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Earthquake and Tsunami Potential in Banggai Laut Regency, Central Sulawesi Province

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Earthquake and Tsunami Potential in Banggai Laut Regency, Central Sulawesi Province Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana, Vol. 12, No. 2, Desember 2017 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI POTENTIAL IN BANGGAI LAUT REGENCY, CENTRAL SULAWESI PROVINCE POTENSI GEMPA DAN TSUNAMI DI KABUPATEN BANGGAI LAUT, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH Heru Sri Naryanto 1 Abstract Banggai Laut Regency in Central Sulawesi is part of the framework of Indonesia's tectonic system. This area lies in the meeting of three major tectonic plates of the world, the Indo-Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate, resulting in high seismic and tsunami activity levels. Banggai Laut Regency consists of archipelago in which nearly all beaches have the potential of tsunami disaster. The relatively flat beach is widely used by residents for settlements, offices, public facilities or special facilities and all other infrastructures, have a high tsunami disaster potential. Considering the classification of earthquake intensity (MMI scale) as well as PGA of USGS, Banggai Laut Regency can be divided into 2 classes, medium earthquake hazard with PGA value 0.2 - 0.3 g and zone with high earthquake hazard with PGA 0,3-0,4 g. Data and information of potential earthquake and tsunami hazard maps of Banggai Laut Regency are needed by BPBD of Kabupaten Banggai Laut. The map could be used as a reference in the development planning of Banggai Laut Regency particularly from the point of view of disaster and earthquake risk reduction. The earthquake and tsunami hazard maps are expected to support the disaster risk reduction effort to be more focused, integrated, comprehensive, efficient and coordinated. Keywords: Banggai Laut, earthquake and tsunami hazard, disaster risk reduction Abstrak Kabupaten Banggai Laut, Sulawesi Tengah merupakan bagian dari kerangka sistem tektonik Indonesia. Daerah ini terletak pada pertemuan tiga lempeng tektonik utama dunia, yaitu Lempeng Indo-Australia, Lempeng Eurasia dan Lempeng Pasifik, sehingga mengakibatkan tingkat aktivitas kegempaan dan tsunami yang tinggi. Kabupaten Banggai Laut yang terbentuk kepulauan, hampir di semua pantai yang mengelilinginya berpotensi untuk terjadi bencana tsunami. Pantai yang relatif datar banyak dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk untuk permukiman, perkantoran, fasilitas umum/khusus dan segala infrastruktur lainnya, mempunyai potensi tsunami yang tinggi dengan persebaran yang luas. Dengan mempertimbangkan klasifikasi besar intensitas gempabumi (skala MMI) dan klasifikasi besaran goncangan, serta rentang nilai PGA dari USGS, maka Kabupaten Banggai Laut dibagi menjadi 2 klas, yaitu klas zona bahaya gempabumi sedang dengan nilai PGA 0,2 - 0,3 g, klas zona bahaya gempabumi tinggi dengan PGA 0,3-0,4 g. Data dan informasi peta potensi bahaya gempabumi dan tsunami Kabupaten Banggai Laut sangat diperlukan oleh BPBD Kabupaten 46 Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana, Vol. 12, No. 2, Desember 2017 Banggai Laut. Peta tersebut menjadi acuan dalam proses pembangunan di Kabupaten Banggai Laut, untuk pengurangan risiko bencana gempabumi dan tsunami yang mungkin terjadi baik jiwa maupun harta. Dengan dibuatnya peta bahaya gempa dan tsunami tersebut, diharapkan penanggulangan bencana dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih terarah, terpadu, menyeluruh, efisien serta terkoordinasi. Kata kunci: Banggai Laut, bahaya gempabumi dan tsunami, pengurangan risiko bencana 1 Pusat Teknologi Reduksi Risiko Bencana – Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, email: [email protected] 1. PENDAHULUAN yang wajib dilakukan, mulai dari yang bersifat 1.1. Latar Belakang makro-politis sampai dengan yang bersifat Kabupaten Banggai Laut merupakan mikro-teknis. termasuk dalam Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah 2. 1.2. Maksud dan Tujuan mempunyai luas wilayah 12.882,45 Km . Maksud dari kegiatan pembuatan peta Secara geografis Kabupaten Banggai Laut o o daerah rawan bencana Kabupaten Banggai terletak pada posisi 1 26’54’’ – 2 23’20’’ LS o o Laut ini adalah menyediakan informasi dan 122 54’22’’ – 124 12’35’’ BT, posisi ini potensi bahaya gempabumi dan tsunami di menempatkan Banggai Laut pada wilayah Kabupaten Banggai Laut, yang akan menjadi paling timur Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah pedoman dan acuan bagi BPBD Kabupaten dengan wilayah yang sebagian besar adalah Banggai Laut dalam mengkoordinasikan berupa pulau-pulau besar dan kecil, semua rencana penyusunan kebijakan dan berpenghuni dan tidak berpenghuni (Bappeda kegiatan secara lebih terarah, terpadu dan Kab. Banggai Laut, 2015). Permasalahan menyeluruh serta terkoordinasi baik dengan bencana yang terjadi di Kabupaten Banggai instansi-instansi lain. Laut adalah bencana alam, khususnya Adapun tujuan pembuatan peta gempabumi dan tsunami. potensi bahaya gempabumi dan tsunami Sesuai dengan UU No 24 Tahun 2007, Kabupaten Banggai Laut adalah untuk pembentukan BNPB di pusat dan BPBD di menjadi acuan dalam proses pembangunan daerah diharapkan penanggulangan bencana di Kabupaten Banggai Laut, untuk dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih terarah, mengurangi dampak bencana gempabumi terpadu, menyeluruh, efisien serta dan tsunami yang mungkin terjadi baik jiwa terkoordinasi. Sejalan dengan dibentuknya maupun harta Badan Penanggulangan Bencana daerah (BPBD) Kabupaten Banggai Laut, 1.3. Lokasi Penelitian penanggulangan bencana diharapkan juga Lokasi penelitian meliputi seluruh dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih baik serta wilayah Kabupaten Banggai Laut merupakan terkoordinasi dengan baik dengan instansi- termasuk dalam Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, instansi lain. Tantangan yang dihadapi oleh yang terbagi atas 3 Kelurahan dan 63 desa BPBD adalah masih terbatasnya yang tersebar di 7 wilayah kecamatan, yakni ketersediaan data dan informasi tentang kecamatan-kecamatan Banggai, Banggai kebencanaan di Kabupaten Banggai Laut. Tenggah, Banggai Selatan, Banggai Utara, Untuk meningkatkan berlangsungnya peran Bakurung, Labobo, dan Bokan Kepulauan. dan fungsi BPBD Kabupaten Banggai Laut, maka pengkajian terhadap aspek 2. METODA PENELITIAN kebencanaan dalam setiap rencana Pendekatan dalam kegiatan pembangunan sudah merupakan sesuatu pembuatan peta daerah rawan bencana 47 Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana, Vol. 12, No. 2, Desember 2017 Kabupaten Banggai Laut dilaksanakan parameter dalam menentukan zonasi sebagai berikut: gempabumi di Kabupaten Banggai Laut Koordinasi dengan instansi terkait. selain data Peta Peak Ground Acceleration Pengumpulan data sekunder dan referensi (PGA) yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian PU terkait. 2010, adalah sebagai berikut: Pengumpulan data primer langsung di Peta geologi skala 1:250.000. lapangan. DEM SRTM 90 meter. Pengolahan dan analisis data secara Data seismisitas NEIC USGS (Kekuatan/ spasial/ kualitatif/ kuantitatif. energi, jarak episentrum, interval, kondisi Validasi data. bawah tanah). Penyusunan dokumen profil bencana dan Data seismisitas dari BMKG. peta potensi bahaya gempabumi dan Batas lempeng tektonik. tsunami. Sejarah kegempaan. Evaluasi data. Batimetri. Penyelesaian data. Kondisi patahan-patahan sekunder yang Pembuatan laporan. terdapat di Kabupaten Banggai Laut. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam Survey lapangan. penyusunan peta potensi bahaya gempabumi Analisis data. dan tsunami Bencana di Kabupaten Banggai Laut ditempuh melalui analisis teknis dengan 2.2. Metodologi Potensi Bahaya Tsunami menggunakan bantuan perangkat lunak Metodologi mengenai potensi bahaya ArcGIS yang akan dituangkan ke dalam peta tsunami di Kabupaten Banggai Laut potensi bahaya Kabupaten Banggai Laut. dituangkan ke dalam peta potensi bahaya Peta potensi bahaya (hazard map) tsunami, melalui pertimbangan berbagai merupakan suatu peta tematik yang berisikan parameter sebagai berikut: informasi mengenai potensi suatu kejadian DEM SRTM 30 meter. alam atau aktivitas manusia yang dapat Topografi pantai. mengakibatkan kerusakan dan/ atau Batimetri kawasan pantai. kerugian. Sumber gempa penyebab tsunami. Konfigurasi bentuk pantai. 2.1. Metodologi Pembuatan Peta Potensi Sejarah kejadian tsunami. Bahaya Gempabumi Sebagai dasar utama dalam Metodologi mengenai potensi bahaya menentukan zonasi potensi bencana tsunami gempabumi di Kabupaten Banggai Laut secara umum adalah dengan menggunakan dituangkan ke dalam peta potensi bahaya Peraturan Kepala BNPB No. 02 Tahun 2012 gempabumi, dengan dasar utama tentang Pedoman Umum Pengkajian Risiko menggunakan data Peta Peak Ground Bencana (BNPB, 2012) (Tabel 1). Pembagian Acceleration (PGA) yang dikeluarkan oleh zona bahaya juga bisa dibedakan Kementerian PU 2010 dengan merevisi berdasarkan kondisi bentuk dan kondisi standar peraturan perencanaan ketahanan pantai setempat (Tabel 2). gempa untuk stuktur bangunan gedung yaitu SNI-03-1726-2002. Pertimbangan berbagai Tabel 1. Kriteria penentuan bahaya tsunami menurut BNPB (2012) Kelas indeks Komponen/Indikator Bahan rujukan Rendah Sedang Tinggi Peta Estimasi Ketinggian < 1 meter 1-3 meter > 3 Panduan dari Genangan Tsunami/ Peta meter Badan Geologi Bahaya Tsunami Nasional-ESDM dan BMKG 48 Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana, Vol. 12, No. 2, Desember 2017 Tabel 2. Kriteria bahaya tsunami berdasarkan elevasi dan morfologi Bahaya Zone Deskripsi Tinggi Sedang Rendah Tak Risiko (meter) (meter) (meter) (meter) Open coast Radius 2km dari garis pantai 0 - 3 3 – 10 10 – 30 > 30 Coastal Topografi datar & rendah dari 0 – 1,5 1,5 – 6 6 – 15 > 15 estuary lembah dan dasar sungai Bay Teluk 0 – 1,5 1,5 – 3 3 – 5 > 5 Semua Uplands Pedalaman dan jauh dari pantai - - - ketinggian 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Wilayah Indonesia bagian timur yang 3.1. Kondisi Tektonik di Indonesia Bagian mempunyai tatanan
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