Revedin is an cant” urban renewal experiments and the related on sustainable architecture and urbanism and architect, theorist and writer. interdisciplinary pedagogy seek to demonstrate participatory design all around the world and sits The holder of a PhD in architectural and urban that the architectural and urban project, under- on the juries of numerous international prizes sciences and a full professor of architecture and stood as a collective process of co-programming, in the areas of architecture and urban develop- urbanism, studied architecture and urbanism in co-conception and co-production, is evolutionary, ment including: Europan France; Europan Swe- Buenos Aires, Princeton and Milan and taught incremental and capable of being modelled. Jana den; the Architecture Prize of the International at IUAV University in Venice as an assistant to Revedin teaches, works and writes in her mother Union of Architects (UIA); the Sustainable Urban Aldo Rossi. -
Rome's Postwar Academies As Architecture's First Global Programs
Eternal City to Open City: Rome’s Postwar Academies as Architecture’s First Global Programs Twenty years ago, as the American Academy in Rome celebrated a trium- phant centennial in 1994, architectural critic Joseph Giovannini questioned its value for architects. He asked how Rome could be “foundational” for a discipline operating within an increasingly “‘groundless’ and dispersed” cul- ture. “The Eurocentric impulse on which the Academy itself is premised” vio- lates the millennial reality of global multiculturalism, and the city’s classical architectural canon “represents the official culture that dominated others.”1 DENISE R. COSTANZO His lament that Rome is a “pervasive and demanding” instead of a “transparent” Pennsylvania State University presence echoes Le Corbusier’s famous warning that the city will maim impres- sionable young architects.2 For Giovannini, Rome violates modernist social and aesthetic ideals, as well as postmodern cultural sensibilities. To reside at an Academy—intentionally elite and exclusive, the “cancer” of French architecture to Le Corbusier—only compounds the damage. Such critiques helped shape this session. It rightly assumes that architectural educators hope today’s global programs will do more than find new “Romes” and create new “Academies.” While adapting to overwhelming changes in inter- national study’s parameters, these represent the conservative, outmoded tradi- tions against which they react. But the challenge of navigating today’s complex variables might inspire a certain nostalgia: at least Rome provided an automatic answer to where architects should go, and its academies offered predetermined answers to what they should do, and why. But that (apparent) certainty was decisively disrupted by the advent of modern architecture.