294 NOTES AND PAPERS SHORT for the expression of these attitudes in The Social Development of , To- a manner consistent with fundamental ronto: University of Toronto Press. 1942, thought modes of the old culture. p. 39. That these spirit entities are a re- “Howard, J. K., Strange empire. New York: sponse to white contact seems certain. Wm. Morrow and Co., 1952, p. 254ff. and However, the explanations of the func- p. 299. tions of belief in the Angnasheotik ad- :{Mooney,James, The Ghost Dance Religion vanced here, plausible though they may and theSioux Outbreak of 1890,14th be, are little more than guesses. Sys- Ann. Rep., Bur. of Ethn. 1892-93, pt. II., tematic study would be necessary to Washington,Government Printing Of- establish or refute them and might at fice, p. 657. the sametime add something to our $Worsley, Peter. TheTrumphet Shall knowledge of the processes of accul- Sound: A Study of CargoCults in turation. Melanesia. Magibbon and Kee, 1957. KENNETHDUNCAN* ETurner, L. M. Ethnology of the Ungava ____~ District. 11thAnn. Rep. Bur. of Ethn. * University of Western Ontario, London, 1889-90, Washington, Government Print- Ontario, Canada. ingOffice, p. 267. CHawkes, E. W.,The Labrador Eskimo. ‘Bailey, A. The conflict of European and Geol. Surv.Mem. 91, No. 14, Anthrop.Ser. Algonkian cultures. Cited in S. D. Clark: Ottawa:King’s Printer, 1916, p. 118.

THEBARREN GROUND GRIZZLY withthose of more recent observers, BEAR IN whose coverage tends, on the whole, to Although little is knownof the be more systematic. Finally, the appar- ethology and ecology of theBarren ent trend in the data depends partly on Ground grizzly bear in the Northwest the limits selected for each map-period. Territories, its occurrence there is none Banfield writes that Hanbury (ref. 3, the lessvery interesting from a zoo- pp. 14, 40) “ . . . mentioned black bears geographic viewpoint. The present note in the Thelon Valley but made no men- isprompted by Dr. A. W. F. Ban- tion of grizzlies”. However, Clarke (ref. field’s recent review of its distributionl. 4, p. 32) says that “He [Hanbury] did Banfield supports histhesis thatthe not see one [black bear] and because, species has only recently spread east- apart from his suggestion, no evidence wardfrom the Coppermine River- has ever been found of such an occur- Bathurst Inlet region with three suc- rence, whereas the barren ground bear cessive distribution maps on which are iswell distributed on the Thelon, it shownmany early and recent rec- must be assumed that the signs he ob- ords, both positive and negative. How- served were of the barrenground bear”. ever, wefeel that some of the earlier Following Clarke, there is ample basis ones,which Banfield considered neg- for the view that both Hanbury’s record ative, admitof a contrary interpretation. and the discussion of black bear distri- Moreover, two of them (discussed be- bution in easternKeewatin by Freuchen low) appear to support the more prob- (ref. 5,pp. 101-2) refer to the Barren ablehypothesis thatthe range of the Groundgrizzly bear and not tothe Barren Ground grizzly bear has under- black bear. It should be noted also that gone at least one major fluctuation since Eskimosfrom Baker , the lower the disappearance of Wisconsin ice from , AberdeenLake, and Garry the mainlandNorthwest Territories, Lake, at present knowonly one dark which,according to ref. 2, tookplace bear, the Barren Ground grizzly bear, some 7,000 years ago. Another point and thatthe black bear is very rare that comes to mind when examining the even at Padlei, onthe tree-linee. three maps is the difficulty inherent in Lyon (ref. 7, p.175) heard from an comparing the records of early explorers Eskimoin 1822 that “bothblack and SHORT PAPERSNOTES AND 295 white bears” were numerous in the re- istence or former existence of the grizz- gion of. WagerBay. It can hardly be ly bear in that region. doubted thatthe “black” bears were Anotherpoint made by Banfield grizzly bears, especially as Ebierbing against the possibleoccurrence of the told Schwatkas that several of the latter Barren Ground grizzly bear in Ungava species were killed by the Eskimos of was thatit is“incompatible with the Chesterfield Inlet, presumably inthe present distribution pattern of the spe- 1870’s or 1880’s. Schwatka also recorded cies in North America”. We believethat the accounts of Eskimos from Simpson Elton’scarefully gathered evidencell Strait concerning their occasional en- should not be so quickly discarded (see counters inland with whatcan only also refs.12, pp. 104-10 and 31, pp. 83-9). have been grizzly bears (ref. 8, p. 27). Grizzly and brown bears belong to a From this evidence it might be conclud- single species, Ursus arctos, and do not ed that the range of the Barren Ground appear to be readily separable taxo- grizzly bear has shrunk since the 19th nomically. The former is perhaps best century: could a reduction in numbers considered as a variety characteristic of on the central Barren Grounds have the mountainous regions and rather dry coincided with the presence of people barrens of Eurasia and North America on the major water routes armed with (ref. 13,pp. 339). Fossil records of which repeating rifles? Clarke’s accountof his- we are aware indicate that the species toricalchanges in the distribution of did not invadethe North American con- people along the Thelon River4 supports tinent until possibly late Illinoian time. such a view. Onceconvinced thatthe recent in- Banfield’s statement “It isprobable crease of grizzly bear records from the that thebears couldnot live where easternBarren Landsdemonstrated a ground squirrels are absent” must be major post-glacial range extension, it regarded as supposition. Between 1950 was natural for Banfield to assume that and 1958 Kelsall has had numerous re- the speciesdispersed eastward from ports of Barren Groundgrizzly bears Beringia.Although such a speculation fromforested areas in the Northwest may be justified,we are aware of no Territories. These includeFort Reliance, direct evidence that it inhabited this where a bear shot by a trapper was ex- refugium, whereas thereare several aminedin 1956; Stark Lake, where records of fossil Ursus arctos to the grizzly and black bears were commonly south of the glaciatedregion, and no seen at mining developmentsin themid- obvious reason to suppose that grizzly fifties; and forested areas around Great bears did not follow the retreating ice- Bear Lake, including Port Radium, edge to the north and east over a wide Contact Lake, the mouth of the Dease front, becoming only secondarily sepa- River, and the shore around Smith Arm. rated from their relations on the plains The Parry ground squirrel is scarce to as the northern forests developed. The the point of absence in these forested oldest known fossil grizzlybear, a skull areas.Adolph Murie’s authoritative identified by Stovall and Johnston14, is study (ref. 9,pp. 190-201) on the feeding of probableSangamon age or slightly habits of the grizzly bear in Mount Mc- earlier and came from Overpeck, Ohio KinleyNational Park indicates that, (ref. 15, pp. 772-6; ref. 16, p. 329). The during the months in which bears were existence of the species in easternNorth active, ground squirrels made up only America prior to the Wisconsin glacia- 5 per cent of their diet. Although a “side tion obviously makesits recent survival dish” of ground squirrels could be im- in Ungava quite possible.Two other portant (ref. 10, p. 142), it appears that grizzly bear skulls of “Pleistocene” age the bears are labile in their food habits, are fromLawton and Cheyennein variations being both seasonal and re- Oklahomal4, and another, of probable gional.Because ground squirrelsare Pleistocene age or later is known from absent from northeastern Ungava does Lenora in the samestatel’. There are not, therefore, make impossible the ex- also two records of “Schultz’s grizzly” 296 PAPERSSHORT AND NOTES from the Wisconsin deposits of McKit- 13, 1955, as well as two others on July trick and Ranchola Brea, California 29, 1956, near Wholdaia Lake (61°00’N. (ref. 18, p. 462), but Kurt6n30 evidently 103°30’W.)23. In or nearthe area be- regards these specimens as belonging to tween Beverly and Aberdeen a large-sizedsubspecies of the black Barren Ground grizzly bears appear to bear (“Ursus americanus amplidens be of regular spring and summer occur- Leidy”). He subsequently describes a rence.An adult wasseen on July 26, singlegrizzly bear skull frompit 10, 1959 byMacpherson, and Eskimos re- Rancho la Brea, which he states is “. . . ported seeing others about June 10 and perhaps post-Pleistocene . . .” inage. July 8, 1960. E. H. McEwennoted a Inaddition thereis the fossilpelvis grizzly bear at the mouth of Dubawnt fragment (presumably Pleistocenein River, and a female with one cub near age) mentioned briefly by Freudenberg the west end of Beverly Lake, both in (ref. 19, p. 13), from Cannada de Acul- the first week of June 196024. A female zingo in Mexico. Erdbrinkl3 says of the and three large cubs were noted by E. last specimen “He referred the find to Kuyt near themouth of Dubawnt River an Ursus sp., perhaps U.‘fer02 [a syn- on July 12, 196lZ5.According to Eskimos onym of the grizzly]”. The earliest re- once resident on and Back mains of the species known to us from River, Barren Groundgrizzly bears the vicinity of Beringia,found inthe were encountered there with increasing Firth River region of the Yukon Ter- frequency in the late 1940’s and 1950’s. ritory, and believed to be between 3,250 A Eskimo, Peryouar, re- and 4,000 years old (ref. 20, p. 34), are ports that a female and her cub were probably too recent to have a bearing shot near Garry Lake in July 1949 and on the post-glacialdispersal of the another female in September of the grizzly bear. same yearz6. The same observer heard

Table 1. Numbers and estimated ages of Barren Ground grizzly bears observed in the area, 1957 and 1958.

Bears seen Year Adults Yearlings Cubs 1957 11 (55 per cent) 6 (30 per cent) 3 (15percent) 1958 Der(5725 cent) Der(3214 cent) 5 (11 Der cent) Total 36 20 8

The following records, made by mem-of a canoe having been damaged by a bers of the RoyalCanadian Mounted grizzly bear at the east end of Schultz Police,Geological Survey of Canada, Lake in October 1948, and of a grizzly and Canadian Wildlife Service, help to bear being found robbing a cache some clarify the status of the Barren Ground 30 miles north of Schultz Lake in 1955. grizzly bear at the eastern border of its Grizzly bears have not been encounter- range in recent years. In 1948-9, Con- ed in winter by either stable D. P. McLauchlan, R.C.M.P., re- or Garry Lake Eskimos. corded the killing of two grizzly bears According to tradition, the Baker on the north shore of Aberdeen Lakez1; LakeEskimos who accompanied Rad- a female and cub were shot in the same ford and Street on their overland vicinity during the fall of 1959. While crossing toBathurst Inlet in 1911-12 making geological traverses J. K. Fraser encountered grizzly bears nearPerry saw one about 15 miles west of Beverly River26. Lake onAugust 14, 195222, and G. M. Thirty sightings of Barren Ground Wrightsighted one nearthe Clarke grizzly bears, made inthe course of River (63’30’N. 104”OOW.) onAugust caribou surveys from June toAugust SHORT PAPERS AND NOTES 297

1957 and 1958, in or near the Thelon Loughrey,who saw a grizzly bear on Game Sanctuary, have been tabulated May 7, 1958 at MacQuoyd Lake south- by Kelsall (ref. 27, pp. 75-8). About one east of Baker Lake. According to Mr. half of the observations were made from Henry Voisey, another eastward wan- aircraft. Data of agecomposition and derer was killed in the neighbourhood group size compiled from these records of Padlei in April or May 1943e. are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1. It The Barren Ground grizzly bear shot should be remembered that not all bears on Banks Island in the winter of 1951-2 classed as adults were known to be of demonstrates the capacity of the species breeding age. The proportion of cubs to traverse great distances. averages 13 per cent and that of year- In 1962 Harington wasinformed of lings 31 per cent, an .age distribution two Barren Ground grizzly bears that had been sighted by Eskimo sledparties in the vicinity of Southampton Island...... The first one was observed by Pamee- ...... oolik and Mikeetook in October 194828...... It was walking across new ice on the ,...... central part of Duke of York Bay. The n..... second grizzlybear was seen by Pamee- oolik and a number of other Eskimos in October 195029 on the ice approximately 1 mile northwest of Bear Island in South Bay. These sight records for Southamp- tonIsland, with the Banks Island record, suggest the occurrence of a dis- persal peak of the BarrenGround grizz- ly bear at about the beginning of the last decade. It seems fairly certain that the Barren Groundgrizzly bear has recently be- come more numerous, particularly near the eastern end of its range. However, NUMBER IN GROUP Banfield’s statement that this “migra- Fig. 1. Groupsizes of BarrenGround tion” seems to be the continuation of a grizzly bears observed. Thelon River area, natural post-Wisconsindispersal from 1957 and 1958. the Beringiarefugium of the lower Yukon River valley lacks chronological perspective. It seemsmore likely that suggesting that femaleswith cubs are the range of the species has altered lessinclined to wander into thearea many times in the milleniasince the than those with yearlings, and that the disappearance of Wisconsin ice fromthe animalsobserved inthe Thelon area mainland of the . comprise an unrepresentative segment An easterly extension of the magnitude of apopulation. Future studies may postulated by Banfield, and occurring throw more light on this problem. Any- over a maximum of 244 years, is surely way, the highproportion of young better explained as a minor range fluc- among the animals seen is remarkable. tuation superimposed on the major dis- Half of the sightingswere of single persal trend of the species sincethe end adults, and three animals,usually an of the Wisconsin glaciation. adult with twoyearlings, were more In presenting our interpretation of the common than groups of two or four. One existing evidence we wish at the same group of five (two adultsand three time to stress our belief that the history yearlings) was observed (Fig. 1). of the grizzly bear in North America is One of the most easterly records of still opento speculation and analysis whichwe are aware is that of A. G. and thatabove all further research, both 298 SHORT PAPERS; AND NOTES ecological and palaeontological, is ur- venter: Drukkerij Jan de Lange, xii + gently needed. 597 + 12 pages. C. R. HARINGTON"14Stoval1, J. Willis, and C. S. Johnston. A. H. MACPHERSON" 1935. Two fossil grizzly bears from the J. P. KELSALL~ Pleistocene of Oklahoma. J. Geol. 43:208- 13. *Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, On- 15Hay, Oliver P. 1911. The Pleistocene per- tario. iod and its Vertebrata, Dept. Geol. Natl. $Canadian Wildlife Service, Sackville, Res. Indiana. 36th Ann. Rept, pp. 541-784. New Brunswick. 16Hay, Oliver P. 1923. The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated ani- IBdeld, A. W. F. 1959. The distribution mals from the states east of the Missis- of theBarren Ground grizzly bear in sippi River and from the Canadian northern Canada. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. provinces east of longitude 95". Carnegie 166147-59. Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 322, 499pages. !Craig, B. G., and J. G. Fyles. 1960. Pleisto- 17Stoval1, J. Willis. 1936. A recent grizzly cene geology of Canada. Geol. Surv. bear skull found fossil in Oklahoma. Am. Can. Pap. 60-10,21 pages. Midland Nat. 17:781-3. sHanbury, David T. 1904. Sport and travel IaHibbard, C.W. 1957. Tentativelist of inthe northland of Canada. London: Pleistocene fossil mammals in North Edward Arnold. xxxii + 319 pages. America, with their stratigraphic occur- 4Clarke, C. H. D. 1940. A biological investi- rence. In R. F. Flint. Glacial and Pleisto- gation of the Thelon Game Sanctuary. cene geology. New York: John Wiley & Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 96, iv + 135 pages. Sons, xiii + 553 pages. jFreuchen,Peter. 1935. Field notes and IQFreudenberg, Wilhelm. 1910. Die Sauge- biological observations. In Mammals. tierfauna des Plioziins und Postpliozkhs Rept. Fifth Thule Exped. 1921-24. Vol. 11, von Mexiko. 1. Carnivoren. Geol. und No. 4-5, 278pages. Copenhagen: Gylden- Palaeont. Abhandl., N.F. 9, Heft 3:l-39. dalske Bokhandel, Norsk Forlag. ZOMackay, J. R., et al. 1961. Geology of the Woisey, Henry, pers. comm. Engigstciak archaeological site, Yukon Territory. Arctic 14:25-52. 7Lyon, G. F. 1824. The private journal of. 21Game conditions. In Ann. Rept. Baker London: John Murray, xii + 468 pages. Lake Detachment, R.C.M.P. 1949. can. SSchwatka, Frederick. Nimrod in the 1885. Wildl. Serv., Ottawa. MS. north. New York: Cassel & Co., pages. 198 ZZFraser, J. K., pers. comm. DMurie, Adolf. 1944. The wolves of Mount ZsWright, G. M.,pers. comm. McKinley. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 24McEwen, E. H., pers. comm. xix + 238 pages. 25Kuyt, E., pers. comm. IoDixon, Joseph S. 1938. Birds and mam- ZePeryouar, pers. comm. mals of Mount McKinley National Park, 27Kelsal1, John P. 1960. Co-operative stud- Alaska. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., ies of Barren Ground caribou 1957-8. xii + 236 pages. Wildl. Mgnt. Bull. Ser. 1, No. 15, 145 11Elton, C. S. 1954. Further evidence about pages. the BarrenGround grizzly bear in north- ZsParneeoolik and Mikeetook, pers. comm. eastLabrador and Quebec. J. Mamm. *gPameeoolik, pers. comm. 35:345-57. 3oKurt6n, Bjorn. 1960. A skull of the grizz- IZHarper, Francis. 1961. Landand fresh- ly bear (Ursus arctos L.) from pit 10, water mammals of the Ungava Peninsula. Rancho la Brea. Contr. Sci. LOSAngeles Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Pub. County Mus. 39:l-7. No. 27,178 pages. "Wright, Bruce S. 1962. Wildlife sketches IsErdbrink, D. P. 1953. A review of fossil near and far. Fredericton: Brunswick and recent bears of the Old World. De- Press, 288 pages.