Foreword

he future challenges of agricultural development are getting heavier, Tgiven the increasing problems and constraints faced by farmers in the production and release themselves from the poverty entanglements. Global climate change, environmental issues, free trade, land degradation, conversion of productive land for non-agricultural purposes, land fragmentation, pest and disease development, farmers’ lack of capital and declining interest of younger generation to do business in agriculture are the actual problems to be solved. Meanwhile, the population growth rate remains high, demanding the supply of agricultural products in sufficient quantities and in sustainable manner. Experiences indicated that most of the problems faced by farmers in the field can be overcome by the application of technology. Referring to the four successful targets of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2010-2014, the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) continues to generate technological innovations to address the problems of farming. In 2012, IAARD produced various technological innovations, such as land management, new improved varieties, cultivation and postharvest technology of various agricultural commodities, mechanization, institutional innovations and alternative agricultural development policies. This annual report contains parts of the information on technological and institutional innovations generated by IAARD in the year 2012 and expected to be a reference for agricultural development. The report also serves as the accountability of IAARD in resources management funded from the 2012 budget. I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to all those who have contributed in agricultural research and development and prepared the annual report.

Jakarta, April 2013 Director General of Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia

Dr. Haryono

Technological InnovationsForeword 2012 1 Technological Innovations 2012

The impacts of climate change, characterized by the occurrence of extreme climate with excessive frequency, have been felt in many parts of the world. High rainfalls that caused flooding and landslides, for example, have hit agricultural land and settlement in some areas. In coastal areas, sea level rise as a result of climate change has been submerging the crop area which then caused salinity in agricultural land that potentially poison the plants. In certain periods, long dry season caused most of the crops suffering from the drought and even trigger land and forest fires. The accusations against the agriculture as one of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources, come from all walks of life, especially international environment experts and observers. Meanwhile, the free market cannot behold up, which suggests the importance of efforts to increase competitiveness of agricultural products in international market. Efficiency of production system and products that are free of harmful chemical contaminants becomes the demand that must be met, in order the agricultural products will be in great demand by many consumers, therefore it bring about profitable for the farmers. In Indonesia, the challenges of agricultural development were felt more acute. Land degradation, conversion of productive land for non-agricultural purposes, land

Lowland rice area in Cianjur, West Java.

2 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Rice seedling on tidal swampland of Talangrejo, Banyuasin, South Sumatra.

fragmentation, development of pests and diseases, farmers’ lack of capital, and increasingly waning interest of young people to go into farming are a series of problems that also need to look for the solutions. On the other hand, a growing number of people requires agricultural products, especially food, in sufficient quantities on an ongoing basis, because it has the impact on social stability, economic and even politics. IAARD as a public research institution is required to continue to overcome the existing problems. Referring to the four successful targets of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2010-2014, IAARD continues to address the problems and constraints faced by farmers in production through research and development to generate technological innovations. The agricultural area expansion through the opening of new land seems to be a necessity for increasing agricultural production to replace productive land that has been converted to non-agricultural areas, particularly in Java. Land which is available for agriculture is generally found outside Java with suboptimal status as wetland, upland and rain-fed land. The research results showed that partial tidal swampland and peatland can be developed to be productive agricultural land through the application of suitable land management and crop cultivation technology with having regard to the social, economic and local environment. GHG emissions, mainly methane

Technological Innovations 2012 3 and carbon dioxide, from the rice fields can be minimized through the cultivation technology, including the arrangement of cropping patterns and use of tolerant rice varieties. Development of a number of improved varieties of rice and tuber crops generated through research is expected to support the sustainable, food self- sufficiency as mandated in the four successful targets of the Ministry of Agriculture. High yield potential, tolerance to inundation, drought, salinity and soil acidity, early maturity and resistance to major pests and diseases are important properties owned by the generally high yielding varieties of rice and tuber crops released in 2012. The superior varieties assembled through conventional breeding have some weaknesses, among others reduced the level of resistance to pests and diseases after being developed in a certain period. Some rice varieties that are initially resistant to brown planthoppers, for example, become susceptible after a few years later. Through biotechnology approaches, it has been assembled rice lines that are expected to have a high level of resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and blast, an important disease of rice in some areas, that began to threaten the safety of rice production. Efficient, effective and environmentally-friendly production technologies have also been generated to support the efforts to increase the competitiveness and sustainability of production systems. IAARD has also generated several new superior varieties of vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants and some commodities of estate crops to strengthen agribusiness that will improve the welfare of farming entrepreneurs, especially farmers. This

Cabbage planted at experimental garden of Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute in Lembang, West Java.

4 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Integration of oil palm and cattle at Sabut Mas Abadi plantation in Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan.

certainly cannot be separated from the provision of high quality seeds of improved varieties produced by IAARD. The provision of source seeds is a necessity for the success of farming. Through conventional techniques and anther culture, quality seeds of various commodities have been produced to be further developed by breeders to meet the growing demands for the superior seeds. Some commodities of estate crops, such as oil palm and cocoa become an excellent and national superiorities, because they have large market at home and abroad. Aside from being a producer of cooking oil, oil palm also becomes one of biodiesel sources, which is a renewable fuel. Superior varieties and technological process that have been generated are expected to accelerate the development of agribusiness and to increase the contribution of estate commodities to farmers’ welfare and foreign exchange. Amidst the complex challenges faced in production, the Ministry of Agriculture remains willing to achieve self-sufficiency and sustainable self-sufficiency. Beef self- sufficiency is expected to be realized in the not too distant future so it requires a strong commitment from all parties. Through the study of various aspects, IAARD has generated technological and institutional innovations that can initiate the acceleration of cattle population growth to meet the meat demand in the country at a price which is in accordance with the people’s purchasing power.

Technological Innovations 2012 5 Sustainable food self-sufficiency can be achieved not only through increased food production, but also through diversification of local food as an important part of national strategy which has a significant impact on national food security. In addition to fulfill consumption need, food diversification is also able to improve the people nutrition. Some food product processing technologies that have been generated could accelerate the food diversification and development of food product agribusiness, both in rural and urban areas. National food security is determined by family food security. This paradigm encouraged IAARD to develop Sustainable Food Reserve Garden (SFRG), which provides various sources of food at the household level. Starting from the development of SFRG in Pacitan, East Java, since a few years ago, now the innovation has been developed in several regions in Indonesia. Besides being able to meet the food needs of the family, SFRG development also provides the opportunity for members of the household to increase revenue from sales of its own products cultivated in the yard around the house. Associated with efforts to solve the labor shortage problem in rural areas due to the waning interest of young people to go into farming, the development of agricultural mechanization is a way that can be taken. Several prototypes of agricultural tools and machineries assembled by IAARD are potential to be developed to improve the efficiency, overcome labor shortages, reduce fatigue, speed up the production process and encourage agriculture modernization.

Plastic sheeting fish pond integrated with vegetables at a yard of “rumah betang”, a traditional house of Central Kalimantan community, as a model of sustainable food reserve garden.

6 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture IAARD participation in XIV Practical Technology Exhibition at Batam, Riau, 10-14 October 2012.

For the benefits of the farming community at large, the generated technological innovations necessarily need to be promoted and supported by policies that accommodate a variety of interests, both at central and local levels. In terms of agricultural extension, for example, it required coordination and a strong and serious commitment for programs that have been launched nationally to run well in the area, so the technological innovations can make a significant contribution to improving the farmers’ welfare. To accelerate the development of technological innovations, several policy alternatives were designed by looking at various aspects, social and economic as well as politics.

Technological Innovations 2012 7 Lowland rice area at Ambarawa, Central Java.

Land Resources

Agricultural development today is faced with various constraints, such as limited productive land due to land conversion to non-agricultural purpose. Therefore, future agricultural development is more directed to suboptimal land which is generally found outside Java. In addition, climate change is also to be anticipated to secure food security. To support national food security and to anticipate the impacts of climate change, IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Research and Development carried out activities related to the land resources evaluation, technological innovation of activated charcoal for rice and vegetable fields, greenhouse gas emissions, slow release fertilizer, silica fertilizer, biofertilizer M-Star for maize and oil palm, digital soil test kit for lowland, as well as carbon efficiency and environmentally friendly-based agriculture.

8 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Land Resources for Development of planning of cropping patterns and planting date need Food Crops and Cocoa in Sulawesi to pay attention to weather conditions or rainfall distribution.

To develop food crops and cocoa in Sulawesi, several Soil parent materials varied, consisting of activities were conducted to obtain data and spatial alluvium sediment (river, lacustrine, marine), tertiary information on potential land resources through (1) sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, marl, clay identification, characterization and evaluation of the stone, limestone), intrusive rocks (granite, potential land, (2) preparation of land resource maps granodiorite), metamorphic rocks (skis, gneis, at a scale of 1:50,000, (3) evaluation of land suitability phyllite, slate), ultrabasic rock (serpentinite), and older for food crops and cocoa, and (4) preparation of land volcanic rocks (tuff, lava, breksi). These soil materials use direction/recommendation maps for development are intermediate to base, and acid to intermediate. of food crops and cocoa in Sulawesi at a scale of According to landform group, the study area was 1:50,000. The total area of potential land studied/ divided into groups of alluvial, marine, fluviomarine, mapped was 2.58 million ha, consisting of 737,522 karst, tectonics, old volcanic and volcanic intrusion. ha in North Luwu, 319,900 ha in Luwu and Palopo, According to the topography, the study area was 792,324 ha in Mamuju and 727,877 ha in Poso District. divided into a plain area (slopes of less than 1%), Mapping used landscape approach with land unit slightly plain (1-3%), wavy (3-8%), undulating (8- as a basis for preparing the soil map units. Land unit 15%), a small hilly (15-25%), hilly (25-40%) and was analyzed and delineated from digital elevation mountainous (more than 40%). Details of the extent model (DEM) data derived from shuttle radar of the area per district are presented in Table 1. topographic mission (SRTM) data and overlayed with Most of the potential areas, i.e. plain to landsat imagery data, digital base maps, geological undulating areas, have been used for food crops, maps and topographic maps with GIS techniques, perennial crops and fruit crops, such as rice field and which produced land unit analysis map. Field surveys upland for secondary crops and vegetables, cocoa, using land unit analysis map aimed to identify and coconut, cloves, coffee, nutmeg, pepper and fruits characterize soil properties and its physical (durian, rambutan, langsat). In coastal areas, such environment as well as to take soil samples for as in District of North Luwu and Luwu City, parts of laboratory analysis. Observation of soil properties in the land have been used for fisheries. the field was done by drilling the ground, making Soil in the five districts/cities were classified into minipit and soil profile, and recording the description orders Histosols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, results in a database sheet form. Spodosols, Alfisols, Ultisols and Oxisols. Histosols are The results showed that the study area had a found in alluvial depression and back swamp. Mollisols relatively wet climate, characterized by the number and Alfisols are formed from parent materials of of wet months of more than 3 months and dry months limestone or calcareous sediments. Spodosols are of less than 4 months, and a relatively high annual formed from sand deposits in the transition area to average rainfall. The lowest annual rainfall was 1,362 the marsh area, while Ultisols are formed from old mm in Ponrang, South Sulawesi, and the highest of volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. 3,995 mm was in Pendolo, Central Sulawesi. The Oxisols are soils that have suffered from most Agroclimatic zone was quite varied, from the wettest advanced weathering and formed from old volcanic to slightly dry, namely zone A, B1, C1, C2, D1 and D2. rocks, ultrabasic and sediments with fairly wide Analysis of water balance showed that a deficit period spread. Inceptisols and Entisols are formed from a occurred between 3-4 months in Belopa, Ponrang. In variety of parent materials and have the most contrast, in Masamba, Mamuju and Poso, surplus extensive distribution. Preparation of semidetail soil period occurred in almost year. Therefore, the maps for North Luwu District produced 66 soil map

Land Resources 9 Table 1. Land distribution based on its topography in five districts/city in Sulawesi.

Area (ha) Slope Topography (%) North Luwu Luwu and Palopo Mamuju Poso

Plain 0-1 57,305 45,359 22,726 75,008 Slightly plain 1-3 62,944 43,721 48,159 -1) Wavy 3-8 18,475 11,858 48,726 35,699 Undulating 8-15 19,759 3,053 51,338 58,972 Small hilly 15-25 16,791 7,159 20,989 145,523 Hilly 25-40 84,416 24,953 187,923 259,379 Mountainous >40 471,452 179,081 407,001 115,892 Others - 6,380 4,716 5,462 37,404

Total 737,522 319,900 792,324 727,877

1)Included in plain area

units (SMUs) and for Luwu and Palopo 45 SMUs, suitable land area was 106,978 ha and marginally Mamuju 61 SMUs and Poso 69 SMUs, or the total of suitable land was 82,592 ha. For cocoa, 106,978 ha 65 maps at a scale of 1:50,000. were quite suitable and 164,324 ha were marginally suitable. Results of land suitability evaluation showed that North Luwu had a quite suitable land (class S2) for In Poso District, sufficiently suitable land for lowland rice of 120,338 ha and marginally suitable lowland rice covered 154,512 ha and marginally land (S3 class) of 18,145 ha. If assessed only for suitable land was 259,557 ha. For upland food crops, upland food crops, the land which is quite suitable 347,894 ha of land were quite suitable and 211,027 was 42,214 ha and that of marginally suitable was ha were marginally suitable. For cocoa, the quite 132,345 ha. When assessed for perennial crops suitable land covered 153,397 ha and marginally (cocoa), the suitable land was 67,825 ha and suitable land was 485,743 ha. Biophysical factors marginally suitable land was 177,390 ha. limiting the use of land in the area were erosion/ steep slope, drainage, seasonal flooding, toxicity and In Districts of Luwu and Palopo, land which is nutrient retention. quite suitable for lowland rice was 84,444 ha and that of marginally suitable was 19,460 ha. When Land use direction for food crops and cocoa in assessed only for upland food crops, 87,922 ha were each district or city are presented in Table 2. quite suitable and 23,228 ha were marginally suitable. Information from semidetail soil maps at a scale of For cocoa, the quite suitable land area were 94,243 1:50,000 and derivative maps, such as land suitability ha and marginally suitable land was 36,224 ha. maps and land use direction maps, is valuable for operational planning of agricultural development in a In Mamuju District, the quite suitable land for district or sub-district level, especially for food crops lowland rice covered 115,250 ha and that of marginaly and cocoa. suitable was 54,883 ha. For upland food crops, quite

10 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Topographic maps of five districts/city in Sulawesi.

Land Resources 11 Land use recommendation maps for food crops and cocoa in five districts/city in Sulawesi.

12 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Table 2. Land use recommendations for food crops and cocoa development at five districts/city in Sulawesi.

Area (ha) Agriculture system, cropping pattern and Symbol alternative commodity North Luwu Luwu and Palopo Mamuju Poso

Wetland agriculture system for lowland rice PS Lowland rice - lowland rice/maize/soybean/ 66,780 22,912 49,345 47,692 vegetables PS/TP Lowland rice - maize/soybean/vegetables - 966 10,680 8,174 Upland agriculture system for food crops TP/PS Maize/soybean/sweet potato - lowland rice 10,877 6,015 - 38,476 TP Maize/soybean - sweet potato/vegetables 52,226 57,760 101,785 78,399 TP/TT Maize/soybean - cocoa, coconut, coffee 13,047 2,595 --

Upland agriculture system for annual crops TT Cocoa, coconut, coffee, clove, pepper, rambután, durian 71,043 7,817 90,488 145,521 TT/H Cocoa, coffee, clove and forest 29,690 26,051 -- Wetland agriculture system Tb/Hm Pond/brackishwater fishery (shrimp, milkfish) 11,740 7,874 -- Conservation area/forest H Conservation/protected forest 475,739 183,194 532.616 372,211 Other uses X Water body, settlement, sloped land, etc 6,380 4,716 7,781 37,404

Total 737,522 319,900 792,695 727,877

Technology of Activated Charcoal Enriched with Microbes for Degrading POPs Compounds in Rice and Vegetables Lands

Application of activated charcoal on lowland can increase the number of bacteria in the soil, especially in the roots zone. Activated charcoal can be given as a membrane (coating) of nitrogen fertilizers such as urea to increase fertilizer efficiency. The use of Microplot trial using lysimeter in a field. nitrogen fertilizers on agricultural land is generally less efficient because only 20-30% of fertilizers that can be used by rice plants. Activated charcoals from coconut shells and corn cobs meet charcoal quality such as pesticide degrading microbes, is potential to standard (absorbing ability I2 > 750 mg/g), thus it accelerate the degradation of insecticide residues potentially absorbs pesticide residues in the soil. containing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Activated charcoal enriched with certain microbes, compounds.

Land Resources 13 Research obtained four species (five strains) of Effectiveness of Organic Materials in microbes that can degrade aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor Reducing GHG Emissions and and DDT. The strains are Ralstonia pickettii with Increasing Rice Yield in Swampland 97% homology (strain 1), Burkholderia cepacia 100% (strain 2), Bacillus thuringiensis 99% (strain 3), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1899 bits, 1028 bp Tidal swampland outside Java is a suboptimal land, 100% (strain 4), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia but it is very important for increasing rice production 1746 bits, 945 bp, 100% (strain 5). due to the shrinking of arable land area in Java and Bali. The area of acid sulfate soil as a part of the Corn cob activated charcoal-coated urea and tidal swampland is approximately 6 million ha or enriched with microbes could reduce POPs residues 33.3% of the total tidal swampland area in Indonesia. (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and DDT) in rice soil, with reduction index of 82%, 83%, 78% and 73%, and Problems in acid sulfate soil occur due to the the residue reduction index in water of 36%, 33%, presence of pyrite (FeS2) layer in the soil. Pyrite layer 34% and 22%, respectively, compared with controls. if it is oxidized, iron (Fe) will be released into Fe3+ N fertilizer efficiency of 44% was obtained from use and sulphur (S) will be oxidized to sulfate which leads of corn cob activated charcoal-coated urea + microbes. Coconut shell activated charcoal-coated urea reduced the residual POPs (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and DDT) in rice soil with reduction index of 76%, 73%, 79% and 74%, and residue reduction index in water of 49%, 56%, 34% and 24%, respectively, compared with controls. The use of coconut shell activated charcoal-coated urea + microbes provided N fertilizer efficiency of 40.6%. Application of activated charcoal-coated urea + increased N-NH4 availability in rice soil at 22 days after planting (ranging from 0.9 to 2.4 ppm), while - the highest availability of N-NO3 (4.5 ppm) occurred only by applying coconut shell activated charcoal- + coated urea + microbes. Availability of N-NH4 in soil - will increase urea efficiency in lowland because NO3 + - is more mobile than NH4 , so the NO3 is leached. POPs residues (aldrin, heptachlor, dieldrin and DDT) on mustard plant was still detected at harvest; the lowest residue was obtained on the treatment of coconut shell activated charcoal-coated urea + microbes, followed by corn cob activated charcoal- coated urea + microbes, namely 0.003-0.005 ppm for DDT and 0.002-0.003 ppm for dieldrin. Efficiency of N fertilizer in the mustard plant was 40.6% by Growth of rice plants on natural acid sulfate giving corn cob activated charcoal-coated urea + soils (above) and on intensified cultivated acid microbes, and 35.6% with corn cob activated charcoal- sulfate soil (below). coated urea.

14 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture to a decrease in soil pH to be very acidic (pH <3.5), over) varied depending on the type and farm so it is not suitable for plants. Rice yield reduction management applied. due to iron toxicity ranged from 30 to 100%, Evaluation results in Tamanbogo experimental depending on the plant tolerance to iron toxicity and garden, Lampung, on eight types/patterns of farming soil fertility. showed that the lengths of the carbon in the soil varied Utilization of organic materials is a key to from 22 to 55 years (Table 3). The longest carbon in improve swampland productivity. The use of organic the soil was found on the surjan (sunken and raise materials such as rice straw and weeds growing on bed) farming (rice + orange), which was 55 years, local farms (e.g. water chestnut) as ameliorants has while the most rapid carbon lost from the soil was been carried out by farmers in acid sulfate soil area. found on maize farming, which was 22 years. This is The ameliorants are applied together with land because on maize farming, tillage was quite intensive preparation by means slashed, wound around, so that soil aeration conditions were good (a lot of reversed and spread on the fields. This is the oxygen in the soil) encouraging the decomposition of indigenous technology which is environmentally organic matter more quickly. In addition, the use of friendly. chemical fertilizers such as NPK would accelerate the process of organic matter decomposition. Rice cultivation by providing organic materials in waterlogged conditions is quite intensively carried Results from analysis of carbon dynamics and out by farmers and can enhance greenhouse gas carbon balance on farming systems applied by (GHG) emissions from swampland. The organic researchers in Tamanbogo experimental garden and materials added will determine the formation of by farmers were presented in Table 4. On cassava methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the rice farming, management of plant biomass in Tamanbogo fields. Composting is the most common way to mature experimental garden was similar to that applied by organic materials and is proven to reduce GHG the farmers. Almost all (± 100%) absorbed carbon emissions. in the form of crop biomass were lost or carried out of the land in the form of roots, stems and leaves of The results showed that application of composted cassava after harvest (Table 4). This indicated that organic materials was most effectively reducing CH 4 cassava farming is very draining carbon of land or and CO emissions in tidal swampland and increasing 2 carbon inefficient. the growth of rice plants. Application of compost (combination of 30% straw + 30% water chestnut + In maize-maize cropping pattern around 40% cow dung) on natural tidal swampland increased Tamanbogo experimental garden, farmers used rice yield to 3.7 t/ha, whereas on the intensively manure of 5 t/ha/season. In this cropping pattern, cultivated tidal swampland, compost application the carbon absorbed in the form of crop biomass improved rice yield to 5.8 t/ha. and remained in the land was approximately 49.54% and that carried out of the land was 50.46%. On maize farming in Tamanbogo experimental garden, 65.90% Carbon Conservation Technology of carbon uptake resulted in the form of biomass remained or returned to the soil, and the rest Until now carbon conservation practices in the soil (34.10%) was in the form of cob (consisting of seeds, cannot be universally recommended. Therefore, any cornhusk and corncob) transported out of the land. agricultural systems implemented by individual This showed that farm management in Tamanbogo farmers need to be evaluated its carbon dynamics. experimental garden is more carbon efficient than The lengths of the carbon in the soil (carbon turn- that managed by farmers around Tamanbogo.

Land Resources 15 Table 3. Carbon (C) content in soils (0-30 cm soil depth), total carbon returned to the soil per year, and carbon turn-over on farming systems in Tamanbogo experimental garden, Lampung, and in adjacent areas.

Tamanbogo Around Tamanbogo

Farming system C in soil C returned to soil C turn-over C in soil C returned to soil C turn-over (t/ha) (t/ha/year) (year) (t/ha) (t/ha/year) (year)

Maize 102.83 4.59 22 69.17 3.01 23 Cassava 142.09 3.61 39 83.00 3.24 26 Lowland rice 141.32 3.43 41 84.86 2.56 33 Alley cropping 105.42 2.23 47 --- Surjan 105.01 1.91 55 --- Agroforestry 95.10 2.02 47 --- Maize + cassava 123.34 4.10 30 --- + organic matter Maize + cassava 114.87 2.24 51 - -- (without organic matter)

Table 4. Dynamics and balance of carbon absorbed by plants in form of biomass in Tamanbogo experimental garden, Lampung, and in adjacent areas on same farming system.

Tamanbogo Around Tamanbogo

Farming system/ Carbon returned Carbon carried out Carbon returned Carbon carried biomass to soil from soil to soil out from soil (t/ha/year) (t/ha/year) (t/ha/year) (t/ha/year)

Maize Grains - 1.19 - 2.75 Stems + leaves 2.30 - 2.70 - Total 2.30 1.19 2.70 2.75

Cassava Tubers - 2.81 - 1.88 Stems - 1.32 - 1.20 Leaves - 0.41 - 1.20 Total - 4.54 - 4.28

Rice (two planting seasons) Grains I - 1.07 - 0.78 Husk I 1.21 1.81 0.80 1.59 Roots I 0.51 - 0.44 Grains II - 1.07 - 0.78 Husk II 1.21 1.81 0.80 1.59 Roots II 0.51 - 0.44 Total 3.44 5.76 2.47 4.74

16 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Emissions and Potential Absorption 218, 272, 270 and 289 kg/ha/season, respectively of Greenhouse Gas on the use of prill urea, urea + NI, UAA, NPK and urea + chitosan. One of the major problems faced by farmers in On intermittent irrigation system, the highest GHG irrigated rice ecosystem is the low fertilizer efficiency, emissions were observed on urea + chitosan especially nitrogen. Proper crop management using treatment (7.0 t CO2-eq/ha/season) and the lowest early maturing varieties, intermittent irrigation and was on NPK plus treatment (4.9 t CO2-eq/ha/season) inorganic fertilizers could increase or sustain rice yield and urea + NI (5.0 t CO2-eq/ha/season). The highest remained high, while reduce GHG emissions from CH4 emissions were resulted from urea + chitosan lowland. treatment (145 kg/ha/season) and the lowest was on urea + NI treatment (75 kg/ha/season). The use Research to obtain information on emissions and of urea and ameliorants did not significantly affect potential absorption of GHG in crop management GHG emissions, both in flooded or intermittent systems had been carried out on rain-fed lowland in irrigation, except on the treatments of urea and AA + Jakenan, Pati, Central Java. The results showed that NPK (flooded irrigation) and urea + NI and NPK application of N fertilizer on flooded irrigation systems (intermittent irrigation). resulted in higher GHG emissions. In flooded irrigation system, the highest GHG emissions were resulted from The lowest CH4 emissions in intermittent irrigation the use of activated charcoal-coated urea, which was were found on urea + NI treatment (75 kg/ha/season).

11.0 t CO2-eq/ha/season, and the lowest was on the In flooded irrigation, the lowest CO2 and N2O emissions control or without fertilizer treatment (8.7 t CO2-eq/ were obtained on urea + chitosan treatment, i.e. 1.430 ha/season) (Table 5). The use of urea and ameliorants kg CO2 and 1.73 kg N2O/ha/season, respectively. significantly increased methane emissions, i.e. 254,

Table 5. Total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming potential (GWP) due to flooding and intermittent irrigation systems with urea and ameliorant application on lowland, Jakenan, Pati, Central Java, 2012.

GHG emission (kg/ha/season) GWP Treatment (t CO2-eq/ha/season CH4 N2O CO2

Flooded irrigation Control 179 2.25 1,793 8.7 Prilled urea 254 2.47 1,605 10.2 Urea + NI 218 2.56 1,547 9.1 Urea + AA 272 3.03 1,616 11.0 NPK 270 2.31 1,741 10.8 Urea + chitosan 289 2.06 1,430 9.6

Intermittent irrigation Control 99 3.31 1,600 5.7 Prilled urea 111 2.84 1,738 6.1 Urea + NI 75 2.84 1,816 5.0 Urea + AA 111 3.93 2,107 6.8 NPK 77 3.30 1,517 4.9 Urea + chitosan 145 3.47 1,467 7.0

Land Resources 17 Based on the GWP index, intermittent irrigation Research to obtain information on carbon was able to reduce GHG emissions by 40% compared balance and reduction of GHG emissions (CO2, N2O with flooded irrigation. Based on the GWP index and and CH4) of more than 20% in food crops cultivation grain yield, the use of urea + NI in flooded irrigation on peatland had been carried out by using microplot potentially reduced GHG emissions due to the low measuring of 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 1 m. Samples of emissions and increased grain yields. disturbed peat were taken from South Kalimantan. The results showed that use of biochar as ameliorant increased carbon stocks on peat soil. Carbon Balance and Reducing GHG Carbon balance on peat soil planted with rice by Emissions of More Than 20% in applying volcanic ash was -1,087kg-C/ha, followed Peatland by water chestnut biochar, volcanic ash + rice husk biochar, control, volcanic ash + water chestnut biochar Amelioration of peat soil can improve land produc- and rice husk biochar of -1,631, -2,168, -2,210, -2,799 tivity, reduce methane emissions and increase rice and -3.571 kg-C/ha, respectively (Table 6). yield. Oxidant-rich ameliorant can delay or inhibit Highest GHG emissions from peat soils converted methane gas formation. to rice field were observed on volcanic ash treatment

Table 6. Organic-C content, global warming potential (GWP), net carbon and GWP index of six ameliorant treatments on peat soils converted to rice field.

Organic-C content (kg-C/ha) GWP Net GWP index

Treatment (kg CO2- carbon (t rice/ Biomass Rice grains Weed Total C/ha) (kg-C/ha) CO‚ -eq)

Control 5,126 1,734 18 6,878 4,667 -2,210 0.38 Rice husk biochar 4,904 2,209 55 7,167 3,597 -3,571 0.41 Water chestnut biochar 4,502 1,839 57 6,397 4,766 -1,631 0.27 Volcanic ash 4,874 1,918 18 6,809 5,723 -1,087 0.30 Volcanic ash + rice husk biochar 4,959 1,685 37 6,680 4,512 -2,168 0.30 Volcanic ash+water chesnut biochar 4,261 2,061 48 6,370 3,571 -2,799 0.42

Maize and cassava planted on intermediate depth peatland (100-200 cm) at Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan.

18 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture (5,72 kg CO2-eq/ha). However, a combination of on chemical fertilizers as nutrient sources potentially volcanic ash and water chestnut biochar produced reduces land productivity, so the use of fertilizers the lowest GHG emissions (3,571 kg CO2-eq/ha), should be reduced with using superior biofertilizers followed by rice husk biochar treatment (3,597 kg and adaptable on tidal land. CO -eq/ha). 2 Some microbes that can serve as a bio- Amelioration of peat soil converted to rice field decomposer of organic matters and plant growth that can reduce GHG emissions of more than 20% promoter had been studied. The objectives were to and produced a high grain yield was rice husk biochar obtain formula of biological fertilizer as decomposer, treatment and combination of volcanic ash + water N fixation and P solvent, and to improve fertilizer chestnut biochar. The treatments were able to reduce efficiency and production of maize and oil palm grown GHG emissions from peat soil converted to rice field on acid sulfate tidal swampland. The study was by 22.9% and 23.5%, respectively. conducted in the laboratory, greenhouse and field. In 2012, the study was focused on the selection of organic matter biodecomposer fungi, N fixation Formulation of Biofertilizer M-Star microbes, P solubilizing microbes to enhance plant for Maize and Oil Palm growth, carrier formulations, and application methods for maize and oil palm. Tidal swampland requires an apropriate technology The results on acid sulfate tidal swampland of for improving land productivity. The main problem of Batola District, South Kalimantan, showed that the this land is high soil acidity which causes nutrient biological fertilizer formula M-Star consisting of deficiency, especially N, P, K, Ca and Mg. High reliance organic matter decomposing microbe (Trichoderma

Testing of biofertilizer M-Star on maize and oil palm in tidal swampland of Batola, South Kalimantan.

Land Resources 19 sp.), N fixation (Azospirillium sp.) and P solvent grain weight thus improving the rice quality. Silica (Bacillus sp.) at a dose of 120 g/plant for oil palm fertilizer also increased plant resistance to pests/ and 15 kg/ha for maize increased soil nutrient content diseases. The lowest tungro virus transmission was and plant growth. The microbial fertilizers also observed on the plot treated with highest rate of silica improved inorganic NPK fertilizer efficiency to 50%. fertilizer.

Slow Release NPK Formula and Silica Fertilizer Table 8. Rice grain yield on harvest dry weigth (GKP) and milled dry weight (GKG) due to NPK and Two inorganic fertilizer formulas, namely slow release silica fertilizer application, Jambu Luwuk, Bogor. NPK and silica fertilizers had been produced in 2012. Grain yield (t/ha) Formula of slow release NPK fertilizer 15:10:10 was Treatment equivalent to compound NPK (Phonska) and single GKP GKG NPK in improving rice growth. In this case, the higher (t/ha) (t/ha) RAE value showed that the slow release NPK fertilizer Complete control 5.91 4.83 effectively improved rice growth and yield. Thus, the Farmers’ treatment 7.92 6.47 slow release NPK fertilizer can be recommended for Recommended single NPK 8.63 6.85 rice (Table 7). NPK + Si 100 8.33 6.86 NPK + Si 200 8.40 6.84 Silica fertilizer combined with NPK or NP without NPK + Si 300 7.93 6.46 K gave the high grain yields (Table 8). Silica fertilizer NP + Si 100 8.02 6.48 NP + Si 200 8.88 7.28 at a dose of 200-300 kg/ha in combination with NP NP + Si 300 8.34 6.83 without K had the same effectiveness with 75% NPK 75% NPK + Si 100 8.94 7.22 treatment combined with silica 100-300 kg/ha. This 75% NPK + Si 200 8.65 6.94 75% NPK + Si 300 8.73 7.08 means that silica application can partially replace the role of K. Silica fertilizer significantly increased 1,000

Table 7. Rice grain yields on harvest dry weight (GKP) and milled dry weight due to slow release NPK treatment, Jambu Luwuk, Bogor.

Grain yield (t/ha) Treatment RAE (%)1) GKP GKG

Control 6.18 4.71 - Farmers’ technology 7.04 5.41 - NPK Phonska 7.68 5.95 100 Single NPK 7.25 5.57 69 Slow release NPK at 7.47 6.14 116 a recommendation rate 75% NPK Phonska 7.58 5.95 100 75% single NPK 6.76 5.36 53 75% slow release NPK 7.30 6.08 111

1)RAE was counted based on milled dry grain weight.

20 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Digital Rice Soil Test Kit

IAARD has generated rice soil test kit since 5 years ago. Following the demand for technology and convenience for users, then the digital soil test kit was compiled and formulated in 2012. Until now, the kit has reached 80% accuracy level and will be improved to achieve an accuracy level of 95%.

Prototype of digital rice soil test kit having 80% accuracy level.

Land Resources 21 Inpari 23, improved rice varieties generated by IAARD in 2012.

Food Crops

In the midst of increasing severity of challenges faced in food crop farming, the Ministry of Agriculture remains optimistic that food self- sufficiency can be achieved and maintained, since experience showed that proper implementation of technologies could overcome the technical problems faced by farmers in their crop productions. In line with the commitment of the Ministry of Agriculture to achieve sustainable food security, IAARD continued to generate technologies to increase the production of rice and secondary food crops as important foods and sources of life-sustaining economy for most farmers in the countryside. In 2012, through researches that refer to the four successful targets of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2010-2014, IAARD had generated a number of improved varieties, production technologies and foundation seeds of high yielding rice and secondary food crop varieties to be further developed by breeders and seed producers to increase the national food crop production.

22 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture New Improved Varieties Hybrid Maize

By utilizing the existing genetic resources, both Maize is a major food source in Indonesia after rice. domestic and introduced materials, IAARD through In some areas, white maize had been a staple food its research units had generated 21 new improved of the local community for generations. Today white varieties of food crops consisting of 12 rice varieties, maize crops are found in East Nusa Tenggara (Timor, three maize varieties, one soybean variety, four Sumba and Flores Island), West Nusa Tenggara peanut varieties and one cassava variety. The new (Sandubaya), Central Java (Blora, Temanggung), East varieties had been released by the Minister of Java (Madura), South Sulawesi (Jeneponto, Agriculture in 2012. Bulukumba, Bantaeng and Selayar), Southeast Sulawesi, Yogyakarta and Gorontalo. Currently the hybrid maize grown by farmers Rice are yellow seeded and commonly used for feed. Two of the three high yielding hybrid maize released were Ten of the improved rice varieties are suitable for white seeded and named Bima Putih 1 and Bima Putih lowland, one variety for swamp land and one variety 2 with yield potentials of more than 10 t/ha. Bima for upland. The new improved lowland rice varieties Putih 1 has strong roots and resistant to lodging. It is released were Inpari 21 Batipuah, Inpari 22, Inpari relatively early maturing (108 days), with above cob 23 Bantul, Inpari 24 Gabusan, Inpari 25 Opak Jaya, stems and leaves stay green at harvest so that it can Inpari 26, Inpari 27, Inpari 28 Kerinci, Inpari 29 be used for feed. Other advantages of Bima Putih 1, Rendaman (deep water) and Inpari 30 Ciherang-Sub1 it has high contents of essential amino acids, 0.23% with yield potentials ranging from 7.7 to 9.6 t/ha. lysine and 0.06% tryptophan, one and a half times The swampland and upland rice varieties released higher than amino acid content of the local white corn. were Inpara 7 and Inpago 9, respectively. Inpara 7 Bima Putih 2 also has a strong roots and more early has a yield potential of 5.1 t/ha, while Inpago 9 yielded maturing (107 days) and stay green. Essential amino 8.4 t/ha in a fertile upland with a conducive acid content of Bima Putih 2 is higher than that of environment (Table 1). Bima Putih 1, namely 0.29% lysine and 0.07%

Improved varieties of lowland rice released in 2012 have yield potentials of 7.7- 9.6 t/ha and other advantage characters.

Food Crops 23 Table 1. Improved rice varieties released in 2012.

Age Yield potential Name Important characters (day) (t/ha)

Inpari 21 Batipuah 120 8.2 Lowland rice, moderately susceptible to brown planthopper (BPH) biotype 1, 2 and susceptible to biotype 3, resistant to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) strain III, resistant to blast race 003, susceptible to tungro virus, non-sticky, suitable for lowland at low elevation areas up to 600 m above sea level (asl) Inpari 22 118 7.9 Lowland rice, moderately resistant to BPH biotype 1, 2 and 3, resistant to BLB strain III, resistant to blast race 033 and 133, moderately resistant to race 073 and 137, susceptible to tungro Inpari 23 Bantul 113 9.2 Lowland rice, resistant to BPH biotype 1, moderately resistant to biotype 2 and 3, resistant to BLB strain III, susceptible to strain VIII, glutinous, aromatic (pandan aroma)

Inpari 24 Gabusan 111 7.7 Lowland rice, red rice, resistant to BLB strain III and moderately resistant to strain IV

Inpari 25 Opak Jaya 115 9,4 Lowland rice, sticky, red rice, moderately resistant to BPH biotype 2 and 3, resistant to BLB strain III and moderately resistant to strain IV dan VIII Inpari 26 124 7.9 Lowland rice, resistant to BLB strain III, resistant to blast race 033, suitable for low elevation areas up to 900 m asl Inpari 27 125 7.6 Lowland rice, resistant to BLB strain III, resistant to blast race 073, susceptible to tungro, glutinous Inpari 28 Kerinci 128 9,5 Lowland rice, resistant to BLB strain III, moderately resistant to blast race 033 dan 073, susceptible to tungro, glutinous Inpari 29 Rendaman 110 9.5 Lowland rice, moderately susceptible to BPH biotype 1 and 2, moderately susceptible to BLB strain III, tolerant to submergence at vegetative stage for more than 14 days, glutinous

Inpari 30 Ciherang-Sub 1 111 9,6 Lowland rice, moderately susceptible to BPH biotype 1, 2 and 3, moderately susceptible to BLB phatotype III, tolerant to submergence at vegetative stage for 15 days, glutinous Inpara 7 114 5.1 Swampland rice, moderately resistant to tungro of Subang isolate, resistant to blast race 033 and 173, moderately tolerant to Fe and Al toxicity, glutinous Inpago 9 109 8.4 Upland rice, moderately resistant to BPH biotype 1, moderately resistant to blast race 133, moderately tolerant to drought and Al toxicity, moderate rice taste

tryptophan. The two white seeded hybrid maize can shelled grains at 15% moisture content. Bima 16 is be used as rice substitutes, especially in areas where resistant to downy mildew (Peronosclerospora the population consume corn as a staple food. maydis), leaf rust (Puccinia shorgi) and leaf spot (Helminthosporium maydis). From the aspect of Bima 16 is a yellow seeded hybrid maize with a nutrition, this variety has sufficiently high carbohydrate harvest age of 119 days. In multilocation trials, this content, reaching 63.1%, 12.1% protein and 9.2% hybrid was capable of producing 12.4 t/ha of dry fat (Table 2).

24 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture White hybrid maize Bima Putih 1 and Bima Putih 2, which have yield potentials of more than 10 t/ha, higher than white local maize produced only 3 t/ha, and yellow hybrid maize Bima 16 which has yield potential of 12.4 t/ha.

Table 2. Improved hybrid maize released in 2012.

Harvest age Yield Variety Other advantage characters (day) (t/ha)

Bima Putih 1 108 10.3 White maize, strong roots, stay green, 0.23% lysine, 0.06% tryptophan Bima Putih 2 107 10.4 White maize, strong roots, stay green, 0.29% lysine, 0.07% tryptophan Bima 16 119 12.4 Yellow maize, resistant to downey mildew, rust and leaf spot, vigorous, uniform growth, stable at suboptimal land

Soybean

The newly released improved soybean variety was named Dering 1. This improved variety is tolerant to drought during the reproductive stage, early maturing (81 days), with a yield potential of 2.8 t/ha (a yield average of 2.0 t/ha), medium seed size (10.7 g/100 seeds), and resistant to pod borer and leaf rust disease.

Peanuts

The four improved peanut varieties released were Hipoma 1, Hipoma 2, Takar 1 and Takar 2. In addition to resistances to leaf spot and rust diseases, Hipoma 2 is also drought tolerant. Takar 1 and Takar 2 are resistant to rust disease and whitefly which has now become an important pest of peanuts in several Dering 1, improved early maturing soybean with a yield potential of 2.8 t/ha. production centers, and tolerant to soil acidity. Harvest

Food Crops 25 ages of the four peanut varieties ranged from 85 to Production Technology 95 days with potential yields of 3.5-4.25 t/ha (Table 3). Production Technology for Hybrid Rice in Irrigated Lowland

Cassava Increase in hybrid rice production in irrigated lowland can be pursued through the application of fertilizer The new improved cassava variety released is Litbang and cropping system technologies. The use of organic 2. It has a 9-10 month harvest age and a yield matter of 2 t/ha in combination with the double row potential of 60.4 t/ha, much higher than the average 2:1 cropping system and fertilizer application based national yield of cassava that currently reaches only on soil analysis or soil test kit, increased the yield of 15-20 t/ha. Litbang 2 also has a bioethanol 96% or hybrid rice. In this way, the yields of milled dry grains equal to 14,472 liters/ha. Another advantage of this reached 8.87 t/ha in Subang, 10.25 t/ha in Cianjur variety, it is moderately resistant to mites and root/ and 7.87 t/ha in Bogor. The highest yields were tuber rot. achieved by Hipa 8, namely 8.97 t/ha in Subang, 10.53 t/ha in Cianjur and 8.25 t/ha in Bogor, West Java.

Table 3. Improved varieties of peanuts released in 2012.

Harvest age Yield Variety Other advantage characters (day) (t/ha)

Hipoma 1 91 3.7 Resistant to leaf spot and rust Hipoma 2 90 3.5 Resistant to leaf spot and rust, toleran to drought Takar 1 95 4.25 Resistant to rust and whitefly, tolerant to soil acidity (pH 4.5-5.6) and medium Al saturation Takar 2 85-95 3.9 Resistant to rust, moderately resistant to leaf spot, resistant to whitefly, tolerant to soil acidity (pH 4.5-5.6) and medium Al saturation

Takar 1, improved peanut variety with a yield Litbang UK-2 improved cassava variety with a potential of 4.25 t/ha. yield potential of 60.2 t/ha.

26 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Production Technology and ICM-FS for Upland Rice

Upland rice production can potentially be improved, either by increasing yield or expansion of planting area. Upland rice need rainfall of >200 mm/month and at least four consecutive months. In areas that have more than 7 wet months, farmers can grow upland rice twice a year, namely in wet season (WS) I and II. In planting upland rice twice a year, the use of early maturing to very early maturing varieties is crucial, especially in WS II. Implementation of the ‘joged‘ cropping system Fertilizer application based on soil analysis needs also to be considered in the twice upland rice combined with double row 2:1 cropping cultivation in a year, especially in the dry season. This system increases lowland rice yield. system refers to the ‘early seeding’ in lowland rice planting. On upland rice, seeding was done in a dry seedbed outside the planting area to speed up the planting time in consideration with the decrease in Rice Production Technology for Tidal Land rainfall intensity. Through the Integrated Crop Management Field Research results from South Sumatra and Jambi School (ICM-FS), some upland rice varieties showed that soil leaching and application of introduced to farmers in South Cianjur, West Java, agricultural lime of 3 t/ha increased rice yields in produced 5.12-6.24 t/ha (Table 4), equivalent to the both tidal land areas by 21% and 15%, respectively. yield of irrigated lowland rice. To further improve rice yield in the tidal land areas, the use of improved varieties Inpara 1, Inpara 2 and 3 Inpara are recommended. In addition to the tidal land areas, this technology could also be applied on saline soil commonly found in the coastal area. The soil electrical conductivity of saline soil tended to increase since the crop planting until harvest. In such circumstances, the increase in NPK fertilizer dose to 125% of the recommended dosage gave no effect on the rice yield. This problem can be solved by soil leaching and liming. The use of agricultural lime at one month after planting reduced soil salinity and improved fertilizer efficiency.

Through integrated crop management field school, some upland rice varieties were able to produce 5.12-6.24 t/ha, equivalent with the yield of irrigated lowland rice.

Food Crops 27 assembled in the rice fields include improved hybrid Table 4. Yields of some improved upland rice varieties maize varieties, >90% seed germination rate, planting on trials of integrated crop management field school in South Cianjur, West Java. with double row system, and location-specific fertilizer application with 300 kg/ha urea. Grain yield In the dry season (DS) I, application of the Variety Ubinan Converted specific location technology on two hybrid maize 2 (kg/6.25 m ) to t/ha varieties gave yields of 10.5 t/ha for Bima 3 and 12.1

Situ Bagendit (FL) 3.2 5.12 t/ha for Bisi 2. In the DS II, yields of the two varieties Limboto (FL) 3.9 6.24 were relatively low, ranging from 8.0 to 9.0 t/ha. Way Rarem (FL) 3.6 5.76 Jatiluhur (FL) 3.7 5.92 Situ Patenggang (FS) 3.8 6.08 Biopesticides to Control Maize Pests

FL = field laboratory; FS = field school Research results showed that an HaNPV virus biopesticide formulation effectively suppressed the development of major pests of maize, such as corn cob borer (Helicoverpa armigera), stem borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) and armyworm (Spodoptera Control of BLB Disease on Rice with Botanical litura). In addition to its effectiveness, use of the Pesticides biopesticide was also environmentally friendly, because it did not kill insect predators. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a serious disease on rice plants under high humidity conditions or excessive doses of Management of Soil Organic Matter on Soybean N fertilizer. So far, the disease was controlled by application of synthetic pesticides that pollute the Development of soybean in Indonesia is not only environment. directed to the optimal land, but also to sub-optimal To control the BLB, IAARD had produced a land. This certainly requires appropriate production formula of botanical pesticide from neem leaf extract technologies such as organic matter management to (Azadirachta indica) and galangal (Alpinia galanga) increase soil capacity to supply nutrients and water rhizome. Liquid juice of the two materials at 10% to the plants. concentration was sprayed on rice plants infested with In Probolinggo, Ngawi and Banyuwangi, East BLB both at vegetative and generative stages. This Java, trials were done by setting plant populations, technology was able to inhibit the development of application of organic fertilizers to increase soil BLB better than the synthetic pesticide with an active supporting capacity, and combined with inorganic ingredient of 56% copper oxide without lowering fertilizers to balance the nutrients for soybean. yields. Soybean yield of 3 t/ha was quite easily achieved by using improved varieties or candidate varieties from Yield Improvement of Hybrid Maize through crosses of local Jateng/Sinabung-1036 with a plant Integrated Crop Management spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm or 40 cm x 15 cm (Table 5). The use of manure did not improve soybean yields Integrated crop management (ICM) is an approach in Probolinggo and Banyuwangi. On Vertisols of Ngawi, to set up a farming technology package for a specific application of 2.5 t/ha manure gave yield equivalent location, in accordance with the local resource to application of 2.0 t/ha organic fertilizer that was conditions. The technology components that were rich in NM2 nutrient with 4-7% yield increase.

28 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Addition of inorganic fertilizers (ZA, SP36 and Control of Whitefly on Soybean KCl) to Entisol soil of Probolinggo and Vertisol soil of Ngawi were apparently not yet required (Table 5). Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious pest on soybean Similar conditions occurred when organic fertilizers plants and became one of the virus vectors. Pesticide were used in combination with inorganic fertilizers application in combination with sprinkle irrigation (Table 6). reduced intensity of the whitefly. Splash water from

Table 5. Effect of plant spacing and organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain yields of soybean at Probolinggo, Banyuwangi and Ngawi, East Java, wet season of 2012.

Dry grain yield at 12% water content (t/ha) Treatment Probolinggo Banyuwangi Probolinggo Ngawi

Plant spacing 40 cm x 10 cm, 2 seeds/hill 3.25 3.42 40 cm x 15 cm, 2 seeds/hill 3.50 3.24 40 cm x 20 cm, 1 seed/hill 2.74 2.80 40 cm x 20 cm, 2 seeds/hill 3.34 2.95 Organic fertilizer Without manure 3.14 3.13 3.42 3.37 2.5 t/ha manure 3.35 3.07 3.24 3.51 5.0 t/ha manure 3.12 3.08 2.80 3.39 2.0 t/ha organic fertilizer NM2 3.22 3.12 2.95 3.62 ZA, SP36, KCl fertilizers 0 + 0 + 0 3.13 3.47 50 + 50 + 100 3.07 3.45 50 + 150 + 50 3.08 3.36 50 + 150 + 100 3.12 3.62

Table 6. Interaction effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain yields of soybean variety of local Jateng/Sinabung- 1036 on Vertisols of Ngawi, East Java, dry season of 2012.

Grain yield at 12% water content (t/ha)

Treatment ZA + SP36 + KCl (kg/ha)

0 + 0 + 0 50 + 50+100 50 + 150 + 50 50+150+100 Average

Without manure 3.38 3.25 3.47 3.39 3.37 2.5 t/ha manure 3.81 3.37 3.23 3.62 3.51 5.0 t/ha manure 3.05 3.75 3.11 3.63 3.39 2.0 t/ha organic fertilizer NM2 3.63 3.41 3.61 3.83 3.62

Average yield 3.47 3.45 3.36 3.62

Food Crops 29 the sprinkler caused the whitefly did not survive long seeds up to one year. Development of this technology on the leaves. The average soybean leaf damage on plays an important role in the on time soybean seed sprinkler irrigation treatment was 45% lower and seed supply. yield was 35% higher than that of irrigated crops, namely 1.9 t/ha on the sprinkler irrigated crops and 1.4 t/ha on the irrigated crops. Peanut Production Technology for Alfisol Lowland Whitefly control using suspension of an entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium lecanii Development of peanuts on Alfisol soil in Jepara, reduced whitefly population on both the large seeded Central Java, required technology of fertilizer soybean (Argomulyo) and the small seeded soybean application and plant population. Plant spacing (Wilis). The more frequent L. lecanii applications were treatment was more efficient in using the seed, but it done, the lower were the whitefly populations on the generally did not affect peanut yields. Result of the soybean plants. trial was similar to that of the local farmers’ technology around the trial site. On the large seeded soybean varieties, the level of leaf damages was higher than that on the small Application of inorganic fertilizers N, P and K gave seeded varieties either at 42 or 60 days after planting. 2.35 t/ha dry pod yield, but lower than that only Applications of L. lecanii three times a week showed applied with urea (2,67 t/ha). Urea residues and a lower level of B. tabaci attack than that of one Phonska that were applied to rice plants affected application. Application of entomopathogenic fungus peanut plant response to N, P and K fertilizers. L. lecanii to control soybean whitefly did not affect Double row plant spacing of 60 cm x (30 cm x survival of beneficial insects, particularly the predator 10 cm) increased pod yield of 7.7% higher than Coccinella sp. that using a single plant spacing (40 cm x 50 cm), namely 2.60 and 2.42 t/ha of dry pods, respectively Storage Technology for Soybean Seeds (Table 7).

Soybean seeds need to be stored properly before Cassava Production Technology for Acid use in the next planting season. To extend shelf life Upland of the soybean seeds, a seed storage technology had been developed to maintain quality of soybean seeds Fertility levels of acid soil are generally low, and a during storage. The use of seed-coating materials special treatment is required if it will be planted with composed of dolomite, clay and SP36 at 3 : 2 : 1 or annual crops. The ICM approach with twice plowed 2 : 2 : 0.5 ratios and 12% initial moisture content of tillage prior to planting, planting in the mounds, plant the stored seeds could maintain quality of soybean spacing of 100 cm x 60 cm, application of 300 kg

Table 7. Plant population and yield of peanuts on Alfisols of Jepara, Central Java, August- November 2012.

Plant population/yield Single plant spacing Double plant spacing

Number of harvested plants per ha 135,611 155,602 Fresh pod yield (t/ha) 5.54 4.70 Dry pod yield at 12% water content (t/ha) 2.42 2.60

30 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Fresh tuber yield Rice (t/ha)

45 Production of breeder seeds of new improved rice varieties mainly aimed to support the effort to 40 increase rice production. In 2012, 231.6 tons of breeder seeds of rice consisting of 27.0 tons of BS 35 and 204.6 tons of FS seeds were produced to support the ICM-FS activities in 18 provinces in Indonesia. 30 UJ5 Litbang UK2 Adira4 MLG6 Butoijo Variety Maize Figure 1. Average yields of UJ-5, Litbang IAARD had multiplied BS seeds of open-pollinated UK2, Adira4, MLG6 and Butoijo cassava varieties in Lampung, maize varieties, namely Lamuru, Sukmaraga, Bisma, 2012. Srikandi Kuning, Srikandi Putih 1 and Anoman as much as 5,340 kg, consisting of 890 kg Lamuru, 730 kg Sukmaraga, 1,125 kg Bisma, 865 kg Srikandi Kuning, 1,830 kg Srikandi Putih 1 and 900 kg Anoman. urea, 200 kg SP36, 200 kg KCl, 5 tons manure and Seed multiplications of BS seeds of Lamuru, 500 kg dolomite/ha, respectively, weed control using Sukmaraga, Bisma, Srikandi Kuning 1, Srikandi Putih pre-planting herbicide of 4 l/ha, twice weeding and 1 and Anoman maize varieties were done on 1.0 ha uphealing, and plant spraying with an acaricide at 5 area. Seeds of the four varieties had been processed months after planting produced 34-43 t/ha of fresh and produced 8.7 tons of seeds. cassava tubers (Figure 1). The lower cassava tuber yield was because the cassava plants experienced Legumes drought since 3-6 months old. Under such condition, cassava variety of Litbang UK2 still produced fresh Seed multiplication of 11 soybean varieties tubers equivalent to UJ-5 which has been adaptable (Grobogan, Burangrang, Kaba, Tanggamus, in Lampung, i.e. 42.7 and 43.6 t/ha, respectively. Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Wilis, Ijen, Panderman, Detam 1 and Detam 2) had been done and produced 6.26 tons of BS seeds. Multiplication of soybean Breeder Seeds seeds of Grobogan, Burangrang, Kaba, Tanggamus, Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Sinabung, Wilis and IAARD emphasized the need for availability of breeder Panderman produced 14.3 tons of FS seeds. seeds to be multiplied by seed growers and seed producers. Availability of quality seeds in sufficient Candidates for BS seeds of eight peanut varieties quantities would determine the success of food crop (Tuban, Bima, Domba, Jerapah, Gajah, Kelinci, Kancil farming. In 2012, IAARD through its research units and Bison) had also been produced as much as 3.29 had provided a number of breeder seeds (BS) and tons. BS seed multiplication of eight mungbean foundation seeds (FS) of rice and secondary food varieties (Kutilang, Murai, Betet, Perkutut, Sriti, crops varieties to be multiplied by the seed growers Kenari, Vima 1 and Walet) produced 4.14 tons of and seed producers. seed candidates.

Food Crops 31 Potato crops at experimental garden of Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute, Lembang, West Java. Horticulture

Research plays an important role in development of competitive and sustainable horticultural agribusiness. IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development (ICHORD) in 2012 had generated technological innovations, such as new improved varieties, technologies for increasing production and product quality, as well as source seeds of some horticultural crops to meet the increasing demands for quality seeds. These technological innovations are expected to support the development of competitive horticultural agribusiness and increase farmers’ income.

32 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture New Improved Varieties Ornamental Plants

Standard Phalaenopsis Orchids IAARD in 2012 released three improved varieties of potatoes, five varieties of orchids, seven varieties of Four Phalaenopsis orchids generated in 2012 were mutant chrysanthemums, two varieties of potted Ayu Lestari, Ayu Suciati, Udapa Pink and Indu Pramesi. chrysanthemums, two varieties of cut chrysan- Ayu Lestari has stalk length of 17.2-40.8 cm, flower themum and three varieties of gladiolus. These width 7.8-8.2 cm and flower number per stalk 12-21 improved varieties are expected to strengthen the florets. Flowers are facing to three directions. Flower agribusiness of potatoes and ornamental plants. lip color is red purple 61 A; the base is less yellow and the moustache is medium. Each plant can produce 12-21 flowers in a year with a 3-4 month flower Potatoes freshness. The orchid adapts well in areas with Three improved varieties of potatoes generated in altitudes of 600-1,400 m above sea level (asl). 2012 were suitable for processed potatoes. Amabile Ayu Suciati has red purple flower lip with a variety is high yielding (24-27 t/ha) and produces medium moustache. Stalk length is 23.0-32.5 cm, more chips compared with Atlantic. Water content of flower width is 7.9-8.8 cm and the flower number the tuber is low thus saving in cooking oil use. per stalk is 12-25 florets. Flowers are facing to all Medians variety is also high yielding (24-27 t/ directions. Each plant can produce 12-25 flowers in ha) with the high yield of chips. Water content of the a year. Flower freshness lasts for 3-4 months. This orchid adapts well to altitudes of 600-1,400 m asl. tubers is low so it is efficient in the use of cooking oil. Maglia variety has the highest yield, reached 29.2 t/ Udapa Pink has a standard type flower with red ha. Chips yield exceeds the Atlantic variety, and tuber purple 66A lip color. Flowers are facing to all water content is lower than that of Amabile and directions. Stalk length is 60-65 cm and flower width Medians. is 7.0-7.4 cm. Each stalk can produce 9-10 flowers

New improved potato varieties, Amabile (left), Medians (center) and Maglia (right), with yield potentials of 24-29 t/ha.

Horticulture 33 Mutant Dendrobium orchid, named Lintang Ayu.

on a stalk is 7-9. Each plant can produce two stalks in a year. Flowers are facing to two directions. Flower freshness lasts for 1-2 months. This orchid adapts well at altitudes of 600-1,400 m asl. Four varieties of standard Phalaenopsis orchirds: (a) Ayu Lestari, (b) Ayu Suciati, (c) Udapa Pink and (d) Indu Pramesi. Mutant Chrysanthemums

Seven mutant chrysanthemum produced in 2012 were Marimar, Yulimar, Violetana, Merahayandi, Merahayani, Salemar and Limeron. Marimar has plant and in a year and each plant produces 2-4 stalks. height of 110-120 cm, standard flowers, decorative- Flower freshness lasts for 3 months. The orchid shaped flowers and yellow ribbons. Flower diameter adapts well to a height of 600-1,200 m asl. is 12-14 cm, one flower per stalk. Response time is Indu Pramesi orchid has standard type flowers 7-9 weeks after long day period and floral freshness with flower lip color of white NN 155B. Stalk length is is 10-14 days. 50.0-55.7 cm and flower width is 9.2-9.8 cm. Each Yulimar chrysanthemum has 110-120 cm plant stalk has 8-12 flowers and each plant produces 2-4 height, standard-type flowers, decorative shaped stalks in a year. Flowers face to two directions. Flower flowers with white ribbon flowers. Flower diameter freshness lasts for 2.5-3 months. This orchid adapts ranges between 12-14 cm, one flower per stalk. well at altitudes of 600-1,200 m asl. Response time is 8-10 weeks after long day period and floral freshness is 10-14 days.

Mutant Dendrobium Orchid Violetana chrysanthemum has 110-120 cm plant height and spray-type flowers, semi double-shaped New Dendrobium orchid is named Lintang Ayu. The flowers with violet ribbon flowers. Flower diameter potted orchid has flowers with a purple lip color and is 7.0-7.2 cm and a stalk has 14-16 flowers. Response dark purple stripes. Stalk length is 16.5-17.8 cm and time is 7-9 weeks after short day treatment and flower flower width is 5.2-5.3 cm. The number of flowers freshness is 10-15 days.

34 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Marimar Yulimar Violetana Merahayandi

Merahayani Salemar Limeron

Flowers of seven chrysanthemum varieties generated by IAARD in 2012.

Merahayandi chrysanthemum has 110-120 cm Limeron chrysanthemum has 110-120 cm plant plant height, spray-type flowers with semi-double- height, spray-type flowers, semi-double shaped shaped flowers and red terracotta ribbon flower color. flowers with orange ribbon flowers. Flower diameter Floret diameter is 7.0-7.5 cm. Each stalk produces is 7-8 cm with 15-17 flowers per stalk. Response 35 flowers. Response time is 8-10 weeks after short time is 7-9 weeks after short day treatment and length day treatment and length of floral freshness is 10-15 of floral freshness is 12-16 days. days.

Merahayani chrysanthemum has 110-120 cm Potted Chrysanthemum plant height, spray type flowers, semi-double shaped flowers with red ribbon flowers. Flower diameter Two potted chrysanthemums generated in 2012 were ranged from 5.5 to 6.5 cm. A stalk has 14-16 flowers. Chandrasmurti and Anindita. Chandrasmurti has a Response time is 9-10 weeks after short day period plant height of 21.5-33.0 cm, spray-type flowers, treatment and floral freshness lasts for 10-15 days. decorative-shaped flowers with orange yellow flower Salemar chrysanthemum has 110-120 cm plant ribbon. Flower diameter is 5.11-5.54 cm with 4-5 height, spray-type flowers with semi-double shaped flowers per stalk. Its response time is 56-63 days flowers and peach-colored ribbon flowers. Flower after long day period, and well adapted at altitudes diameter is 7.5-8.5 cm with 14-16 flowers per stalk. of 700-1,200 m asl. Response time is 7-9 weeks after short day period Anindita has a plant height of 17.8-26.0 cm, treatment and floral freshness lasts for 10-15 days. spray-type flowers, decorative-shaped flowers and

Horticulture 35 Elora Velma Azzura

Chandrasmurti

Kineta Selena Salzieta

Flowers of six new improved cut chrysanthemums which have spray flower type. Anindita

New varieties of potted chrysanthemums named Chandrasmurti and Anindita. Azzura chrysanthemum has a 99-106 cm plant height, spray-type flowers with double-shaped flowers and ribbon flower color of greyed red group 179 A. Flower diameter is 3.8-4.5 cm and each stalk has mauve ribbon flowers. Flower diameter is 4.8-5.1 14-23 flowers. Response time is 52-56 days and cm, with 4-5 flowers per stalk. Response time is 56- lenght of flower freshness is 14-18 days. 65 days, and it adapts well to altitudes of 700-1,200 Kineta chrysanthemum has a 95-97 cm plant m asl. height, spray-type flowers and decorative-shaped flowers. The ribbon flower has a purple group 75 B color and red purple 74 B in the middle. Flower Spray-Type Flower Cut Chrysanthemums diameter is 5.6- 6.3 cm and the number of flowers per stalk is 19-27. Response time is 52-56 days and Six new spray-type cut chrysanthemums are named length of flower freshness is 14-17 days. Elora, Velma, Azzura, Kineta, Selena and Salzieta. Elora has a plant height of 88.5-92.5 cm, anemone Selena chrysanthemum has a plant height of shaped flowers with ribbon flower color of white group 92.0-98.5 cm, standard-type flowers, decorative- 155 A. Flower diameter is 3.1-3.5 cm and the number shaped flowers, and ribbon flower color of greyed of flowers per stalk is 16-20. Response time is 49-56 orange 179 group B. Flower diameter is 8.9-10.5 cm, days and flower freshness lasts for 16-20 days. one flower per stalk. Response time is 52-57 days and flower freshness lasts for 15-18 days. Velma chrysanthemum has a 125-135 cm plant height, spray-type flowers, double-shaped flowers Salzieta chrysanthemum has a 104-110 cm plant with ribbon flower color of yellow orange group 22. height, spray-type flowers, double shaped-flowers, Flower diameter is 6.2-6.5 cm and the number of and ribbon flower color of yellow group 12A and flowers per stalk is 12-15. Response time is 57-63 greyed red group 178 D in the middle. Flower days and length of flower freshness is 17-21 days. diameter is 5.4-6.0 cm and the number of flowers

36 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture per stalk is 20-30. Response time is 50-57 days and flower freshness lasts for 17-21 days.

Gladiolus

Two varieties of gladiolus generated in 2012 were Fruits of candidates for new improved Devi and Firda. Devi has plant heights of 83.0-135.0 pommelo variety (left) and seedless SoE cm and began flowering at 45-60 days after planting. tangerine (right). Flower diameter is 10.7-12.0 cm and flower yield is 1-3 stalks/plant/planting. Length of flower freshness is 3-4 days after cut and 10-15 days in the field. Firda gladiolus has plant heights of 86.1-107.2 Production Technology cm and began flowering at 45-60 days after planting. Flower diameter is 8.5-12.5 cm, 1-3 stalks/plant/ In addition to improved varieties, development of planting. Flowers freshness lasts for 5-6 days after horticultural commodities requires technologies to cut and 10-15 days in the field. improve the production and quality in order to compete in domestic and abroad markets.

Candidates for Improved Citrus Varieties Pest and Disease Control on Heat IAARD has generated two candidates for new Tolerant Potatoes improved varieties of SoE tangerine and pommelo. These candidate varieties have characteristics of Potato development in medium plain faced various seedless, high yield, sweet taste and attractive skin constraints, including pests and diseases that can color. reduce the quality and quantity of crop yields. IAARD has generated some potato clones tolerant to hot temperatures and technology to support the develop- ment of the clones.

Flowers of new improved gladiolus varieties, Devi (left) and Firda (right).

Horticulture 37 Research results showed that integrated pest as a main consideration for farmers to adopt the management (IPM) was able to suppress the technology. population and intensity of pests and diseases, except for bacterial wilt disease. Therefore, improvement of control technique is necessary to lower soil Multiplication of Selected Varieties and Clones of Phalaenopsis by Mericlone temperatures so that potato plants can grow and produce tubers optimally. Of two heat tolerant clones Multiplication was done in Tissue Culture Laboratory tested, CIP 392781.1 is prospective for further of Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research Institute development. to obtain a basic medium of carbon source, explant position and explant size, and optimum proliferation Red Pepper Production Technology medium for multiplication of Phalaenopsis. Results Using Shading showed that flower stalk without bud stalk was the best source of explants for meristem culture of Use of shading (netting house) measuring 11.0 m x Phalaenopsis. Shoots regenerated from stalk were 13.5 m and 2.5 m height with specifications of cultured on 1/2 MS base medium added with 3 mg/l C225TrM2-70 R12-66 mesh, 127 holes/cm2, improved TDZ, 0.5 mg/l BAP and 20 g/l sucrose as carbon red pepper yield by 238% compared with that grown sources. Shoot bud of 2.0 mm length was potential on the open land (22.9 vs. 9.6 t/ha). Use of shading for embryogenesis induction on 1/2 MS medium increased plant growth that directly affects the yield. which its hormone concentrations were reduced to 1.5 mg/l for TDZ and 0.25 mg/l for BA. NPK fertilizer at a rate of 500 kg/ha can be applied for red pepper grown in the shading. To Pith 1 cultured on 1/2 MS medium plus 0.75 mg/ encourage farmers to adopt this technology, red l TDZ and 0.25 mg/l BAP was potential for pepper production technology using shading can be embryogenesis of Phalaenopsis. The number of tested on a wider scale to obtain financial calculation embryos can be increased by subculturing the

Planting red pepper using shading or in a Isolation of meristem and explant to develop netting house. meristem culture of Phalaenopsis.

38 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Colonies of antagonist bacteria B26 (left) and B37 (right) on Kings B medium.

Improvement of Mangosteen Fruit Quality

Mangosteen is one of the leading fruit commodities Response of shoot cultures in initial and an Indonesian exotic fruit that not owned by most multiplication of Phalaenopsis orchid. other countries. However, producing high quality mangosteen fruits faced problems of yellow sap on the fruit peel, translucent fruit flesh, mottled fruit peel and the ant attack. To overcome these problems, embryogenic calli on 1/2 MS medium with full several components of control technology had been vitamins. tested. The technology tested was a complete fertilizer Biological Control of Fusarium oxysporum application, namely P2O5 (SP36), K2O (KCl), CaCO3 on Phalaenopsis (dolomite), MgO (kieserit) and N (urea) at successive doses of 0.67 kg, 0.53 kg, 0.59 kg, 1.15 kg and 1 kg/ Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum tree to control yellow sap and translucent fruit flesh, on orchid damages the plant up to 40%. Liquid and application of citronella oil weekly at a dose of 2 biofungicides with active ingredient of bacterial cc/l to control mottled peel and ants on the fruits. antagonists B37 and B26 were effective to control The results showed that application of complete Fusarium wilt disease on orchids by 65.3% and fertilizer SP36, KCl, dolomite, kieserit and urea 48.9%, respectively. However, the isolates have not reduced the yellow sap and translucent fruit flesh on been identified and tested for their compatibility, and mangosteen. Thus, to improve the quality of are applied in the form of a pure culture. mangosteen fruits, the farmers are recommended The results showed that B26 and B37 isolates to apply a complete fertilizer (NPK) plus Ca and Mg are the members of the genus Bacillus sp. The fertilizer twice per season, i.e. before and 2 months biopesticide active ingredients were compatible with after flowering. Fertilizer doses for twice application the carrier materials formulated from natural were 0.67 kg, 0.53 kg, 0.59 kg, 1.15 kg and 1 kg/tree ingredients containing minimum carbohydrate and for SP36, KCl, dolomite, kieserit and urea, respectively. protein. Use of bacterial antagonists B26 and B37 Citronella oil applied weekly at a dose of 1-2 cc/l of suspended in sterile water and the formulation media, water, reduced the percentage of mottled fruits and applied every week and two weeks, consistently ant populations. Citronella oil has insect repellent suppressed fusarium wilt disease on Phalaenopsis property and is able to reduce Thrips populations orchids. causing mottled peel and ants on mangosteen.

Horticulture 39 Mottled peels, yellow sap and translucent fruit flesh lowering the quality of mangosteen fruits.

Proper fertilizer application and using citronella oil increase the quality of mangosteen fruits.

Control of Fruit End Rot Disease on Mango Citrus Embryogenesis in Storage The success of embryogenesis on citrus is influenced Fruit end rot disease symptoms on mango began to by explant types, plant growth regulators, carbon appear after the fruits were stored for 7 days at a sources and culture conditions. At the beginning of temperature of 26.8 ± 0.4°C and relative humidity cell initiation, explant selection is required to obtain 70.0% ± 2.4% with transmission percentage of 1.7- embryogenic cells in a short time period. On citrus, 11.2% and intensity 0.4-3.2%. The disease develops nucellus cells are appropriate explants. The explants very rapidly after 10-11 days. Application of fungicide are easy to form friable embryogenic calli on various with active ingredient of propineb and citronella oil citrus genotypes, such as Pacitan sweet orange, or propineb and mancozeb alternately once a week Pontianak mandarin orange, Garut and Batu 55 before harvest was able to control fruit end rot disease tangerines, JC, lemon and lime, both on media with on mango in storage. or without plant growth regulators (PGRs).

40 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Symptoms of antracnose and fruit end rot diseases on Arumanis (left) and Gedong Gincu mangoes (right) during storage.

The growth of friable and embryogenic cells on On lime, composition of media for inducing embryo solid media is influenced by the PGRs concentrations was 88 mM maltose, 146 mM maltose and 146 mM and carbon sources. Whereas on liquid media, the lactose with fastest induction occurred on medium growth is influenced by inoculum density and air containing 146 mM lactose. On lime, composition of aeration. Each citrus genotype requires different medium for embryo induction was 146 mM maltose, cytokinin concentrations for massive cell growth. 88 mM glycerol, and 88 mM sorbitol and galactose at Embryogenic cells of JC, lemon and lime grew a ratio of 1:3 and the fastest induction occurred on optimally at low doses of cytokinin (0.5-1.0 mg/l), medium with 88 mM sorbitol and galactose. On while those of mandarin oranges, Borneo Prima, Batu mandarin, a combination of sorbitol and galactose at 55, Garut and Selayar tangerines, as well as Pontianak a ratio of 3:1 was better than the other carbon and Kintamani mandarin oranges are better with sources. cytokinin treatment of 1.5-3.0 mg/l. All citrus The optimum cell multiplication was obtained on genotypes require sucrose as a carbon source at media containing carbon source of 88 mM, whereas various concentrations for cell multiplication, i.e. 146 embryo induction and germination required a higher mM for mandarin oranges and 88 mM for JC, lemon carbon concentration, i.e 146 mM. This shows that and lime. somatic embryogenesis is affected by carbon source On some citrus genotypes, induction of embryos as an energy and media osmoticum regulator to occurred without PGRs and is influenced by the type create optimum metabolism. The results of and concentration of carbon sources. For example, observations on solid media will be used to obtain on JC, embryo induction occurred on medium mass embryogenesis on liquid media in the bioreactor. containing 88 mM sorbitol and galactose at the same ratio, while for lemon it was obtained on medium containing 146 mM maltose and on lime at 146 mM Distribution of Source Seed lactose. The fastest JC embryo induction occurred Source seed produced by Source Seed Management on medium containing 146 mM maltose, but after 60 Unit (UPBS) is strived to meet consumer demand. In days the number of embryos was less than that on 2012, UPBS of horticulltural crops has distributed medium containing 88 mM sorbitol and galactose. seeds to the users, both private companies and public.

Horticulture 41 To meet the user demand, IAARD has distributed to West Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, 2.3 tons of source seed of shallot varieties of Sembrani Riau, Bengkulu, Fakfak, Aceh, Jambi and Batam, as (437.3 kg), Katumi (539.1 kg), Maja (121.3 kg), Bima well as three seedlings of Sunan variety, 59 seedlings (188.6 kg), Kuning (139.1 kg), Pikatan (173.2 kg), of Matahari variety and 11 seedlings of Lae variety to Trisula (209.2 kg), Pancasona (219.4 kg), Mentes West Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, (340.8 kg), Kramat-1 (18 kg) and Kramat-2 (4.5 kg). Riau, Bengkulu, Fakfak, Aceh, Jambi, Lubuk Minturum, Other vegetable seeds distributed include chili West Papua, and Bogor. Mangosteen of Ratu Kamang varieties of Lembang-1 (4.7 kg), Tanjung-2 (49 g) variety as much as 637 seedlings and Ratu and Kencana (4.9 kg); tomato Mutiara (51 g), Opal Tembilahan of 4,315 seedlings have been distributed (0.4 kg), Ratna (21 g), Zamrut (45 g), Intan (23 g), to South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Berlian (0.6 kg) and CLN 6046 (117 g); spinach of Riau, Aceh, Jambi, West Papua, Bogor and Berastagi. Giti Merah (7.6 kg) and Giti Hijau (5.1 kg); cucumber Fifty-six seedlings of Mega Paninggahan avocado of Saturnus (255 g), Mars (11.1 kg), Pluto (1.9 kg), variety, 59 seedlings of Mega Murapi and Mega Hibrida-1 (5 g) and Hibrida-7 (5 g); long bean KP -1 Gagauan had been distributed to South Kalimantan, (69.8 kg), Pras-1 (5.1 kg) and Pras-3 (100 g); chinese South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Bengkulu, Riau, cabbage LV-145 (9.8 kg), snap bean Horti-1 (41.7 Aceh, Cipaku Bogor, Muaro Jambi, Sumatra and kg), Horti-2 (16.9 kg) and Horti-3 (750 g); water Berastagi. A total of 108 seedlings of Ratu soursop spinach Sutera (60.7 kg), erect beans Le 02 (75 g), variety had been distributed to South Kalimantan, Le 44 (75 g) and Balitsa-1 (0.5 kg), as well as South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Bengkulu, Riau, potatoes Granola (9136), Merbabu-17 (2695), Aceh, Pekanbaru, Sumatra (private) and Berastagi, Margahayu (2552), GM-05 (1881), Cipanas (1823), and 136 mango seedlings were distributed to Kikondo (1770), GM-08 (2422) and Tenggo (2119). Sumatra. For tropical fruits, 377 Otong durian seedlings Seeds of ornamental plants that had been and 209 Kani durian seedlings had been distributed distributed during 2012 were 108,765 cuttings and

Seedlings of mangosteen (left) and durian (right) ready to be distributed to users.

42 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Citrus seedlings at Punten experimental garden, Batu, East Java, to be distributed to citrus production centers in Indonesia.

2,080 plantlets of chrysanthemums, consisting of the Agricultural Services, Directorate of Seed and Swarna Kencana (28,610 cuttings and 320 plantlets), some orange centers in Indonesia. Block foundation Wastu Kania (11,280 cuttings and 280 plantlets), (BF) seeds had been distributed to 17 provinces and Pasopati (32,930 cuttings and 700 plantlets), and BPMT to 19 provinces, covering 6,851 trees Kusuma Sakti (35,945 cuttings and 780 plantlets). comprising of tangerine varieties of Berasitepu, Batu Seeds were distributed to West Java, Central Java, 55, Borneo Prima, Garut, Grabag, Kacang, Madu East Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, Palembang, Lampung, Terigas, Madura, Pulau Tengah, Pulung, Selayar, SoE Medan and Tomohon. and Tejakula, Pacitan sweet oranges, Magetan pommelo, Srinyonya, as well as citrus varieties of Seeds of highland and lowland tangerine Banjar, Madum and Siompu. varieties have been distributed to customers, including

Horticulture 43 Mother trees of tall coconut at Kima Atas, North Sulawesi.

Estate Crops

Estate crops comodities as foreign exchange earners need research and development by taking into account various aspects, especially the environment and competitiveness. IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development (ICERD) strives to generate technological innovations on plantation, which are easy to implement, effective, efficient, enviromentally friendly and competitive. The research and development in 2012 had generated technological innovations to increase a variety and number of plant materials, productivity and quality as well as policy synthesis towards sustainable plantation businesses.

44 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture New Improved Varieties 1 (Winas 1) and Winas 2 released in 2012. Potential yield, harvest age, seed color and adaptation of the Improved variety is a reliable component of three varieties are presented in Table 1. technologies to increase production. High yield, Yield potential of Winas 1 is 2,222 kg/ha, with resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to an average yield of 1,471 kg/ha. This variety has a certain environmental condition are important wide adaptability and its productivity is 16.6% higher characters possessed by commonly superior varieties. than Sbr-4. In Nganjuk under drought conditions, the To support the development of estate crops yield of Winas 1 was 27.5% higher than Sbr-4. commodities, in 2012 IAARD had generated a number Winas 2 variety is able to produce grains of 1,874 of superior varieties. Those varieties can increase kg/ha, with an average yield of 1,413 kg/ha, 12% the variety of choices for farmers and businesses to higher than Sbr-4. This variety is adaptable in specific improve their yields and incomes. location, i.e. areas with agro-ecosystem such as in Nganjuk and Sampang. Under drought conditions, the Improved Sesame Variety Winas 1 yield of Winas 2 was 899 kg/ha or 82.8% higher than and Winas 2 Sbr-4. In Sampang in 2009 and 2011, the yield of Winas 2 was 1,211 kg and 1,493 kg/ha, respectively, Sesame is a raw material of food and oil industries. or 32.9% and 45.8% higher than Sbr-4. Sesame development centers in Indonesia are East Java, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Time available for planting sesame on lowland Tenggara, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo and Lampung. after second rice planting differs in each region. In In the areas, sesame is generally cultivated in upland Sukoharjo, available time is 4 months (July to during the wet season. However, along with the October), in Nganjuk 3.5 months (June to mid- increase in domestic demand, sesame is also planted September), and in Sampang 5 months (June to on lowland in the first or second dry season, as in October). Thus, the three varieties can be developed Sampang, Nganjuk and Sukoharjo Regency. on lowland after rice harvest because their harvest age is less than 3.5 months. In Nganjuk, where Sesame cultivation in lowland after rice requires sesame planting time after second rice is the shortest, improved high yielding varieties. Sesame varieties Winas 2 variety is very suitable to be developed, recommended for lowland after rice are Sumberrejo because its harvest age is less than 100 days, so it 4 (Sbr-4) released in 2007, along with National Wijen does not interfere with cropping pattern in a year.

Table 1. Potential yield, harvest age, seed color and adaptation of improved sesame varieties Sbr-4, Winas 1 and Winas 2.

Seed yield (kg/ha) Harvest age (day) Adaptation/ Variety Seed color stability Average Potential Range Average

Sbr 4 1,262 1,952 89-103 98 White Wide/stabile Winas 1 1,471 2,222 95-106 101 White Wide/stabile Winas 2 1,413 1,874 93-103 98 White Narrow/specific

Estate Crops 45 Improved sesame varieties Sbr-4 (left), Winas 1 (center) and Winas 2 (right).

Seeds of three improved sesame varieties Sbr-4, Winas 1 and Winas 2.

Panua Tall Coconut Panua tall coconut is suitable to be developed on wet climate upland at altitutes of less than 500 m Panua tall coconut is originated from Tehele Village, above sea level (asl), rainfalls of 1,000-1,500 mm/ East Popayato District, Pohuwato Regency, Gorontalo year and the dry months of less than 6 months. Province; the result of mass selection of coconut populations in PT Tombito Plantation. The plants grow Betara Areca Nut upright with a height of 18-20 m. Panua tall coconut starts flowering at the age of Betara areca nut, which has been long cultivated by 48 months and harvested at the age of 60 months. farmers in Betara District, West Tanjung Jabung The number of flower bunches per year reaches 14 Regency, Jambi, is the result of selection of areca with a number of fruits per bunch in average is 10 nut population in the district. This superior nut starts coconuts, the number of fruits per tree is 149 coconuts flowering at the age of 4-5 years and the fruit can be and the number of fruits per hectare per year is harvested from the age of 6-7 years. An average 14,876 coconuts. The fruit is yellowish green, green number of fruits per cluster is 131 nuts and dry seed or brownish red with thin husk. The whole fruit weight weight is 8.7 g/nut. Seed tannin content is 9.8%, dry is 1,750 g, copra weight is 232 g and the oil content kernel yield is 5.7 kg/tree/year and yield potential is is 66.3%. 7.8 t/ha.

46 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Panua tall coconut with yield potential of 14,876 coconuts/ha/year.

mother trees of areca nut reaches 250 trees. The mother trees are capable to produce 165,588 seeds/ year, which is sufficient for the area of 120.87 ha.

Gorontalo Zanzibar Clove

Gorontalo zanzibar clove is originated from Taludaa Village, Gorontalo, a result of open pollination of zanzibar clove in Cibinong, Bogor. The plant height is 13.7 ± 2.0 m with a trunk canopy of 116.1 ± 15.2 cm. The main trunk splits to 2-3 with a cylindrical crown shape. The leaves are oval and slender somewhat round with dark green color, and the shoot is yellowish red. The flowers are arranged in long stemmed clusters with a number of flowers in each of the clusters is 24 ± 4. The flower form is slim somewhat funnel. The young flowers color is reddish green, after time to pick them, the color changes to red. Areca nut trees and its mature seeds. The flower is 18.3 ± 1.5 mm length with its crown color is red spotted light yellow. The dried weight of 100 flowers is 11.5 ± 0.2 g, fruit weight is 2.8 ± 0.4 Superior Batara areca nut is suitable to be g, and seed weight is 1.0 ± 0.2 g. The yields of wet developed on peatland or tidal areas with maximum flowers range from 102 to 150.8 kg/tree/year with dry months of 3 months and rainfall of more than essential oil content of 19.9-23.0% and eugenol 1,250 mm/year. Currently, the number of selected content 87.4-93.0%.

Estate Crops 47 Gorontalo zanzibar clove.

Cultivation Technology In some plantation commodities, plant material propagation by tissue culture techniques through Provision of Plant Materials with Tissue organogenesis and/or embryogenesis has been Culture Technique mastered. However, some issues still need to be followed-up, such as the variation of plants produced, The successful development of plantation commodi- like on coffee and cocoa, or the changes in plant ties depends heavily on the availability of good quality morphological characteristics, such as on ginger. On plant materials. However, the provision of pests and most other plantation commodities, tissue culture disease free plant materials in large quantities in a technique has not been fully mastered. short time is not easy. The lack of mother tree as a To support the development of plantation seed source, the length of time for propagation, and commodities, studies had been conducted to obtain the extent of the area required for propagation are a method of plant material propagation, as well as to the problems in supplying plant materials that need produce superior plant materials using tissue culture to be overcome immediately. techniques. In 2012, the studies were conducted on Tissue culture could be an alternative technique coffee, cocoa, pepper, ginger, cashew nut and sugar in the propagation of plant materials because it does cane. The use of proper explant sources as materials not depend on the season, has high-power for plant propagation by tissue culture technique multiplication, produces uniform plants and free of produced embryogenic calli, which later developed diseases caused by bacteria and fungi, and identical into somatic embryos. to its parent (true to type). This technique can also On arabica coffee of Sigarar Utang and Andung be used in plant breeding programs to produce new Sari 2K varieties, the use of leaves as explant source genotypes through mutation followed by in vitro or in and callus induction media of 2,4-D 2 mg/l + 2-IP 4 vivo selection. mgl/l produced the heaviest calli. Callus induction

48 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture media of 2,4-D 2 mg/l + 2-IP 3 mg/l and 2,4-D 2 mg/ containing kinetin 0.5 mg/l and secondary callus l + 2-IP 4 mg/l and regeneration medium of kinetin 2 induction medium of WPM + 2,4-D 2 mg/l + kinetin mg/l, are the best to produce coffee somatic embryos. 0.25/l, the Sca 6 variety produced more somatic Seed of somatic embryo grows normally through embryos than the two other varieties. To test the globular, torpedo and sprouts developmental stages. genetic variation on cocoa plant resulted from somatic embryogenesis (SE), the CTAB method can be applied On cocoa plant of ICS13, Sca 6 and UIT 1 to isolate the DNA genomes by leaf flush stage. Nine varieties, the use of staminoid as explant source pairs of SSR primer have been amplified and ready produced the most embryogenic calli and somatic embryos. By using primary callus induction medium

Explant sources and developmental stages of cocoa somatic embryos: (a) staminoid explant, (b) petal explant, (c) primary calli from staminoid explant, (d) secondary calli Embryogenic calli of Sigarar Utang arabica from staminoid explant, (e) somatic embryo coffee under electron microscope. at cotyledon stage.

Developmental stages of somatic embryos of Sigarar Utang arabica coffee variety; (a) of different stages somatic embryos, (b) torpedo stage, (c) germinated somatic embryos.

Estate Crops 49 Development of somatic embryo of Sca 6 cocoa clone (left), somatic embryo of Sca 6 clone at mature cotyledon stage (center), and somatic embryo of ICS 13 clone at mature cotyledon stage (right).

to be used to test the variations of cocoa plant derived from SE. On pepper, the use of leaves as explant source and Gamborg callus induction medium + 2,4-D 0.1 mg/l produced calli in a fastest time, i.e. 33 days, but calli experienced browning and eventually die. The best bud induction medium was MS + BAP 2.5 mg/l with a 32-day growing period, which produced average shoot and leaf numbers of 5.3 and of 5.8, respectively. On big white ginger, the use of meristem as explant source and MS induction medium plus 2% sucrose, glutamine 100 mg/l, 2,4-D 1.0 mg/l, BA 3.0 mg/l and 8% bacto agar produced embryogenic calli at 8 weeks with the crumb structure and yellowish white color. Induction of globular and torpedo Leaf explant and shoot of pepper on embryos using a liquid medium combined with TIS regeneration medium. method accelerated the development of somatic embryos and produced more embryos than the standard method (solid medium). On cashew plant, nuselus tissue taken from diameter and callus weight of 0.79 cm and 0.54 g, young seed as explant source was better than leaf and 0.76 cm and 0.58 g, respectively. explants, because it is faster to form embryogenic calli. MS medium + 2,4-D 8 mg/l + BA 1 mg/l + On sugar cane of BL, KK and PSJT 94 varieties, activated charcoal induced the most calli, i.e. 86.1%. MS medium + auxin 2,4-D 3 mg/l was able to induce MS medium + 2,4-D 11 mg/l + BA 1 mg/l + activated callus formation up to 100%. Embryogenic callus charcoal and MS + 2,4-D 12 mg/l + BA 1 mg/l + induction of Kidang Kencana and PSJT 941 varieties activated charcoal produced a good calli with callus required casein hydrolisat of 1 g/l, but it is in contrast

50 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Growth of big white ginger explant at age of 2 weeks (a), callus induction at age of 4 weeks (b), callus induction at age of 8 weeks (c), and embryogenic calli at age of 10 weeks (d).

Cashew nuselus differentiating to form somatic embryo: (a) embryogenic calli attached on seed pericarp, (b) embryogenic calli released, (c) globular embryo formed, (d) developed to heart stage.

to Bulalawang variety. The best regeneration medium Development of Integrated Cocoa for Bulalawang variety was MS + NAA 0.5 mg/l + Management BAP 0.1 mg/l, whereas for Kidang Kencana and PSJT Research and development on cocoa integrated with 941 varieties was MS + IBA 0.5 mg/l + BAP 0.3 mg/ cattle has been conducted in Southeast Sulawesi and l. South Sulawesi. The activities include implementation PEG 10% can be used as an in vitro selection of cocoa production technology, utilization of cocoa agent for drought tolerance on sugar cane calli. shell waste as animal feed, and dissemination of Sugarcane calli derived from 10-20 gy gamma ray cocoa farming in an integrated manner. irradiation treatment have a better growth and The result shows that application of N, P and K tolerance to drought than that without irradiation. In fertilizers at 25-100% of a recommended dose did vitro selection using PEG 10% generated new sugar not affect the amount and production of cocoa fruits cane mutants of Bululawang, Kidang Kencana and per tree up to 9 months after treatment. Cocoa pruning PSJT 941 varieties to be propagated and selected in until 15% light get into the crops increased fruit the greenhouse. number per tree up to 156% than the farmer’s ways.

Estate Crops 51 Calli of PSJT 941 sugar cane variety at 4 weeks after culture on different regeneration media: (a) IAA 2 mg/l + BAP 0.1 mg/l, (b) IAA 2 mg/l + BAP 0.3 mg/l, (c) IAA 2 mg/l + BAP 0.5 mg/l, (d) IBA 0.5 mg/l + BAP 0.1 mg/l, (e) IBA 0.5 mg/l + BAP 0.3 mg/l, (f) IBA 0.5 mg/l + BAP 0.5 mg/l, (g) NAA 2 mg/l + BAP 0.1 mg/l, (h) NAA 2 mg/l + BAP 0.3 mg/l, (i) NAA 2 mg/l + BAP 0.5 mg/l.

Sulawesi 1 clone as a side grafting material In South Sulawesi, research carried out at Luwu produced the highest fruit number per tree than Regency, Bantaeng and Soppeng showed that sex Sulawesi-2 and local clone up to 18 months old. pheromone traps attracted male cocoa fruit borer Fermentation of bulk cocoa produced by the farmers (CFB), but have to be combined with other control for 6 days increased seed number per 100 g and techniques. Utilization of Beauveria bassiana was less seed value. The advantage of side grafting is a higher effective in reducing CFB infestation. Application of chance to succeed, improving poorly traits of the plant cultivation technology package increased cocoa (pest resistance), and the plant is faster to produce. productivity. The most obvious technology components to increase fruit yield are fertilizing and Use of cocoa skin bran of 1 kg/head/day as a making rorak, especially after the plants were grafted feed supplement to Bali cattle produced the highest with the superior clones. body weight gain than using grass and probiotic up to 4 months old.

52 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Steps of side grafting on cocoa plant.

increase of 8.1% than the 2010’s production and equivalent to 49% of the world production in 2011 that achieved 50.13 million tons. The Indonesian oil palm export volumes also increased 5.7% to 16.5 million tons in 2011. Although the production and export volume increased, oil palm development in Indonesia faced the environmental and food safety issues that potentially hinder the business development. Therefore, socialization of environmental impacts and safety level of Indonesian oil palm was carried out to public at large. A part of the public declares that Indonesian oil palm cannot be considered as environmentally friendly product, but the rest states Productive cocoa plants resulted from side it goes well. grafting. Although there are differences in perception, oil palm development can be continued by taking into account the principles of sustainability. In regard to it, the Minister of Agriculture issued a decree No. 19/ Structuring Smallholder Oil Palm 2011 on Guidelines for Indonesian Sustainable Palm Production System in Facing ISPO Oil (ISPO). This policy must be referred to by any oil palm plantation business players to achieve 2015 sustainable oil palm industry.

Oil palm farming is a source of income for more than ISPO guideline mentions that sustainable 3.5 million of household heads and becomes the focus plantation concessions have to meet the seven of region expansion and poverty alleviation in many principles and 39 criteria derived from more than 120 regions. Production of Indonesian oil palm (crude Acts and related regulations. In fact, the ISPO palm oil/CPO) in 2011 reached 23.9 million tons, an guidelines are directed to Oil Palm Plantation

Estate Crops 53 Oil palm plantation at PTPN VIII, Ciampea, Bogor, West Java.

Company, whereas the ISPO guidelines for oil palm One of the oil palm plantation companies in smallholders are still in a draft. The draft of ISPO Central Lampung had tried to apply RSPO in 2010, guidelines for oil palm smallholders do not regulate but the activity discontinued. the principle of “social responsibility and community 2. PTPN VII is welcome the planned implementation economic empowerment”. Another principles are of ISPO. In 2010, PTPN VII implemented RSPO in regulated by modifying the relevant criteria. The ISPO Rejosari plantation. Related to ISPO, PTPN VII guidelines need to be socialized soon as the included the processing staffs in ISPO socialization Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 19/2011 at the Directorate General of Plantation and declared that all oil palm plantations should register socialized the ISPO to all processing department for ISPO certification process which is due on 1 staffs and then to entire staffs. PTPN VII will set January 2015. up special unit to implement the ISPO. In this regard the survey had been conducted in 3. To determine the readiness of farmers in Lampung to record activities related to the preparation implementing the ISPO, a discussion was of applying ISPO. The result of the survey are as conducted with administrators and members of follows: oil palm farmers’ groups in Batuliman Village, 1. Plantation Office of Lampung Province had Kalianda District, South Lampung. This village has socialized ISPO for its officers and oil palm been designated as a prominent village of oil palm stakeholders, but not yet involving smallholders. at the regency with oil palm area reached 421

54 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture ha in 2011. Farmers in this village are inde- management. Some of the things that need to be pendent smallholders. Concerning to the ISPO considered related to the structuring of oil palm implementation plan, the farmers do not know, production system are: (1) determination of even the ISPO term was unfamiliar to them. After production land (related to spatial planning), (2) the procuring the information on ISPO, the farmers legality of farming (especially land certificates), (3) stated that ISPO can be applied by farmers’ increasing the mastery of sustainable production groups, but needs scrutiny and hard works to technologies (innovation and assistance), (4) obtain it. The problem will arise related to implementation of Good Agriculture Practices (as the licensing and certification, considering that 40% production quality assurance), and (5) monitoring the of the existing oil palm fields have not yet been impact of production (farmers welfare and the certified. environment). Based on these descriptions, it requires some supporting policies that include: (1) mass land As the largest palm oil producer in the world, certification program, (2) strengthening farmers’ Indonesia’s policy on oil palm development certainly managerial institution, (3) assistance in production got the attention of various parties, including the system in accordance with the ISPO requirements, ISPO implementation. Therefore, ISPO implementa- (4) enhancing internal audit capacity in farmers’ tion needs to be prepared by structuring the oil palm groups and (5) assurance on market and price production system properly, both in terms of selection system. and application of technology as well as farm

Estate Crops 55 Integration of beef cattle and oil palm at PT Sabut Mas Abadi plantation in Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan. Livestock

In order to materialize beef self-sufficiency, IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Livestock Research and Development (ICARD) generated innovations on cattle breeding. Beef cattle fattening in group cages and beef cattle rearing integratedly with oil palm increased cattle populations in several provinces. Studies on livestock and veterinary policies conducted in 2012, among others were the HPAI virus status on poultry and the outbreak of avian influenza on human, livestock investment performance, local chicken breeding and technical barrier issues concerning the livestock import restriction to protect domestic production. KUB chicken has been disseminated to 10 provinces in Indonesia. The other technologies generated in 2012 were immunohistochemistry test for rabies, cryopreservation of primordial germ cells and utilization of sago waste silage as a complete feed mixture for Boerka goat.

56 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Beef Cattle Fattening in Group Cage PO) were housed at individual cage, whereas 10 cattle of Litbangtan Model were placed in group cage. Green fodder and concentrates were given ad To increase the efficiency of beef cattle breeding, libitum (unlimited), consisted of the mixture of rice IAARD developed Litbangtan group cage model bran, gamblong, oil palm cake, coconut cake, corn equipped with feed bank. Group cage is a type of barn, salt, lime and urea. The green fodder of 7 kg cage, where some untied cattle are housed. The Pennisetum purpureum was fed in the morning and function of the cage is a place for mating and rearing rice straw was in the evening (ad libitum). the calf up to be separated from its parent, or a place The results showed that the use of group cage for rearing and fattening the animal. Each adult cattle in beef cattle fattening obtained daily average body needs minimally 3.0 m2 cage area. The cage system weight gain (ADWG) that was not significantly different can save the man power and water, facilitate with the one at individual cage. However, the use of composting process and enhance animal reproduction group cage saves the cost of manpower and water health. to clean the cage and the animals. Farmer, who owns more than two cattle, can apply the group cage model. The cage model has already been adopted by stakeholders in several Beef Cattle Integration in Oil Palm provinces, namely East Nusa Tenggara, South Plantation at PTPN VI Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Java, Central Java, West Java, Bangka Belitung IAARD in cooperation with BUMN Ministry developed Islands, Jambi, Riau and North Sumatra. the technology of beef cattle rearing in oil palm Effectiveness of the group cage was tested at plantation. The beef cattle breeding and fattening Kandang Belajar Sapi Rakyat (KBSR) at Bojonegoro were applied at business unit of integrated beef cattle- in April-Juni 2012 using 20 male cross cattle with initial oil palm plantation at PTPN VI, Muaro Jambi Regency, body weight of 400 kg. In that test, 10 male cattle of Jambi. SIMPO cross (Simmental-PO) and LIMPO (Limousin-

Cattle rearing in a group cage (left) and in individual cage (right).

Livestock 57 PO cattle fattening at a group cage developed by IAARD.

Business unit of integrated oil palm-beef cattle at PTPN VI Jambi applied two patterns, namely: 1. Cattle fattening in group cage housing 30 cattle each with a density of 3 m2 per animal. Feed given comprises 60% palm ribs, 25% palm kernel cake, 5% cassava pulp waste, 8% rice bran, 1% molasses and 1% salts. Feed is given twice a day. Animal feces and urines are kept in three months for compost. 2. Local cattle breeding (Bali and PO) housed at group cage in the proportion of male and female Chopping oil palm ribs for cattle feed at PTPN of 1:30 with the density of 3 m2 per animal. Feed VI, Jambi. consists of 70% palm ribs, 15% palm kernel cake, 5% cassava pulp waste, 8% rice bran, 1% molasses and 1% salts. Feed is given twice a day. Animal feces and urines are kept for three months for compost. The developed innovation was a group cage model and feed consisting of 85% by-product of oil The two models are near to zero cost concept palm plantation. The cage to fatten the cattle was a (most of the feed originated from by-product of oil used rubber factory. At present, the total cattle palm and cattle waste is for compost) and Low population is 2,000 heads and is targeted up to 10,000 External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA). heads. The proportion of cattle for breeding is 30% Business unit of integrated oil palm-beef cattle at PTPN and 70% for fattening. The mating system applied VI can be a reference for other PTPN or livestock the combination of natural mating and artificial farming society in applying the integrated pattern. insemination.

58 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Livestock and Veterinary Policy Based on the results of the monitoring and the recommendations of Animal Health Experts Commission, vaccines used to control AI virus infection Status of HPAI Virus on Poultry and Its Relation with Avian Influenza on Human at the fields originated from local master seed H5N1 virus of strains Nagrak, Pekalongan, Garut and The epidemic of avian influenza (AI) on broiler and Purwakarta with challenge isolates of Subang and layer chickens in Indonesia was firstly identified in Sukabumi strains. the end of 2003 at Tangerang and Blitar Regency, The research results of Indonesian Research and caused significant economic loss for poultry Center for Veterinary Science indicated that the H5N1 industry. Up to 30 April 2012, 189 AI cases were virus evolution can be categorized into three, namely: confirmed on man and 157 of the whole cases caused (1) virus with its genetic character similar with the dead. one originated in 2003; (2) virus which experiences Vaccination is one of the methods to control AI antigenic drift, that is the virus isolated from vaccinated virus and was done by the government since August poultry and its flocks; and (3) virus which experiences 2004. The Directorate General of Livestock and Animal specific mutation, that is the virus isolated from the Health of the Ministry of Agriculture stated that up to area of H5N1 infection on man and from H5N1 virus the present, 20 types of AI vaccines have been in on man. circulation, which is originated from master seed HPAI The molecular analysis results of Faculty of virus of subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N9 and virus of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, indicated reverse genetic technology. The virus is easily that new viruses had receptor binding character of mutated; therefore, the antigenic and molecular avian virus motives with high variations at three characters of AI virus change dynamically since it was antigenic sites and important sites around the first identified in 2003. receptor binding. The site variations cause changes The periodically monitoring on the dynamic of in malignancy of the virus and the possible adaptation HPAI virus was carried out by Directorate General of on man. Genetic analysis results on Bali cluster cases Livestock and Animal Health in cooperation with FAO. in 2011 and on Jakarta cluster in 2012 indicated that AI virus on man was poultry receptor. Mutation at receptor binding site (RBS) and antiviral oseltamivir resistance were not detected. The research results of Erasmus Medical Center at Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Wisconsin University at Madison, USA indicated that AI virus mutant was deadly in nature and easily spread in mammalian by air contact. Combination of AI virus mutants is estimated to occur in nature. The policy implication and the followed-up recommendation are as follow: 1. It is necessary to monitor the dynamic of AI virus on poultry with molecular biology technology and antigenic cartography, so that vaccination program can effectively run. The farmers in Avian influenza as a threat for poultry clusters 1, 2 and 3 are expected to be more active development. to send HPAI virus to the laboratory to be further

Livestock 59 analyzed. The process of animal drug registration, especially HPAI vaccine for poultry can be more accelerated, so the available vaccines are appropriate with the virus developed in the field. HPAI vaccine registration is given to the vaccine containing several strains (cocktail), which are in line with the ones circulating in Indonesia. The supervision of HPAI vaccines circulation should be enhanced by the authorized or law institutes. 2. It is necessary to socialize public awareness and give oseltamivir early to ones who suffer flu and close to poultry disease outbreak or death. 3. It needs integrated and intensive surveillance in Livestock investment was dominated by continuity with local government participation. poultry, reaching 69% of the total. The cooperations of inter-regions and inter- institutions need to be established in overcoming the AI virus and supported by researches on ecology and disease transmission, clinical food crops and forestry. Investments on livestock were spectrum and disease management, and dominated by poultry business (broiler and layer molecular genetic and antigenic picture of the chickens), namely 69%, and 53% originated from virus. domestic capital and the rest was foreign one. The low investment performance of livestock can Performance of Investment and Breeding be overcome by (1) create conducive business on Local Poultry atmosphere, (2) reform policies and taxes and (3) provide motivator and facilitator at the business locations. The low number of medium-scale local The technology to increase local poultry production poultry breeders has led to the stagnant population is available at the research institutes, university and and influenced the production of day old chick (DOC) the community of local poultry lovers. For example, and day old duck (DOD). Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production has generated prime native chicken namely Kampung Government’s program to expand local poultry Unggul Badan Litbang Pertanian (KUB) chicken, which business (particularly chicken) has developed produces higher eggs compared to other local especially in group level, to empower the farmers. chickens. However, dissemination of the KUB chicken The active government’s role is needed in training is inhibited by the lack of DOC provision. The similar and accompaniment of breeders’ groups so they can problem arises with broiler duck and laying duck. be the producers of local poultry seed. Livestock breeding is a long-term business, The middle-scale local poultry breeders need therefore it needs a large investment. The investment encouragement to guarantee the DOC/DOD supply. value of livestock for micro-, small, medium and large The latest data indicated that there were only three businesses (based on the constant price in 2000) in medium-scale local chicken breeders, and less for 2009 attained IDR1,08 billion or declined IDR110 billion local duck breeders. The contribution of the three compared to that in 2008. Livestock had the lowest breeding companies to the DOC production was only investment contribution than horticulture, fisheries, 1% of the total target of 400-450 million birds in 2019.

60 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture To accelerate local poultry (chicken and duck) number 4. The purpose of the two articles is to create development, some optional policies can be taken a healthy business atmosphere for livestock and their including: (1) government supports to benefit and products. After the amendment done, the import of preserve local poultry SDG, to select and enhance animal products, which is in regard to veterinary public genetic quality, to empower farmers’ institution, to health, in term of origin country returns to a country give access to the capital and incentives for local base. The regulation mentioned in the articles can poultry SDG breeders, and to apply good breeding be used as a law to rule animal or animal product practices and good farming practices to guarantee import through tariff and nontariff barrier, like Sanitary the continuity of local poultry breeding, started to and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barrier to groups who own 3,000 birds per group with hatching Trade (TBT). machine and good marketing, (2) fulfill local duck Technical Barrier (TB) is one of the instruments seed and materialize business institution to guarantee in international trade, which is acknowledged by World duck marketing with standard quality and at profitable Trade Organization (WTO), not only in regards to price, and (3) technological support to develop local regule but also to open and limit exported-imported poultry and enhance the role of private parties as commodities in trade. However, the chances still open large seed breeders in accelerating local poultry to compose technical regulation, standard and development. suitable evaluation procedure without breaking the principles of WTO agreement. For that purpose, it is Technical Barrier Issues in Relation to necessary to form a special team at the Ministry of Livestock Import Restriction Agriculture to dig, compose and prepare the regula- tion. The special team should understand regulations The Law No. 18/2009 on Livestock and Animal Health on: (1) Terrestrial Animal Health Code and other inter- basically aimed at tightening the import and export national guidelines, (2) WTO regulations, (3) items of animal/livestock and animal products in order to in regards to ISO, OIE and CAC, (4) laws and technical protect domestic livestock business. For example, requirements of animal health, (5) application of TB seed import is regulated in Article 15, and animal or and SPS in other countries and (6) techniques and animal product import is regulated in Article 36, procedures of negotiation between countries.

Palm kernel cake, feed material from oil palm waste as an export commodity.

Livestock 61 The chances of applying TB for feed raw institutes and universities in composing technical materials and animal products must be carried out in standards and risk evaluation. accordance with TBT principles that include: (1) 4. To develop risk inspection and risk communi- policy harmony with TB application, (2) mapping the cation, and strengthen testing laboratory through needs for protecting domestic production in regards accreditation, personnel certification, instrument to importation of feed raw materials and animal calibration and improvement of supervisor products, (3) mapping the import volumes and import competence on certification. values, (4) risk analysis of technical regulations which is going to be implemented; (5) trial test on particular 5. To assist and increase local product competitive- products, including regulation purpose, related ness, including chain supply efficiency, training regulations, standards used and its relation to farmers/businessmen, and using economic and international standards, and (6) development of social culture approach. standard evaluation procedure and able to be implemented in Indonesia. The problems in adapting the TBT for feed raw materials and animal products Sago Pulp Silage as a Complete are: (1) the length of time needed to develop the Feed for Goat technical regulations, (2) the need to have an exact strategy to ensure that TB application will not hamper The optimal utilization of local resources is an exact the trade, (3) the problems of institutional coordina- step to make the livestock business efficient, including tion and (4) the readiness of stakeholders (regulators, goat. Feed determines the livestock productivity and businessman, independent institutes and consumers). production cost, so utilization of local feed will reduce production cost and make the livestock business Some suggestions to strengthen Indonesian efficient. position in making use of TB and SPS on animal products in international trade are: 1. To form a team or strengthen the existed task force at the Ministry of Agriculture to anticipate proposal or claiming from other countries, and prepare technical justification for national policies on agricultural commodities in international market and the importation from other countries. 2. To socialize TBT and SPS to related government institutions and businessman, and enhance the knowledge of human resources on risk analysis, testing, accreditation and certification. 3. To harmonize accreditation and certification standards, regional and international standards, and develop networks to distribute incoming notification to related parties, to empower authorized veterinary institutions on adapting the policies and regulations and implementing animal health, and to enhance the role of research Drying sago pulp waste to decrease water content to 50-55%.

62 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Processing of sago waste silage; sago waste is mixed with molasses, corn barn and tapioca, placed in a drum, compacted and fermented for 3 weeks.

Sago processing to make sago flour produces Development of KUB Chicken as a pulp waste, which is a potential feed raw material. Source of Native Chicken Seed Sago pulp waste can be preserved by silage technology. To make sago pulp silage, the water content of sago waste is reduced by drying for 3-5 The KUB chicken is a native chicken resulted from days, so the water remains 50-55%. Then, the waste selection for six generations, since 1997, with the is mixed with molasses (sugar drops), 12% corn bran selection criteria of high egg production and low and tapioca flour. The feed materials are useful to incubation characters. KUB-1 chicken was licensed spur the microbial activity in fermentation process by PT Ayam Kampung Indonesia (AKI) and its and increase energy content and protein of the silage. management follows Cobb chicken from USA, so KUB Further, the mixture is placed in a plastic drum of chicken is expected to be the mascot of Indonesian 100 kg capacity, compacted to minimize the air native chicken. (anaerobic fermentation) and kept it at the shady place The phenotype characters of KUB-1 chicken for around 3 weeks. resemble the common native chicken, but the pattern The composition of the concentrates is refined and complexion of feather, comb shape and shank rice bran, milled corn, coconut cake, palm kernel color varies. KUB chicken is obtained by selecting the cake, urea, fish flour, bone meal, ultra mineral and native chicken from various areas in West Java, salts. Feed is given in regards to the need of goat for namely Cianjur, Jatiwangi, Depok, Ciawi and Cigudeg feed dry matter. Feed needs are assumed 3.8% of (Jasinga). It initially selects 350 hens and 50 cock. body weight based on feed dry matter. Several reasons to develop KUB chicken are as Based on average feed consumption, dry matter follows: (1) local chicken seed is difficult to obtain, and organic matter digestion, NDF and ADF, live weight especially in large numbers, (2) DOC supply is limited gain and feed efficiency, sago pulp waste silage added only for hatching and breeding, whereas the provision with molasses, corn bran and tapioca flour is potential of good quality seed has not yet sufficiently done, as goat feed. This feed material can substitute parts and (3) the Indonesian Society of Native Poultry of fiber source components in feeds. Entrepreneurs and Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health planned to increase the market

Livestock 63 Black feather pattern Wild type Columbian type Plain feather pattern

Striated feather pattern Golden feather pattern Silver feather pattern Single comb shape

Pea comb shape White shank Black shank Gray shank

Feather patterns, comb shapes and shank colors of KUB chicken.

segments of native chicken from 16% to 25%. PS), West Sumatra (1,000 birds PS), West Kalimantan Therefore, local chicken breeding is a need, not only (400 birds PS), East Kalimantan (300 birds PS), South by farmers’ groups but also by private parties. Sulawesi (1,000 birds PS) and Gorontalo (2,000 birds PS). The breeding locations of KUB-1 chicken are To disseminate the KUB-1 chicken, IAARD required to have land and chicken house, feed cooperates with and accompanies partners at local materials, and easy to find commercial feeds to raise governments in multiplying the DOC and setting-up the DOC up to slaughter age, and easy marketing. the breeding centers in each province to provide native The farmers have also experienced in rearing chicken. chicken DOC. Ten provinces have been set to be the locations to develop the KUB-1 chicken, namely Banten The development of KUB chicken was fairly good (300 birds of Parent Stock/PS and 500 birds of Final and some breeding groups have started selling the Stock/FS), Central Java (450 birds PS and 2,800 FS), DOC. The problem encountered was feather pecking East Java (1,200 birds PS and 1,500 FS), West Nusa due to over-crowded cage, limited feed provision and Tenggara (500 birds PS), South Sumatra (200 birds hot conditions which caused low protein consumption,

64 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Native KUB chicken breeding at Boalemo (left) and Bonebolango (right), South Sulawesi.

mistake to determine DOC sex, low egg production and AI plague. Development of marketing institutions is also required to sustain the breeding business.

Cryopreservation of Primordial Germ Cells to Conserve Poultry Genetic Resource

Indonesia has an abundance biodiversity, including chickens either native chickens or introduced chickens. Indonesia has 31 native chicken families, but at present some of them may be extinct or almost extinct. At least four types of local chicken are Primordial germ cells (PGCs) can be categorized as rare, eight types are lack informed, differentiated from erythrocyts based on their and several types are melodious crowing. Therefore, bigger size and scattered laying. these local chicken germplasms need to be conserved in order not to be extinct and will be beneficial in the future. Ex situ conservation needs to be done for all types of animals to collect as many as possible the One of the conservation techniques likely to be biodiversities. However, this conservation technique applied is cryopreservation, i.e. the storage of needs lots of fund to keep the chicken living and germplasms in the forms of sperms, ovums or frozen healthy. The technique is also difficult, moreover the embryos. In poultry, sperm storage is common though AI is still a threat. Hence, the right and efficient the degree of successful varies, whereas ovum and conservation techniques are required. embryo storages are yet done because of the egg

Livestock 65 The stored PGCs, can be revived to get conserved poultry germplasm by injecting the preserved PGCs into chicken embryo to get a chimera chicken. Chimera chicken owns more than one genetic population, or has two or more cell populations, which are genetically different and originate from different zygotes. The mating between chimera chickens produces similar generation with PGCs donor. The success rate of producing chimera chicken attains 56.2%. PGCs of chicken donor can reconstituted by interse mating, namely the mating of male and female chimeras. The research results Chimera chicken originated from White showed that the method could reconstitute genetic Leghorn embryo injected with PGCs of Barret resources of PGCs kept in liquid nitrogen through Plymouth Rock. chimera chicken. IAARD has successfully generated technology of purifying PGCs from native chicken embryo and storing the PGCs by using DMSO cryoprotectant, as well as yolk structure and size. Embryo manipulation freezing PGCs with high viability and recovery rate. technique enables to get a healthy chicken from the Native chicken PGCs stored in liquid nitrogen are KUB frozen germ line cells and thawed through chimera chicken, Merawang, Sentul, Black Kedu and Gaok. chicken. There are still more native chickens that need to be preserved by PGCs cryopreservation. The technology Cryopreservation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) has produced chimera chicken originated from KUB is commonly used to conserve genetic materials and PGCs that are injected into the embryo of White also beneficial to preserve poultry cheaply. PGCs are Leghorn. In 2013, it will produce more and better original cells from spermatogonia of testes or oogonia chimera chickens than those in 2012. of ovarium. PGCs can be distinguished from other cells, because of its bigger size and spherical (round) shape. Rabies Virus Detection by PGCs can be sown from chicken embryo and Immunohistochemistry produces chimera chicken by transferring the PGCs. Hence, cryopreservation of PGCs is one of the Rabies is one of the zoonotic diseases which damages alternatives of genetic material conservation on male central nervous system. In Indonesia, rabies is and female chickens. PGCs that have been stored considered as one of the important diseases because can produce a healthy chicken through a chimera it is deadly fatal and causes psychological impacts on chicken. infected man. The rabies spreads widely in Indonesia; the island that previously was rabies free, now it is PGCs purification starts from collecting embryo considered rabies outbreak. blood from chicken of 56 hours old. After it is diluted by using various concentrations of Nycodenz solution Data indicated that rabies remains endemic in and centrifuged, PGCs can be obtained. PGCs can be most of the regions in Indonesia. Up to 2005, rabies stored in liquid nitrogen, like sperm, ovum or embryo free regions included Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara of mammalian. and Papua; however in 2005 rabies outbreaks

66 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture and passes it to the nerve endings by wound of bite or lick of wounded skin, and by axon up to the central nervous system, so it causes acute encephalo- myelitis. IAARD had developed rapid diagnosis to detect rabies virus in brain organ by immunohistochemistry method, which is called direct rapid immuno- histochemical test (dRIT) in touch preparat. As many as 119 brain organs obtained from Center for Veterinary Disease Investigation of Region II at Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, were used in standardizing and validating the dRIT method. The attained result was well satisfied. The coloring could be done in two Staining results of dRIT on rabies virus (a) hours and the results were able to be read without negative control, dRIT, (b) positive dRIT, thin using fluorescent microscope. Of 119 samples tested touch preparat (c) dRIT, thick touch by fluorescent antibody test, 80 samples (62.2%) preparat. were rabies positive and 39 samples (32.8%) were rabies negative. dRIT results indicated that 78 samples (65.5%) were rabies positive and 41 samples (34.5%) were rabies negative. The examination result by dRIT was validated occurred in several areas in West Java. Based on the and compared with the result by golden standard to Agriculture Minister Decree No. 1637.1/2008, Bali was diagnose rabies, namely FAT, so the sensitivity and declared infected by rabies, but the decree No. 1696/ specificity for each FAT is valued 100%. The results 2008 stated Bali as the quarantine region of rabies. indicated that relative sensitivity of dRIT to FAT Rabies infects warm-blooded mammalian, attained 97.5% and relative specificities to FAT including human. Dog, cat and monkey are vectors achieved 100%. This means that dRIT can be or reservoirs of rabies. Rabies virus is transmitted recommended as rabies rapid test cheaply, because by the bite of positive rabid animal through its saliva it does not require fluorescent microscope.

Livestock 67 Population of rice mutants as activation marker in the greenhouse.

Biotechnology and Genetic Resources

Agricultural biotechnology and genetic resources have a strategic value for food security, health, energy, environment and national security. The advancement of science and technology in molecular biology has opened new repertoire in utilizing the genetic resources. Biotechnology gives alternatives and breakthroughs in managing and utilizing the genetic resources for assembling new superior varieties through bioprospecting, identification and application of molecular markers for important traits in plants, identification, isolation and gene characterization, plant and microbe genetic engineering, as well as in vitro culture. Sequencing technology has spurred genome sequencing of various organisms by acceleration of almost 300 thousand times. With recent sequencing technology, the genomes of rice and bulk cocoa had successfuly been resequenced and the potential genes were identified for breeding program.

68 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Research on Rice Genome Indica genetic background. Most of the elite varieties of Indonesian rice are assembled using genetic Research on rice genome was conducted to identify background of Indica parental lines. Thus, the Indica important genes that contribute to the formation of genomes have experienced introgression with high yielding and early maturing characters in various rice genomes, namely Japonica, Tropical hundreds of germplasm accessions stored in the gene Japonica and also wild rice, such as Oryza glaberrima bank. Rice genomic technology intended to capture and Oryza rufipogon. O. glaberrima is an African rice genetic potentials, especially the high yielding and type, domesticated from wild rice O. barthii (also early maturing characters, so that the germplasms known as O. breviligulata), whereas O. rufipogon is can be used optimally in breeding program. a parental line of O. sativa. Based on the results of analysis of genome ‘portrait’ in Figure 2, it is seen a Initiation of rice genomic technologies in grouping of genomes of the same group, because Indonesia began in 2010/2011 using Genetic Analyzer, they are domesticated on the same traits, such as IScan-Illumina and SNP chip as a “portrait tool” of yield components, generative early age, and tolerance genetic potentials of 467 rice germplasm accessions, to biotic and abiotic stresses. most of which are Indonesian local varieties. Based on the genotyping analysis, genetic variations and The analysis results of population structure of population structures of rice accessions collected in 284 rice accessions were in line with the results of the gene bank have been acquired as shown in Figure genetic variations, i.e. there are three main groups 1. of rice germplasm accessions, namely Indica, Japonica and Tropical Japonica. Indica genome group In the first group, there are genetic closeness has wide introgression with other genome groups. between Japonica and Tropical Japonica accessions. That analysis indicates that the photograph tools of This indicates the similarity of domesticated alleles genome potential in the form of 1536 SNP chip simultaneously, especially for alleles associated with markers can be used to identify rice germplasm yield component and harvest age characters. The collections, including accessions that have high yield second group is dominated by accessions which have potential and early maturity.

Figure 1. IScan-Illumina and 1536 SNP chip for photographing the genomes of rice germplasms.

Biotechnology and Genetic Resources 69 Figure 2. ‘Portrait’ of rice genomes showing genetic variations of rice germplasm using 1536 of SNP chip markers.

Rice Resistant to Bacterial Leaf This problem can be overcome by developing Blight and Blast Resulted from quantitative resistance characters that have multiple resistance genes in a single plant variety, so it enables Anther Culture and Marker-Based protecting the plant in long term and in a broad Selection geographical scale.

The decline in the longstanding rice production is Major rice pests and diseases, among others, difficult to overcome through the development of high- are brown planthopper, bacterial leaf blight (HLB) and yielding varieties. The development of resistant tungro. Generally, blast disease destroys upland rice, varieties to reduce yield losses due to biotic factors, but in recent years, blast also damages lowland rice. reaching 20-30% in a year, is one strategy to spur The three pests and diseases are necessary to be achievement of rice self-sufficiency in 2014. wary of, because their virulence evolves rapidly following the distribution of rice varieties in the field. The development of resistant varieties are exposed to the variability of pests and pathogens that IAARD had developed rice varieties resistant to evolved rapidly, when they get strong selective BLB and blast, namely BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari, pressure by varieties having a single resistant gene. through anther culture for Bio5-AC-Blast/BLB-03

70 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture promising line and backcross for Bio111-BC-Pir7 Bio111-Bc-Pir7 is the result of crossing of IR64/ promising line. One of the parental lines of Bio5-AC- O. rupipogon (Acc. IRGC105491), which was then Blas/BLB-03 and Bio111-BC-Pir7 is a wild rice species recrossed five times to IR64 (BC5) (Figure 4). O. rupipogon, so the resistance genes existing in both Selection of resistance level (phenotype) and selection varieties are different with the resistance genes of by molecular markers (genotype) for resistance the previous improved varieties. In addition, selection genes to Pir7 blast disease were done for each of of these two lines was done using molecular markers. the generations. The flow of crossing of rice line Bio5-AC-Blas/ BLB-03 (Bio5) is shown in Figure 3. Bio5 is the result Productivity of crossing IR64/O. rufipogon (Acc. IRGC105491). F1 was then anther cultured to obtain dihaploid lines The average yields of BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari at (multiple haploids/DH10). After going through the 16 locations were 6.62 t and 6.76 t/ha, respectively, stages of seed multiplication and selection, the D1 to or higher than those of Ciherang and Inpari 1, which D4 populations were obtained. Of the populations, were 6.50 t and 6.39 t/ha, respectively. The highest their phenotype and genotype characters were yields of the lines were obtained in Pasuruan, i.e. selected by molecular markers to find their resistance 9.30 t/ha for BLB Inpari and 9.30 t/ha for Blast Inpari, to BLB and brown planthopper, so that the selected whereas Ciherang variety only yielded 8.77 t/ha. At lines were obtained. BIO5 is one of dihaploid lines, all locations, the yields of BLB Inpari ranged from which is resistant to BLB, brown planthopper and 4.52 to 9.30 t/ha, Blast Inpari 4.45-9.03 t/ha, tungro. Ciherang 4.62-8.76 t/ha and Inpari 1 3.37-10.23 t/ ha.

IR64/Oryza rufipogon IR64/Oryza rufipogon (Acc. IRGC105491) (Acc. IRGC105491)

F1/IR64 F1

BC1/IR64 Anther culture

BC2/IR64: phenotype and genotype selection Double haploid line (dihaploid): DH0

BC3/IR64: phenotype and genotype selection

DH1-DH4: Testing pest and disease resistance and genotype BC4/IR64: phenotype and genotype selection selection

BC5: selection for agronomic characters and Bio5 resistance to pests and disease

DH = dihaploid BC = back cross

Figure 3. The flow of crossing of Bio5-AC- Figure 4. The flow of crossing of Bio111-BC- Blas/BLB-03 rice line. Pir7 rice line.

Biotechnology and Genetic Resources 71 Agronomic Characters BLB pathotypes which are dominant in the field, namely pathotype III, IV and VIII. BLB Inpari was BLB Inpari is 120 cm height, whereas Blast Inpari is resistant to the three pathotypes, whereas Blast 102 cm or equal to Ciherang (105 cm). The flowering Inpari was moderately resistant to pathotype III and ages of the two lines are similar with Ciherang (83 IV, but was slightly susceptible to pathotype VIII. This days) and Inpari 1 (80 days). Likewise, the number becomes the reason to name BLB Inpari for Bio5-AC- of productive tillers and filled grains per panicle. The Blas/BLB-03. In contrast, the nature of resistance to number of empty grains per panicle of BLB Inpari is blast pathogen, Blast Inpari was highly resistant to 23% and Blast Inpari is 20% less than that of Ciherang blast pathogen race 101 (ID21) and race 173 (ID 24), (29%). The weights of 1,000 grains of the two lines whereas BLB Inpari was susceptible. The other are similar with those of Ciherang and Inpari 1. important trait of BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari which is not owned by previous new superior varieties, is the resistance to tungro. BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari were Resistance to Brown Planthopper, Bacterial Leaf Blight, Blast and Tungro more resistant to tungro of strain Sumedang, Bogor and Bali than Ciherang and Inpari 1. Their resistance BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari had been tested for score was similar with Utri Merah and Utri Rajapan, resistance to brown planthopper of Central Java and i.e. 1 for scoring system of 1-9. West Java colonies with the resistance score of 3 for scoring system of 1-9. This indicates that the two Unhulled Rice, White Rice and Cooked Rice lines are far more resistant than Ciherang and Inpari Characteristics 1 that have score 7 or categorized as susceptible. Controlled varieties that do not have resistance genes The white rice yields of BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari like Pelita are very susceptible with score 9. were lower than those of Ciherang and Inpari 1, but Testing for resistance characters of BLB Inpari the percentages of finest quality rice were similar and Blast Inpari to BLB was conducted by using three with Ciherang (89%). Of its morphology, the rice of

Performance of BLB Inpari (left) and Blast Inpari (right) on multilocation trial at Taman Bogo, Lampung, dry season of 2010.

72 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari are long in size, moderate Cocoa Genome Analysis by Next form and the chalkiness is small to medium. The rice Generation Sequencing Technology of Ciherang and Inpari 1 are long, moderate form and medium chalkiness. The rice of BLB Inpari and Cocoa genome research aimed to inventory and study Blast Inpari have medium amylose content, so that DNA variations existing in the superior clones of they are categorized as good tasting enough. The Indonesian cocoa. The data of DNA variations can be superiority of BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari is shown in utilized to design DNA markers which are useful to Table 1. map the superior plant traits, to develop a quicker The two lines are suitable to be planted in and efficient selection systems for the already mapped irrigated lowland and rain-fed lowland up to 500 m superior traits, and to make DNA finger print to identify height above sea level. Planting by applying Integrated plant or protect a variety. DNA variation data are also Crop Management (ICM) is recommended due to the required to study gene functions in chromosomes to resistance to brown planthopper, BLB and blast. The understand the mechanism of superior character two lines are also resistant to tungro disease, so they formation in plants. Knowingly the mechanism of the can be developed in endemic tungro areas; among superior character formation, breeding in the future others are Bali, South Sulawesi and parts of West is not too dependent on the availability of superior Java (Subang and Sumedang). desired traits in genetic resources in nature, since it can be directly engineered to DNA or biochemical levels.

Withe rice, brown rice and unhulled rice of line Bio5-AC- Blas/BLB-03 (BLB Inpari) and Bio111-BC-Pir7 (Blast Inpari) compared with Inpari 1 and Ciherang varieties.

Biotechnology and Genetic Resources 73 Table 1. Superior characters of BLB Inpari and Blast Inpari rice varieties compared with Ciherang and Inpari 1.

Character BLB Inpari Blast Inpari Ciherang Inpari 1

Average yield (t/ha dry grains) 6.14 6.28 6.31 6.17 Yield potential (t/ha dry grains) 9.3 9.03 8.76 10.23 Plant age at 50% flowering (days) 85 81 83 80 Plant height (cm) 119 102 105 96 Productive tiller number per clump 29 34 30 34 Grain number per panicle 134 118 132 116 Filled grain number per panicle 111 98 103 93 Empty grain number per panicle 23 20 29 23 Filled grain percentage 82.84 83.05 78.03 80.17 Weight of 1,000 grains (g) 25 27 27 27 Stem Moderate-bending Moderate Moderate Moderate Leaves Moderate, slightly Moderate, Moderate, Moderate, bending, green stand up, green stand up, green stand up, green Resistance to brown planthopper Central Java collection MR MR VS S West Java collection MR MR VS MS Biotype 1 MR MR MS S Biotype 2 MR MR MS S Biotype 3 MS MS S VS Resistance to bacterial leaf blight Phatotype III R MR MR R Phatotype IV MR MR MR MR Phatotype VIII MR MS MS MS Resistance to blast Race 173 S R SS Race 101 S R SS Resistance to tungro, strain Cipeles, Tomo, Sumedang RR MS S Yield of brown rice (%) 76 76 77 76 Yield of white rice (%) 67 68 68 68 Rice shape (length to width ratio) Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Chalkiness Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Amylose content (%) 22.9 21.5 21.9 21.8 Rice texture Moderate Moderate Fluffier Fluffier Rice taste Flat Tasty Tasty Tasty Aroma Nonaromatic Nonaromatic Nonaromatic Nonaromatic

R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible

The DNA base composition of cocoa genome can Cocoa clones studied were ICCRI 02, ICCRI 03, ICCRI be identified by using Next Generation Sequencing, 04, ICS 13 and Sulawesi 2. ICCRI 02, likewise Belizean which can read base sequences of total DNA in an Criollo, is a lofty cocoa, whereas the other five clones organism just in two weeks. The DNA reading result are bulk cocoa. is then compared with the referred sequence data Total cocoa genome size is around 430 million originated from Belizean Criollo cocoa to record the bases, almost the same with rice genome, making it similarity and difference of the DNA base sequences. easy to duplicate the sequencing results with one or

74 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture two lane approaches of flow cell of the HiSeq2000 machine. The resequencing data of five cocoa ICCRI 03 genotypes showed that on average every part of the genomes was sequenced 77 times. Based on the comparative analysis of DNA sequences between the ICCRI 02 CRIOLLO local cocoa and referred cocoa Belizean Criollo, the SULAWESI 2 differences and similarities of DNA compositions of ICCRI 04 local cocoa genotypes were known. The DNA variations were dominated by the changes in DNA 100 sequence outside gene (non-coding region) that ICS 13 reached more than 75%. Of the 75% DNA variations 100 80 found, 37% among others were located at non-coding region at the upstream position of the gene and 38% 0 0,1 were at the downstream position of the gene. The high sequence variations also occurred at the other non-coding region, like intron and intergenic. Figure 5. Genetic kinships of five improved Indonesian cocoa clones Only 6.3% of the DNA variations were found in compared with a referred clone the exon, which is a part of the DNA that codes a Belizean Criollo. protein and most likely affects the plant characters. Further analysis showed that of the 6,000 variations existed in the exon, DNA variations were specifically found in one clone, so it could be used as a marker to identify this clone. ICCRI 02 clone had 234 unique and two fragments that encode disease resistance markers, whereas ICCRI 3 had 315 markers, ICCRI signal. These variations need to be studied further to 04 had 202 markers, ICS 13 had 394 markers and improve the quality of bulk cocoa in order to get closer Sulawesi 2 had 452 unique markers. The analysis to the quality of lofty cocoa. also found 54 specific variations in lofty cocoa clones (ICCRI 02 and Belizean Criollo), which comprise 38 Based on DNA variations, the kinships between fragments that alter protein (more likely to change clones were able to be examined (Figure 5). The the phenotype). 10 fragments that produce unknown results showed that ICCRI clones had a closed kinship, function protein, four fragments that encode protein whereas Sulawesi 2 and ICS 13 had a closer kinship functioning as a “switch” of expression of other genes, with Belizean Criollo.

Biotechnology and Genetic Resources 75 Flour made from locally food source.

Postharvest

IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development (ICAPRD) generated agricultural postharvest technologies to enhance food diversification, added value, competitiveness and exports. The generated postharvest technologies include fresh farm produce handling to extend freshness and shelf life, including distribution and transportation in marketing, technology and products to enhance food diversification and substitution of food imports, as well as technology and new products to increase the added value and competitiveness. Technological innovations on handling and processing of food crops, horticulture, estate crops and livestock, some have already been adopted by users and some still need to be socialized.

76 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Vinegar as Natural Preservative of the decrease in pH. Alcohol contents of vinegar from Chicken Meat coconut water ranged from 3.9% to 7.19% with 24- 48 hour fermentation period. The highest acetic acid content was obtained by fermentation using 15% S. Microbial contaminations on chicken meat cause cerevisiae and 10% Acetobacter aceti. rotten or decayed. Microbial contaminations come from dirt, guts and chicken skin, slaughter equipments, and The test result of bacterial inhibition zone on the personnel who handle cutting/handling the chicken carcass showed that minimum concentration carcasses. Microbial contamination problem has been of vinegar from coconut water and banana peels was the concern of people, including government, business 1% which resulted the negative values for all types players, consumers and health advocacy. of bacteria tested. The application of coconut water and banana peel vinegar was able to inhibit the growth To extend shelf life, carcasses should be of E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes on carcasses preserved with preservative that is safe to consume. stored at room or cold temperature. Coconut water Acetic acid which is known as vinegar can be a safe, vinegar was able to inhibit the growth of S. cheap and easy to use preservative. Acetic acid acts typhimurium better than banana peel vinegar. as an antimicrobial because it can lower the pH and cause instability of the bacterial cell membrane. Appying vinegar to chicken carcass lowered the pH value, brightness, hardness and cooking loss. ICAPRD had generated the technology for chicken Application of vinegar extended the storing time of carcass preservation using vinegar. The vinegar was carcass up to 9 days in cold temperature and 12 hours made from peels of banana with 70-75% level of in room temperature. maturity and from coconut water. The process of making vinegar from banana peels was preceded by ripening the banana peels to change the carbo- hydrates into simple sugars. Alpha-amylase and gluco- amylase enzymes each 1 ml/liter were then added to help the hydrolysis of banana peels into glucose during boiling and before adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The banana peels were then fermented using simultaneous fermentation process. The brooding and adding of alpha-amylase and gluco-amylase enzymes were able to increase acetic acid content and fermentation process compared with no brooding and no enzyme addition. The concentra- tion of acetic acid in vinegar from banana peels was less than 4% with 3.5-4.5 pH, 0.1-0.6% alcohol content and 5-7% total sugar content. The process of vinegar production from coconut water through gradual fermentation needs faster time to produce 4% acetic acid than using simultaneous fermentation. Gradual fermentation can break down sugar compounds into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Vinegar production from coconut water with 4% Vinegar from banana peels and coconut water acetic acid content can be done in three weeks. The (above) for preserving chicken carcass increase in acetic acid content will be followed by (below).

Postharvest 77 Using vinegar from banana peels and coconut On gambier, low yield and low quality were due water to preserve chicken carcass has several to the lack of understanding of farmers on extraction advantages, namely: (1) inhibit the growth of or processing of gambier leaves, printing/mintage and pathogenic bacteria, (2) maintain the chicken carcass drying the product. On patchouli, the low yield and quality and (3) natural, safe and economics. Although low quality was due to farmer’s lack of how to handle the research is still in laboratory’s scale, these the raw materials and oil refining, meanwhile on technologies have a good prospect to be developed, coffee, the farmers were lack of understanding on because: (1) it uses banana peels and coconut water processing and packaging. so enhancing the added value, (2) vinegar is natural ICAPRD had generated processing technology of and does not give toxic impact in short or long period, gambier, patchouli and coffee. This technology had and (3) it is simple and easy to apply. been socialized to farmers in cooperation with Office of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives as well as small- scale industries in Pakpak Barat Regency. Through Processing Techology of Gambier, the socialization, training and assisstance in applying Patchouli Oil and Coffee for Small- the technology, farmers were able to produce qualified Scale Processors products thus increasing the selling price. On gambier, the improvement was done at Gambier, patchouli and coffee are plantation superior extraction stage or pressing the gambier leaves, commodities in Pakpak Barat Regency, North printing and drying using the printing tool. The training Sumatra, but have not yet been optimally utilized, and assisstance to farmers in applying the processing either upstream or downstream. The processing is technology increased the quality of the product. The still traditional in nature using simple equipments, gambier has a brighter color, more solid with low whether conducted by individual farmers or groups, water content, and contains more katekin. so that the products do not meet the SNI standard.

Gambier processing and its product before (a) and after (b) the farmers applying pressing, printing and drying technology.

78 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture On patchouli, improved processing technologies electrical resistance. In a further development (long- include raw material handling prior to distillation, term), antimicrobial substances that are encapsulated distillation method, refining and purification to essential oils can be added to the composite edible improve the patchouli oil color. The training and film. assistance to the farmers in applying the patchouli The use of edible film from fruit puree, oil processing, improved the oil quality, marked by nanofibers cellulose and encapsulated antimicrobial the higher content of patchouli alcohol. The content materials as fresh food packaging increased added of patchouli alcohol is one of the parameters that values and competitiveness of agricultural products. determines the quality of patchouli oil; the higher the Mango puree edible film produced was brightly concentration of patchouli alcohol, the better the colored, elastic, and not easily torn. Addition of 1.5% quality of patchouli oil. Purification of patchouli oil glycerol improved the elasticity of the edible film, increased oil clarity (% transmission) from the while 1% pectin addition improved the stiffness of average of 45.1% to 50.0% and lowered the iron the packaging. (Fe) content from 268.8 ppm to 101.7 ppm. On coffee, the technological improvements include harvesting, sorting, grading, drying, roasting, packaging, wet method processing and equipments. Through training and assisstance, the coffee farmers could improve the way of roasting and packaging. The taste of the coffee produced by the farmers, both robusta and arabica, met the ISO standard.

Development of Edible Film as Fresh Food Packaging

The need for food packaging reaches 50% of the total packaging in the market. This is both a challenge and an opportunity for developing edible or bio- degradable packaging, which is environmentally friendly. One of the potential packaging for fresh food is edible film from fruit puree. However, the commercial value of the edible packaging is low because it has lower mechanical strength and protective properties than packaging made from synthetic polymers. ICAPRD has generated the technology of manufacturing composite edible films with cellulose nanofibers to increase mechanical strength and Extraction and synthesis of cellulose nano- protective properties of edible packaging. Nano-sized fibers from corn cob waste and rice straw; cellulose fibers have a wide interfacial area so it will (a) flour of corn cob waste and rice straw, (b) change the molecular mobility and relaxation hydrolisis result of cellulose fibers, (c) properties to produce composites with good cellulose fibers resulted from the greening mechanical strength, flexibility, stiffness, and heat and using the methods of Abe and (d) Takahashi.

Postharvest 79 TEM of cellulose nanofibers obtained using Abe method and fibrillated by ultrasonic for one hour at 8,000 time magnification, (a) rice straw, (b) corn cob.

Extraction and synthesis of cellulose nanofibers added. The use of corn cobs and rice straw as from corn cob and rice straw were done through a materials of cellulose nanofibers is one of the efforts delignification, bleaching and defibrillation of cellulose to use agricultural waste. fibers mechanically using ultrasonic and high shear homogenizer (ultraturrax). Delignification and bleaching chemically using Abe method produced Handling Rice Postharvest Losses to cellulose fibers which have high crystalline, both Support National Rice Production fibers from corn cob and rice straw. Defibrillation mechanically with ultrasonic produced small cellulose The data of rice postharvest losses can be used to fibrils, which are much more than with the ultraturrax. determine or predict regional and national rice Having given an ultrasonic treatment for one hour, production in the current year, in accordance with small-sized cellulose (12-34 nm, an average of 21 the harvested acreage and rice stocks at the time, or nm) was much more than big-sized cellulose (68- to make the balance of exports and imports of rice. 223 nm, an average of 121 nm). The use of improper measurement methods will Rice straw fibers had smaller and finer cellulose produce biased data of rice postharvest losses, which than corn cob fibers. However, large-sized cellulose in turn will lead to errors in determining the rice were found more common in rice straw fibers. stocks and export and import volume. Strengthening the fruit puree edible film with cellulose Problems in measuring the postharvest losses nanofibers increased its mechanical strength, tensile are the varied yield losses data between locations strength, elongation and flexibility. and regions, as well as the measurement methods Manufacturing edible film from fruit puree with used. Therefore, a general guideline for measuring cellulose nanofibers can utilize off-grade fruits or postharvest losses is necessary that can be agreed excess supply at harvest, thereby increasing the value upon and used by all parties.

80 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Production process of edible films from mango puree and cellulose nanofibers.

In 2011, ICAPRD had improved measurement cm wide. Tray method is the best measurement methods of rice postharvest losses and produced a method and does not cause a noticeable difference measurement method and a table of yield losses at with a direct measurement method by collecting harvest. However, along with the generating new unhulled rice in farmer’s field after harvest. improved varieties and postharvest technologies on General guideline for measuring rice postharvest rice, the level of rice postharvest losses have to be losses had been socialized to users in Yogyakarta, re-measured. Erratic climatic conditions lately are West Java, Central Java, East Java, South Sumatra also taken into consideration of the need for better and South Sulawesi Provinces. The socialization was measurement methods. Through the measurement done through discussion and seminar as well as direct process, the current data of rice postharvest losses practice in the field in cooperation with AIAT and will be obtained to improve the no longer data. The related agencies in the provinces. The socialization yield loss data will determine the accuracy of policy was also done through The National Training of Senior making on national food stock. Lecturers of the Ministry of Agriculture and the The availability of general guideline for measuring Training of Warehouse Officers of the Ministry of rice postharvest losses can eliminate the perception Commerce. Based on the evaluation conducted before differences in using the methods and measuring and and after the socialization in DI Jogyakarta, South calculating the postharvest losses, so as to suppress Sulawesi and Central Java, the activity could enhance the variations of yield losses. The measurement of the understanding of participants shown by reduced yield losses in the general guideline used nine boards levels of errors in measuring rice postharvest losses. observation (tray) measuring of 40 cm long and 14

Postharvest 81 An accurate measurement of rice postharvest losses is required for determining national stock and export or import volumes of rice.

Based on the measurement, the highest (800 rpm) and the capacity of 522.9 kg/hour with a postharvest losses were found in West Java, i.e. 3.2% 2.8% yield loss. in the wet season and 1.6% in the dry season with To reduce rice postharvest losses in the milling 1.3% milling loss in the wet season and 1.3% in the process, the rice milling units consisted of one time dry season. The highest milling yield in the wet season husking - one time separating - two times polishing was reached by two-phase small rice mills in South were recommended because it produced a good Sumatra which was 64.7%, while in the dry season quality milled rice, i.e. 16.0-21.5% broken rice, 76.7- the highest milling yield was obtained by two-phase 82.4% best quality rice and 68.0% milling yield for small rice mills in West Java, which was 67.1%. Ciherang variety and 69.3% for mixed varieties of For rice varieties that the grains easily fall off, it Ciherang and Mekongga with an average selling price is recommended using a threshing machine with of milled rice IDR4,978/kg. The 2.5% increase in moderate rotation speed (700 rpm) and threshing milling yield for Ciherang and 1.2% for mixed capacity of 595 kg/hour with a 2.3% yield losses. For Ciherang and Mekongga, increased selling price of rice varieties that are hardy to fall off, it is IDR227/kg for Ciherang and IDR146/kg for the mixed recommended to use a high speed threshing machine variety.

82 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Socialization of general guideline for measuring rice postharvest losses to users.

The optimal tilt angle of the separator to of participants on measuring postharvest losses. separate brown rice was 61°. At the tilt angle level, Postharvest losses handling technologies consisted the machine could separate brown rice with a fairly of threshing machine speed, milling configuration, high percentage, and the unhulled rice percentage in and tilt angle of separator lowered milling losses from brown rice was small. 1.2% to 0.3% and increased milling yield by 2.5% for Ciherang variety and 1.2% for mixed varieties of Socialization of general guideline for measuring Ciherang and Mekongga. rice postharvest losses improved the understanding

Postharvest 83 Rice harvester with an average capacity of 17.6 hours/ha.

Mechanization

Mechanization plays an important role in agricultural development, especially related to the decreasing interest of the younger generation in conventional farming. The agricultural mechanization is also needed in the development of agribusiness. Implementation of agricultural mechanization on production activities in the field improves productivity and work efficiency, whereas in post-harvest activities it increases quality and efficiency of the production. In 2012, IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering Research and Development (ICAERD) had generated 24 technologies related to the agricultural mechanization, either in the form of machinery prototypes, models or mechanization systems. Ten of the 24 technologies have chances to be developed further to increase income of agricultural business actors.

84 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Rice Planting Machine for Double to develop a rice nursery system suitable for the Row Planting System development of mechanical rice transplanting. Rice planting machine that was developed could Generally, farmers grow rice manually with the moving be used to support the double row 2:1 cropping planting system that needs a lot of labors. In some system with four rows. The interline planting rice-producing centers, labors are getting more distances were 20 cm and 40 cm, i.e. the distance difficult to obtain that results in late planting time, between row one and row two was 20 cm and the low coverage of cultivation area, and decrease in rice distance between row two and row three was 40 cm cropping index. Planting delays can result in crop (the legowo distance), and the distance between row failure due to lack of water or attack of pests and three and row four was 20 cm. diseases. The support of rice planting machine is, Design of the rice planting machine consisted of therefore, necessary. five major components, namely the transplanting unit, Rice planting machines available in Indonesia seedling feeder, transmission and propulsion, control were generally imported and the prices are relatively and main frame, and buoys. Engine modifications expensive. The machines had an interline spacing of were focused on the transplanting system and the 30 cm and four row number. To support the seedling feeder. These parts were adjusted to the development of double row planting systems 2:1 or 2:1 planting system (legowo spacing). The distance 4:1 (called legowo system), an appropriate rice between right and left levers of the rice transplanter planter is needed. This cropping system increases was 20 cm, respectively, while the distance of the 30% plant population as compared to the tile cropping center lever of the transplanting was 40 cm (the system, thus increasing the rice yield. legowo distance). Design and modification of the rice planting Prototype of the designed machine will then be machine began with testing and technical evaluation fabricated in 2013. The transplanting machine is of rice planting machines available in the market. expected can be made and developed by the local Results of the testing and evaluation were used as manufacturers, so the price of the machine will be references in the design analysis and engine cheaper. The transplanting machine is prospective to modification. In addition, a study was also performed be developed in line with the increasing scarcity and high price of labors in rice cultivation.

Prototype of rice planting machine for double row planting system and its levers.

Mechanization 85 Prototype of Rice Mini Combine ICAERD had produced a prototype of mini Harvester combine harvester with a capacity of 14 hours/ha. Design of the mini combine harvester was produced through stepwise activities including making the Harvest is a critical activity in rice cultivation as it will conceptual design, embodiment, design analysis and determine quality and quantity of the rice grains. The fabrication to produce a prototype of mini combine crop harvest requires a lot of labor, while in some harvester with a working width of 120 cm, working areas, harvest labors have become rare and capacity 14 hours/day and yield losses 0.8-1.0%. expensive, therefore crop harvesting machines are Prototype of this design will then be fabricated in needed. 2013. The problems of rice harvest in Indonesia are the rice grain easy to fall off, the plot size of rice crop is narrow (0.1-0.5 ha), and the field condition during Rice Seed Processing Machine for harvest is flabby/soft, so rice harvesters suitable to UPBS such conditions are required. The use of harvester can reduce yield losses, easy to use on narrow plots, A surplus target of 10 million tons of rice by the end and does not slip when operated in a flabby soil. of 2014 may be achieved, among others, by increasing rice productivity through the use of good The rice combine harvesters introduced to seed quality of improved varieties. However, utilization Indonesia were generally large size, both the whole of certified seed by farmers is still low, only about feeding type and the half feeding type. Drawbacks 62%, due to the limited availability of quality seeds and advantages of the two machine types were used in the market. Production volume of certified rice as references in designing and modifying a mini seeds was only half of the total national demand that combine harvester.

Prototype of modified mini combine rice harvester.

86 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Seed processing machines for rice seed breeders.

reached 360,000 tons per year for an area of 12.7 of 400-500 kg/hour, depending on the rate of grain million hectares. feeding and grain cleanness. The weighing machine had a capacity of 540 kg/hour or 108 packages/hour To meet the need for quality seeds, the and an accuracy level of weighing 99.6%. Capacity government had encouraged the establishment of of rice seed packaging machine was 613 kg/hour or Source Seed Management Unit (Unit Pengelola Benih 122 packages/hour, depending on skill of the operator. Sumber, UPBS) at the seed grower level and at the The circulation type drying machine had a loading Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology capacity of 3.0-3.5 tons per process with a 16.5 hour (AIATs) in the rice production centers. Seed drying time at a drying air temperature of 51.7 °C. processing at small scale and medium scale seed LPG was used in the heating system at an average growers requires appropriate machines in order to consumption of 1.2 kg/hour, depending on the produce quality seeds at a production capacity in ambient air conditions. accordance with the ability of the seed growers. Results of the economic analysis showed that ICAERD had produced a package of rice seed operating costs of the cleaning, weighing, packaging processing machines for UPBS consisting of cleaning and drying machines were IDR59, IDR29, IDR14 and (sorting), weighing and packaging machines. For seed IDR108/kg of rice grains, respectively. The use of rice growers who do not have a drying floor, a circulating seed processing machines was profitable with B/C type of rice dryer was available. The three packages ratios ranging from 1.4 to 1.5 and BEP values of 0.5- of rice seed processing machines had been 0.6 years. The B/C ratio and BEP value for the drying introduced to the seed growers at Singkawang (West machine were 1.2 and 2.0 year, respectively, which Kalimantan), Sukoharjo (Central Java) and Ngawi are worthy enough. (East Java). The average level of seed purity was 98.5%, Results from testing of the package of seed with 1.5% seed impurity. The seed germination level processing machines showed that it functioned and was 87% with 13% non-germinated seed, while the operated well. The cleaning machine had a capacity

Mechanization 87 other crop seed was 0%. In general, the quality of acceleration and reversing the direction of rotation seed produced met the minimum standard of rice was used instead of the previously used a gear box seed quality for the seeding seed class. to reverse the direction only. The disc design of the cut off machine had a lower level in the middle, while an intact disc-shaped was used previously, and the Sugarcane Ratooning Machine disc diameter was enlarged from 500 mm to 660 mm. An uphealing component in the form of a one One effort to increase the sugarcane productivity is side ridger was also added to the prototype. planting using the ratoon system, i.e. by maintaining The test result showed that the prototype was the remainder or left over sugarcane plants after able to perform a three in one function, namely gave harvest (cutting) and let to sprout and become an even sugarcane ratooning up to 5 cm below the productive plants. This method can shorten the soil surface, cut off the plant to a depth of 20 cm, cultivation time, because it does not need tillage and and did soil uphealing along the crop rows. The planting. Although it is easy and inexpensive, the ratooning process used a forward speed of 2.5 km/ sugarcane yield from the ratoon system is less hour and a blade rotation speed of 700-800 rpm to optimal, if the sugarcane cutting at harvest is not generate a capacity of field work of 4.4 hours/ha with uniform, irregular or the left over cane broken. A a 70% work efficiency. The ratooning process also ratoon machine that can cut the sugarcane stem produced good or unbroken sugarcane ratoons. Thus, uniformly, unbroken and resulted in the left over stem target of working capacity of the prototype had been unbroken and flat with the soil surface is needed. exceeded and the prototype saved labor for cutting In 2011, ICAERD had designed a sugarcane off and plant uphealing. ratoon machine. The machine, which was coupled with a four-wheel drive tractor 45 HP, functioned well; could cut off the roots and plant uphealing (leveling Mechanization Model of Dried up). In 2012, some components of the machine were Vegetables Processing modified. Compared to the 2011 ratoon machine, prototype of the modified machine had a better Demand for tropical vegetables is increasing, but it transmission system. The number of blades was must meet certain quality requirements. However, increased from 8 to 12 blades and a gear box for farmers often could not take advantage of these

a b Sugar cane ratooning machine (left) and prototype of ratooning machine for cutting off the plants (right).

88 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture A package of dry vegetables processing machines operated by farmers’ group Jaya Alam Lestari at Bandung Regency, West Java.

opportunities due to the lack of knowledge and The development of dried vegetable processing technology, especially on processing of dried machines becomes a trigger for the vegetable vegetables. This technology can extend the shelf life production centers to develop export-oriented of vegetables that cope with the excess production processed vegetables. Dried vegetables such as dried and expanding markets, including exports, and chili, chili powder and dried carrot are capable of increase the added value. increasing added value of the products, extend its shelf life and dealing with the excess production. Its In 2012, ICAERD had developed a machine development can also encourage the growth of agro- package for processing dry vegetables at a capacity industry in the countryside and variance of new of 500 kg/day, consisting of one unit of chopper markets for horticultural products. (capacity of 100 kg/hour), two units of dryer (capacity of 100 kg/5 hours), one unit of flouring machine (capacity of 100 kg/hour), and one unit of packaging Mapping Number and Distribution of machine (capacity of 450 kg/hour for a 1 kg package). These vegetable processing machine had been Cultivation Machineries adopted by the Alam Jaya Lestari Farmers Group in To achieve food self-sufficiency, the government Pasir Jambu District, Bandung Regency, West Java. provided aids of agricultural machineries to rice Results of the testing showed that actual capacity farmers’ groups. However, this aid was not well of the processing machines ranged from 372 to 400 targeted due to the inaccurate data on number and kg/day, depending on type of the processed distribution of machineries per district. In some areas, vegetables. Operational cost of the chopper was the number of machineries were overwhelmed, while IDR164.47/kg, the dryer IDR230.92/kg, flouring in other areas were lacking. The machinery utilization machine IDR342.94/kg, and the packaging machine also had not been optimal that made the government IDR218.07/kg. The B/C ratio was 1.73, the net present aids ineffective. value (NPV) IDR45,148,814 and IRR 28%, does it To prepare accurate and easily accessible data means quite decent until capital interest rate of 28%. on the number and distribution of machineries to the

Mechanization 89 Distribution of rice pedal threshers di Indonesia.

users, i.e. the related Directorate General, ICAERD (200 kg/hour), recommendations on the machinery had mapped the number and distribution of status had been made as follows: <50% (very much agricultural machineries, especially the cultivation less than enough), 50-70% (very less than enough), machines, in some rice production centers. In 2012, 70-90% (less than enough), 90-100% (enough), and the activities were carried out in Banten, West Java, >100% (more than enough). Through this activity, a Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java. The types of map on distribution and number of cultivation machineries mapped were hand tractor, power machineries per district in each province had been thresher, water pump, dryer and rice milling unit, generated. The map is expected to be integrated while the machineries that were mapped for their with the integrated cropping calendar. status of presence were the hand tractor and the Machinery optimization by moving the power thresher. The data collections were done machineries in an area (regency) in accordance with stepwise from the provincial level then the selected their need is expected to facilitate the government to districts, and the selected sub-districts. The implement the policy on machinery subsidies to the machineries needed were determined based on farmers, as well as recommendation on machinery the crop acreage, machinery use index, break even mobilization from a surplus region to an area that point (BEP), and number of the existing machineries. are lacking of machineries. This is important to avoid Based on the crop acreage criterion or machine delays in planting and to save budget for machineries working capacity, such as on hand tractor (15 hours/ procurement. ha), power thresher (500 kg/hour) and pedal thresher

90 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Distribution and number of hand tractors and rice threshers at Grobogan Central Java and Lamongan East Java.

Mechanization 91 Mechanization Model for Cocoa- To support the SITT, ICAERD had developed a Livestock Integration System cocoa-livestock integration system. The innovations applied included cocoa fermentation box, cocoa drying Cocoa is a source of foreign exchange earners. machine, cocoa shell chopping machine and biogas Therefore, the Indonesian government launched the installation. The type and number of machineries were National Movement of Cocoa to increase the national in accordance with the needs and conditions of the cocoa production to be one of the world’s major cocoa location to achieve the optimal utilization. producers. The fermentation box was used to process the Harvest of cocoa pods produces fresh fruit shells cocoa beans after harvest to produce aroma quality. as a waste. The waste can be used as a source of The cocoa drying machine was designed with rack cow/goat feed, while cow manure can be used for type hybrid power system to dry fermented wet cocoa biogas production as an energy source. Integration beans to 7% moisture content. The fruit shell chopping between cocoa and its waste combined with livestock machine had a capacity of 800 kg/hour. The biogas farming is known as the crop-livestock integration reactor functioned to process the animal manure into system (SITT).

Seed dryer (a) and fermentation box (b) for processing cocoa beans.

A machine for chopping cocoa pod shells (a) and biogas reactor (b).

92 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture biogas to be used by farmers for cooking, lighting or of 214.20 kg/hour, output capacity 131.76 kg/hour, engine fuel. cleansing efficiency 90.8%, and seed cleanliness level 97.8%. The sorting machine had an average input The model of cocoa-livestock integration system capacity of 93.4 kg/hour, output capacity 78.2 kg/hour, had been adopted by four farmers groups in the cocoa sorting efficiency 83.6%, percentage of intact seeds development sites in South Sulawesi, Southeast in the main outlet 100%, broken or damaged grains Sulawesi, West Java and East Java, and it was 0%, dirt 5.9% and seed cleanliness level 97.7%. expected to improve the national cocoa production and quality. Development of Biopharmaceutical Development of Peanut Cleansing Processing Machine and Sorting Machines Farmers in Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, particularly at the Kandis District, generally sold their Jepara Regency, Central Java, is one of the peanut biopharmaceutical (medicinal) plants such as turmeric production centers. Farmers in this area usually sell in a fresh form. To increase added value, the turmeric their peanut pods to the collectors or manufacturer can be sold in the form of semi-finished product as without first cleansing and sorting from dirt or empty raw material for medicine, food and beverages. (small size) pods. As a result, farmers did not obtain Machineries are needed to process the raw optimal price and income. biopharmaceutical materials into semi-finished ICAERD had engineered a cleansing and sorting products. machines for peanut pods to improve the quality, ICAERD had put two units of biopharmaceutical added value and farmers’ income. The machine had processing machines, namely rhizome washer with been utilized by Farmers Group Sulebu Makmur at a capacity of 50-100 kg/process (one process ± 15 Pakis Aji District, Jepara Regency, Central Java. minutes), and an ERH-hybrid type of energy-saving Tests using peanut variety of Cidaun showed that drying machine with a capacity of 150-200 kg/process. the cleansing machine had an average input capacity These machines were complementary to the existing

a b Cleansing machine (a) and sorting machine (b) for peanut pods operated by farmers’ group Sulebu Makmur at Jepara, Central Java.

Mechanization 93 Cleansing machine and dryer for turmeric processing to increase the quality.

machinery available in the locations, such as chopper and flouring machine. With the addition of the two machines, the turmeric processing into dried material (simplicia) and powder can be done with the existing technology package.

Introduction of Chili Powdering Machine

The main problem and commonly occurs in marketing fresh chili is the sharp price fluctuation. At the time of harvest, the price was low so that farmers suffered losses. Storage technology in the form of dried whole chili or chili powder can increase economic values of red chili at harvest or the salvaged chili. Technologies for drying, powdering and packaging red chili are, therefore, required. ICAERD had introduced chili processing machines including the drying and powdering machines. The drying machine was capable of drying red chilies to a safe moisture content for storage (7.48%) within 11 hours, with an LPG gas consumption of 0.98 kg/hour. The resulting dried chili colored bright red and clean Drying machine for red chili (above) and the from dirt. The machine could be operated using whole and powdered dried chili (below). coconut shells, rice husks and other agricultural

94 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Red chili powdering machine and its product.

wastes as the fuel sources. This machine could also wind velocity from disk mill teeth. Input capacity of be used to dry vegetables, such as carrots and onion the powdering machine ranged between 35-50 kg/ leaves, or seeds of horticultural crops, because the hour and the red chili powder passed through sieves drying temperature can be controlled automatically. of <30 mesh was 0.33%, 30 mesh 57.31%, 60 mesh 39.86%, and 80 mesh 2.34%. Fuel consumption of The powdering machine for red chili was the machine was 0.96 l/hour. The produced red chili developed with the cyclone technology so the powder powder colored bright red, brighter than the red chili produced by the machine did not fly to the air due to powder found in the market.

Mechanization 95 Interview with a farmer to obtain his social economic condition.

Socio Economic and Policies

The government’s will to establish sustainable food self sufficiency is fixed. For that reason, the government launched a number of policy instruments and legitimated regulations and laws/acts. However, its implementation was varied and inconsistent, particularly viewed from cross-sectoral perspectives. Therefore, studies on legislations are needed to analyze the root of the problems and give solutions to be followed up by related stakeholders. The challenge of sustaining food self sufficiency is heavier due agricultural land conversion, especially in Java, and climate change phenomenon. Hence, it is necessary to find groundbreaking efforts, among others accelerating rice production outside Java and enhancing the understanding of farmers towards the impact of climate change for sustaining food production.

96 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Studies on Agricultural Legislations it, the government legitimized the Acts No. 41/2009 to Support Food Self Sufficiency on Protection of Sustaining Agricultural Land (PLP2B). The conflict of interest in land use caused the Attaining food self sufficiency becomes the priority in disharmony between the existed regulations, like the national development; therefore, the government use of land for food crops (Acts No. 41/2009), land issues policies and provides facilities in the form of for public interest (Acts No. 2/2012), land for housing legislations. Concerning the importance of the policies and residential areas (Acts No. 1/2011), land for and legislations to support the attainment of food self plantation (Acts No. 18/2004), land for horticultural sufficiency, the Indonesian Center for Agricultural crops (Acts No.13/2010) and land for livestock (Acts Socio Economic and Policy Studies (ICASEP) studied No. 28/2009). The discrepancy also occurred between legislations on land and water, production inputs Acts No. 41/2009 and local regulation on Urban Land (seeds and fertilizers), trade and agricultural Use Plan (RTRW) of the provinces and regencies/ extension. cities in regards to the land acreages to be protected. The Acts No. 41/2000 regulates that protected lands include irrigated lowland, reclaimed tidal Legislation on Land and Water swampland and/or upland, including reserved land for food crops, located in or outside food crops lands. One of the important resources to attain food self The lands are in rural or urban areas within the sufficiency is land. Hence the availability of lowland regencies/cities, whereas in Urban Land Use Plan of as the backbone of rice production is subsiding, so local regulations for provinces and regencies/cities, the lowland need to be protected and balanced by the coverage only leads to irrigated lowland. expanding or creating new rice fields. In regards to

To achieve sustainable food self sufficiency, the goverment protects the irrigated lowland as the backbone of national rice production.

Socio Economic and Policies 97 The discrepancies started from the mandate in regulations/regent decrees. The other urgent the Acts No. 41/2009 which too loose in giving the measure is a continuous socialization to public at authority to Urban Land Use Plan to set and determine large to avoid conflicts in implementing it. the protected lands. Due to so many interests, the protected agricultural land is only “the remaining land” after it is reduced the land for non-agricultural Seed and Fertilizer Legislation purposes. In that condition, the Act No. 41/2009, The qualified superior seed and fertilizers play an which further is the content of Urban Land Use Plan important role in increasing food crops productivity, of local regulation, becomes a base to conserve the so the government makes them available in agricultural land that is appropriate with local accordance with the six proper principles (type, regulation. It is proper that Act No. 41/2009 supposes amount, quality, location, time and price). The to be firmer, no longer to protect, but to conserve legislations on seed and fertilizers are available; food crops lands by determining that lands need to however they have not yet increased the productivity be conserved. In regard to it, it is necessary to monitor, of food crops (rice, maize and soybean). work together and advise the local governments in composing the urban land use plan. The regulations on seed and fertilizer were issued by central government and only some of it can be The policy implication of this study is that the found in the regions. Generally, the regulations only implementation of Act No. 41/2009 takes times, rule the provision of seed and fertilizer, as well as because it needs requirement as follows: (1) subsidized fertilizer provision up to the line IV at derivative laws of Act No. 41/2009 in the form of village level. Besides, the seed regulations rule the government regulations and the Agriculture Ministry institutions, production mechanisms, seed quality decrees need to be issued, (2) the Urban Land Use supervision, incoming and outgoing seed Plans of provinces and regencies/cities need to be mechanisms, and self-sufficiency program of rice, composed first, which guides on protected land, and maize and soybean. Regulations on plant varieties (3) the details of Urban Land Use Plan of each village rule the genetic resource conservation, process of need to be adjusted with the regulations/local seed release and early variety use.

Subsidized seed and fertilizer distribution needs to be improved to ensure the agricultural input received by farmers.

98 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture The acts and the government regulations were Agriculture on organic fertilizers needs to be escalated followed-up by the Agriculture Minister decrees, but to government regulation so it can be followed-up the derivative regulations were not available in the with the regulations at ministerial level. regions. Planning fertilizer need was based on the Definitive Plan of Farmers’ Group Needs (RDKK). However, generally the planning was made based on Agricultural Trade Legislation fertilizer allocation, in particular, more on distributing The legislation on food trade was not available in fertilizer. some provinces, like North Sumatra, South Sumatra, The distribution of subsidized fertilizer was Lampung and East Java. All this time, the local regulated by Trade Ministry Decree No. 17/2011. government only used regulations made by central Fertilizer distribution from the producers to the government, for example Act No. 7/1996 on food. distributors and retailers was ruled by buying and Food trade was ruled by Law No. 7/1994 on selling letters, so the relationship is business in nature Approval Formation of World Trade Organization, Act and the degree of obedience is relatively high. The No. 7/1996 on Food, Government Instruction No. 3/ evaluation results indicated that various problems still 2001 on Policy of Unhulled Rice/Rice Procurement remained, like the deviation of subsidized fertilizer and Rice Distribution by the Government, and the Trade distribution, the illegal or counterfeit fertilizer Ministry Decree No. 12/2008 on Stipulation of Import circulation, the unoptimal work of closed pattern and Export on Rice. These regulations are very distribution system, the selling of subsidized fertilizer problematic and inconsistent with Article 33 of the in a package, the higher fertilizer price than the 1945 Constitution and Act No. 11/2005. highest retail price, the emergence of non-subsidized fertilizer at low price and unoptimal fertilizing At present, the fulfillment of food needs in monitoring devices in each line. several provinces, like North Sumatra, South Sulawesi, Lampung and East Java starts depending on import. With respect to the acts/government regulations The presence of food import caused the decline in that not yet followed-up and the discrepancies of seed prices of rice, corn and soybean, while the local regulations, so the government needs to make government is unable to protect food crops from trade derivative regulations in the form of government regulations and/or the Agriculture Ministry decrees and the regulation of genetically modified organism (GMO) for multinational seed industries. Besides, the low use of new superior seed and certified seed required: (1) socializing of certified seed with demonstrating plots, (2) enhancing the role of seed supervisor office by supporting facilities and infrastructure, (3) regulating the seed breeding and local breeder, (4) reviewing the patent that only big enterprise who get an access to obtain it, and (5) continuing the system of seed networks between fields and between seasons. To synchronize the Acts No. 12/1992 and Government Regulation No. 8/2001, so Government Regulation No. 8/2001 needs to be refined by adding the the status of organic fertilizers, biofertilizers and Arrangement of food trade is necessary to soil amendments. The decree of Ministry of achieve self-sufficiency.

Socio Economic and Policies 99 liberalization. Therefore, there is a need to provide Agriculture Ministry regulation, in regard to PSDSK legislation on food trade. 2014 had been done by the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health as well as by Animal The policy implication of this study is that trade Husbandry and Animal Health Service Offices at liberalization gave negative impacts towards the provincial level though hampered by funds. attaining self sufficiency on rice, corn and soybean. Hence, the government should renegotiate the Farmers’ groups as participants of PSDSK 2014 implementation of free trade in Indonesia to several program were not facing problem concerning the WTO member countries, especially on attaining food existing rules and procedures. The problems were self sufficiency. related to technical breeding management of the livestock due to the limited guidance from the relevant The government needs also to formulate policy institutes. reorientation of free trade within the framework of achieving food self sufficiency. The implementation The Act No. 18/2009 was very weak, among of food laws should guarantee the equal fulfillment others there is no local regulation available at of food to the whole society. Therefore, it is necessary provinces and regencies/cities in regard to the ban to set a clear role division and responsibilities between of slaughtering productive cows. The Animal the central and the local governments in attaining Husbandry and Animal Health Services was difficult sustainable food self sufficiency. Some food to prohibit the slaughter of productive cows because production centers also need local government they did not have an authority to give sanction, and regulations on achieving food self sufficiency and food the investigators of civil servants related to apply the trade for enhancing the efficiency, production, Act and regulations are not yet functioning properly. productivity and food quality. Besides, the publishing of Act and regulation needs long stages and involves many parties, so that it is often late. Livestock Legislation Policy implications of this study are: (1) it needs The beef and buffalo meat self sufficiency program deep observation towards Acts and regulations inside by 2014 (PSDS 2014) is expected not only to increase and outside agriculture in regards to the beef self meat production, but also to improve farmers’ sufficiency by involving relevant institutes; (2) it needs income. To enable the program works and supported harmonized and synchronized laws and regulations by the stakeholders, laws and regulations had been concerning with beef self sufficiency; (3) it needs to designed, but its implementation in the field is still reduce the burden of laws and regulations that are faced many problems. inconsistent with beef self sufficiency program; law or regulation needs to be clear and firm in its Thirteen activities of PSDS 2014 had been implementation, so that it needs hearings with related equipped by guides for their implementations in the parties before laws and regulations are issued; (4) it regions, but not all of them were provided by the needs to socialize Act No. 18/2009 and derivative law operational guidelines at provincial level and technical products to achieve beef self sufficiency, particularly guidelines at regencial level. On the other side, the at production centers; (5) it needs orderliness in promulgation of the Act has been in effects and bound publishing guidance and technical guidance related in nature and everybody is regarded to know it. This to the substance and institutions at the central level, principle caused the dissemination of laws including provinces and regencies/cities, as well as law the Act No. 18/2009 on Livestock and Animal Health enforcement; (6) it needs to strengthen the is regarded unnecessary, so that adequate funds are organization in charge of law in every business unit not available for socializing it. The socialization of in the central and local governments.

100 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture 1996 on Food and Act. No. 16/2006 on SP3K (Ministry of Agriculture) are against the Government Regulation No. 38/2007 that regulates the distribution of central and local government affairs and Government Regulation No. 41/2007 on regional organization (in the corridor Act No. 32/2004, Ministry of Home Affairs). The law and regulation did not reflect the public interest nor enhanced the government administration, and more concerned on sectoral interest. The implementation of laws and regulations (like the Agriculture Minister decree No. 45/2011) to support food self sufficiency only focused on rice and did not pay attention to other policies, like incentives for farmers and extension workers as facilitators. The implication is, President decree needs to be made under the Act No. 16/2006 that rules institution decree and local regulation, in order that its implementation in the field is clear. There needs to be an advocacy program to the concerned local government with Act No. 16/2006 and its derivative regulations considering that local governments had bigger roles in extension, including budged allocation and issuing local regulations as well as governor decree/regent decree. The Act No. 16/ Attaining beef self sufficiecy requires regional 2006 on SP3K and its derivative regulations remained government regulation, including ban of partial in nature, yet integrated, still depended on slaughtering productive cows. the government’s interest than the stakeholders. However, between regulations had already been consistent and referred the higher rules. The Act instrument No. 16/2006 and its derivative Agricultural Extension Legislation regulations could support the attaining beef self sufficiency in 2014, if the proclaimed program by the The Act No. 16/2006 on Agricultural, Fisheries and government can be carried out in synergetically and Forestry Extension System (SP3K) and the regulations integratedly, including counseling and mentoring. The and laws under it yet to make the extension workers Agriculture Ministry decree No. 61/2008 on guidelines work progressively to meet the farmers’ needs and for development of agricultural self extension and to support food self sufficiency. The Act No. 16/2006 private extension, proved that the government has and its derivative regulations (government regulation, seriously developed non-governmental and private president decree, minister decree, local regulation, extension workers as a companion to civil servant governor decree and regent decree) had been extension workers. In its operation, it needs consistent and referred to the above regulations. operational and technical guidelines, so that the non- However, the law and regulation initiated by different governmental and private extension workers are ministries tended to be inconsistent, like Act No. 7/ supported by sufficient facilities and infrastructures.

Socio Economic and Policies 101 Progressive agricultural extension is important in achieving food self suffiency.

The assistance to the cooperator farmers contributed Thirdly, institutional forms, organizations, policies 29-33% to the increase in rice production than that and strategies of agricultural extension are influenced made by non-cooperator farmers. by the perceptions of policy makers on agricultural development (including regional autonomy associated Policy implications of the study are as the with agriculture) and agricultural extension. There- following. Firstly, it needs reassessment on some fore, it needs an advocacy to the local governments stipulations in government regulation No. 41/2007 (in related to the Act No. 16/2006 and its derivative the corridor of Act No. 32/2004), especially in relates regulations. to the policy, like determination of the number of local working units, not only based on quantitative Fourthly, in composing the operational strategy calculation (population, number of regions and for extension program, it is necessary to be better revenue and expenditure), but also socio-historical reflect the extension activities at specific locations aspect of the institution (like the extension institution). and have high leverage on increasing the productivity The government regulation No. 38/2007 needs also of local superior commodities and farmer’s income. to be reviewed, particularly article 7, which is New strategy is needed to respond farmers’ need in inconsistent in placing food security as a mandatory carrying out productive activity so that they participate element, while agriculture as a choice element. in food self sufficiency program. Secondly, the President regulation needs to be made under the Act No. 16/2006 that governs the Policy on Accelerating Rice institutions, personnels, management, policies and strategies of agricultural extension which is Production Outside Java strengthened by Minister decree and local regulations, Historically, Java is a national production center of so it gives clearer implementation in the fields. rice. During the period of 1985-2005, around 55-62% of rice was produced in Java and 95% among others

102 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture originated from lowland and the remaining was from The lowland rice area tended to be wider at rice upland. However, the growth rate of rice production center subdistricts (3,601 ha/subdistrict) compared in Java tended to decline. In 1985-1995 lowland rice to that at non-rice center subdistricts (784 ha/ production in Java increased in average of 1.60%/ subdistrict). The lowland owned by a family was also year, but in 1995-2005 the growth rate of the wider at rice center subdistricts (0.56 ha/family) production was only 0.59%/year. compared to that at non-rice centers (0.18 ha/family). Number of villages that have irrigation network was In long term, the growth rate of rice production higher in rice center subdistrics (71.8% villages) than in Java is estimated to decline, particularly due to that at non-rice center subdistrics (36.1% village). lowland conversion to non-agricultural purposes in line with the economic and population growths. To Number of labors or rice laborers was more at push the increase in national rice production, it needs rice center subdistricts (2,888 persons/subdistrict) accelerating a rice production outside Java through compared to that at non-rice center subdistricts (1,274 increasing productivity, planting area and cropping persons/subdistric). The role of agriculture as source intensity, especially in area suitable for rice. of income for residents was also more important at rice center subdistricts (97.0%) than that at non-rice The most parts of the subdistricts (74.7%) in center subdistricts (81.7%). Sulawesi own upland. Most of the subdistricts are not rice production centers, and only 214 subdistricts The rice area was wider at rice center subdistricts (27.5%) are rice production centers. Rice center (5,210 ha/subdistrict) compared to that at non-rice subdistricts have an important contribution to the total centers (654 ha/subdistrict). For cropping intensity rice acreage in Sulawesi. Around 75% of rice area in (CI), 60.8% of lowlands in rice center subdistricts Sulawesi are rice center subdistricts and the were planted with rice once or two times a year (CI remaining are non-rice centers. However, soybean is 100-200), whereas 70.5% of lowlands at non-rice also developed at rice center subdistricts (62%) and centers had CI of less than 100. the remaining is at non-rice center subdistricts.

Increasing national rice production needs a breakthrough among other by extending rice area outside Java.

Socio Economic and Policies 103 Factors determining rice development from the used the river for irrigation. Schedulling in irrigating most to less important are: (1) climate and soil and water supplying need to be coordinated by related conditions (31.0%), (2) soil properties (18.6%), (3) institutions. infrastructures (14.7%), (4) institutional supports (9.7%), (5) socio economic conditions (10.3%), (6) technologies (8.1%) and (7) farmer’s characteristics Farmers’ Capability to Adapt to (7.5%). Climate Change In Sulawesi, Sumatra and Papua, water were Agriculture is vulnerable to the impacts of climate surplus either in wet season or dry season. This change, so that climate change is a threat to food indicates that chances to increase planting areas security. The sustainability of food security is largely remain high. For extending planting areas, chances determined by the success of agriculture, especially to increase the rice CI are fairly big. food crops in adapting to the impacts of climate The potential lowland expansion in Sulawesi was change. 423,000 ha on non-swampland. In Sulawesi, social Climate change is signed by sharp climate constraints in developing lowland rice were smaller variability and sometimes with aberrant patterns. The compared that in Maluku, Papua and Kalimantan, amplitudes of temperature and rainfall sometimes because most of the farmers are get used to plant become so wide that increase flooding and drought, rice. Therefore, socially, the success of extending both the frequency and magnitude. At the same times, lowland rice outside Java is higher in Sulawesi than pest attacks increase so that the risk of farm business in other islands. becomes higher. Considering climate change is In South Sulawesi, 146 subdistricts (52%) were difficult to control, the impacts of climate change on potential for rice development with the total lowland productivity, production and farmers’ income will be area of 479,900 ha or 81% of the existing lowlands. determined by the capability of farmers to adapt to Generally, those subdistricts were rice centers. Around climate change. 53% of lowlands were in Wajo, Bone, Pinrang and Empirically, farmer has developed ways to adapt Sidrap Regency. In Central Sulawesi, 31 subdistricts to extreme climatic conditions. However, in facing (27.2%) were potential for rice development, with a climate variability that tends to be sharper and difficult total lowland area of 94,200 ha or 63% of the existing to predict, in the way farmers develop their adaptation lowlands. Those subdistricts were generally rice should be improved. It cannot be done by the farmers centers. Around 59.5% of the lowlands were at Sigi, themselves, but needs government supports, both in Parigi Moutong and Banggai. strengthening the capability of adaptation through The policy implication of this study is that a threat technology and managerial skills, as well as provision of lowland conversion at rice centers is relatively high, of infrastructures, pricing policies and institutional so that the lowland areas tend to decrease. To supports. overcome this problem, it needs to apply incentive Results of the study indicated that farmers’ policy at rice centers to prevent land conversion and capability to adapt to climate change varied between reduce the poverty. regions. In some areas, the adaptation developed by The chances to increase rice IP in Sulawesi still farmers individually was fairly sufficient, but was open, considering the water surplus in wet season insufficient to face the climate change. Therefore, it and dry season. The river water can be used for needs planned adaptation strategy. The farmers’ irrigating rice by pumping as some villages were groups have important roles in strengthening the traversed by the rivers, but only small part of them farmers to adapt to the climate change.

104 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture The adaptation capability was determined can be a motivator. To increase adaptation capability positively by household income, role of farming, on small farmers’ group has a good prospect. managerial skills in farming, experience in farming Mainstreaming to adapt to climate change needs diversification, experience in using varieties, farmers’ to be done consistently, comprehensively and group activities, how to cope with flooding and systematically. The policy implications are: (1) it needs drought, and pest control. In contrast, the age of to accelerate and increase adoption of technology in farmers was negative determinant of adaptation farm business which is adaptive to climate change; capability. This suggests that farmers’ capability to (2) it needs to rehabilitate and develop irrigation, and adapt to climate change will be easily increased if (3) it requires to accelerate and expand agricultural the farmer is young and has the financial support. diversification program. Farmers, who have managerial skills in farm business,

Socio Economic and Policies 105 Application of site specific technology increased food production.

Location Specific Innovations

One of the roles of IAARD implemented by the Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIATs) in 33 provinces is generating innovative technology suitable to site specific conditions. As the spearhead of site specific technology development in the regions, AIATs keep trying to solve the agricultural problems in the local areas through selection and application of appropriate technology. Various programs had been designed and implemented to improve the productivity, income and farmer’s welfare through farmer empowerment in accessing information, technology, and capital to expand agribusiness and develop partnerships with private parties. Activities ranging from site-specific technology development up to accelerating technology dissemination had been done, including assistance in the application of the technologies.

106 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Model of Sustainable Food Reserve The Impact of Development Garden (M-SFRG) Evaluation results showed that M-SFRG saved family expenditure ranged from IDR120,000 to IDR750,000/ National food security as an objective of agricultural family/month (on average by the end of November development is determined by food sufficiency at 2012). For areas that need vegetables from other family level. This initiated the IAARD to develop M- provinces, such as Ternate North Maluku, family SFRG to improve food security at household level. expenditure that could be saved ranged from IDR 1 The latest data showed that M-SFRG has developed million to IDR 1.5 million/household/month. On at 21 provinces in Indonesia average the index of expected food pattern (PPH) increased from 64.8 in October 2011 to 72.5 in From February 2011 until early December 2012, November 2012. the development of M-SFRG had reached 423 units, consisting of 44 units in 2011 and 379 units in 2012, SFRG development in some provinces initiated and involved more than 20,000 households. Various the variants of the model, namely (1) Sustainable parties have replicated the M-SFRG, among other Food Reserve Garden (SFRG); (2) Sustainable Food local governments, the United Indonesia Cabinet Reserve Area (SFRA) and (3) Sustainable Food Wives Solidarity (SIKIB) and seven women’s Reserved House (SFRH). SFRG was widely dissemi- organizations, the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), nated and replicated. In some areas, groups of people PP Salimah, Indonesian Army, Food Security Agency, developed M-SFRG in a large area that called M- Haryono Suyono Center through Post-Power Program, SFRG. However, there are also a model that involves and some schools (primary and secondary) in the a number of households which called M-SFRH. various regions. To accelerate M-SFRG development, SFRG improved PPH index of around 5.17 (Table Food Security Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture 1), from 75.8 before applying SFRG (2011) to 81.0 through the Accelerated Food Consumption after applying SFRG (2012). The 5.17 point increase Diversification program will develop it in 5,000 villages in PPH index in 21 provinces is very important. in Indonesia.

A beautiful homeyards with a variety of vegetables as food reserve garden.

Location Specific Innovations 107 Public participation, especially housewives in SFRG development.

Through programs developed by Food Security Table 1. Expected Food Pattern (PPH) before and after Agency, PPH index is expected to be 93.3 in 2014. SFRG development in some provinces in Indonesia, 2012. Integrations of M-SFRG with the local

PPH PPH government programs, Food Security Agency, SIKIB, Province before after Salimah, Haryono Suyono Center or Damandiri Aceh 73.11 75.67 Foundation, Penitentiary institution, School/Islamic West Sumatra 85.00 - Boarding School, National Narcotics Board (BNN), Lampung 71.49 89.98 Indonesian Army and the others have taken place DKI Jakarta 94.10 - rapidly and widespread. The lessons learned from West Java 71.01 82.64 Central Java 77.96 81.22 the cooperations are, the SFRG development can East Java 76.00 80.80 change the culture of the society, which initially buying South Sumatra 82.10 91.50 vegetables to growing vegetables, and initiate specific DI Yogyakarta 62.16 81.50 Central Sulawesi 72.05 80.06 SFRG models and education media, like fishing village South Sulawesi 64.79 77.24 SFRG, Islamic Boarding School SFRG, agro-tourism, North Sulawesi 73.05 76.35 children education media, preaching that insert West Sulawesi 65.31 66.30 agricultural content, and part of narcotics post- Papua 80.78 83.89 West Papua 82.92 86.55 rehabilitation therapy or social ills therapy. North Maluku 73.75 81.08 West Kalimantan 72.82 78.40 Central Kalimantan 85.00 85.29 Appreciation South Kalimantan 82.96 82.13 Bali 63.37 71.09 At the 32nd commemoration of World Food Day in Gorontalo 82.60 87.27 Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan on 18-21 October Average 75.83 81.00 2012, IAARD exhibited M-SFRG for urban and rural areas (Table 2). The nationwide event was attended Standard deviation, before: + 8.3 and after: + 6.14

108 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture by various stakeholders, including farmers’ groups development. They were from 11 provinces, namely from all provinces in Indonesia. North Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, Bali, East Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, In the series of the 32nd World Food Day agenda, Central Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, North Maluku IAARD gave an appreciation to women farmers’ and Papua. groups who contributed significantly to the M-SFRG

Table 2. Cropping models and main commodities of a Model of Sustainable Food Reserve Garden (M-SFRG) developed in urban and rural areas.

Cropping model Commodity

Verticulture (hanging, patching, Vegetables: mustard, chives, pakcoi, caisim, spinach, kangkong, basil, celery, placing in racks) letucce Medicinal crops: turmeric, antanan, gempur batu, cumin, bitter, red ginger, binahong, betel Pot/polybag/direct planting Vegetables: chili, eggplant, tomatoes, cowpeas, long beans, cucumbers, marigolds, spinach, kangkong, moringa, squash Seed Medicinal crops: ginger, kencur, turmeric, cat's whiskers, green/red betel, gotu kolajahe, Aloe vera, bitter, ginger, gempur batu Fruits cops: papaya, lemon, lime Food crops: taro, sweet potato, coconut yams, arrowroot, canna Pond Catfish rearing

Bed, raise bed, multistrata Homeyard intensification: vegetables, fruit crops, tuber crops, legumes

Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Minister of Agriculture, Coordinator Minister of Public Prosperity, and Governor of Central Kalimantan visited soybean crops exhibited at the commemoration of World Food Day in 2012 at Palangkaraya, guided by the Director General of IAARD.

Location Specific Innovations 109 Development of Innovative inputs, technology and market were needed to Technology through Joint Venture of support the success of farm business. Farmers’ Group Association In East Kalimantan, the PUAP funds of IDR22.07 (Gapoktan) billion were used for rice farming, IDR6.08 billion for horticulture (cut flowers and vegetables), IDR10.18 The development of agricultural technology through billion for livestock (chickens, goats, pigs and cattle assistance, among others, is implemented through fattening), and IDR19.60 million for estate crops (oil the Rural Agribusiness Development (PUAP) program, palm seedlings and rubber). New superior varieties National Rice Production Enhancement Program were developed by making demonstration plots in 11 (P2BN) and Integrated Crop Management Field School regencies/cities. During the years 2008-2011, the (ICM-FS). PUAP was incepted in 2008 to 2011 by PUAP funds had been channelled to 649 villages in channeling aids directly to 38,123 farmers’ group 12 regencies/cities and 38% was utilized for rice associations (gapoktan). Gapoktan then undertakes farming. productive economic activities by making Member Gapoktan PUAP in 11 regencies/cities had Business Plan (RUA) that are further summarized in adopted improved rice varieties, namely Inpari 6, Group’s Business Plan (RUK) and compiled into a Joint Inpari 7, Inpari 8, Inpari 9, Inpari 10 and Inpari 13, Venture Plan (RUB). The RUB’s materials composed with average yields of 6.4-7.23 t/ha. PUAP could by Gapoktan varied depending on the economic accelerate the dissemination of improved varieties potential of the regions. Farmers utilized funds from due to of the increased Gapoktan capital. Introduction PUAP for economic activity, while Assessment of improved rice varieties increased rice yield of 38- Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIATs) provided 55% and farmers’ income of IDR6,545,000. technology to support farming business planned in on the RUB. Rice farming technology applied by In West Java, PUAP funds in 2008 were used by Gapoktan is an Integrated Crop Management (ICM). Gapoktan members for food crops farming, such as rice, soybeans, maize, peanuts (60.6%), horticulture, The assistance by AIATs to the Gapoktan received like chillies, tomatoes and fruits (17.5%), cocoa, PUAP funds aimed to improve the application of IAARD rubber, pepper (3,9%), livestock, sheep, chickens, technology and increase farm productivity. The ducks and cattle (24%), and marketing, handicraft assistance was conducted in cooperation with the and home industry (47%). In 2009, PUAP funds were extension workers. The availability of production used for food crop farming (35%), horticulture (8%),

Inovation, technology Increase PUAP Gapoktan

• Strong capital • Independent capital Gapoktan Farming MARKET institution • Strong institution • Increasing Empowerment Increase agribusiness actors

Basic concepts of productive rice farming at PUAP gapoktan.

110 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture estate crops (6.5%), livestock (7.4%) and off-farm of media or communication channels, which is called activities (42%). In 2010, the funds were mainly used Multichannel Dissemination Spectrum (SDMC). It is for food crops (30,8%), horticulture (10%), estate implemented using the engineering approach through crops (2,1%), livestock (15.7%) and off-farm (41%). the development of creativity West Java as the rice center in Indonesia received In 2012, MP3MI activities were focused on 30% of PUAP funds to increase rice production of 10 improvement of superior commodities technology, million tons in 2014. In general, the share of funds optimization of agricultural resources through for crops farming was higher (62.1%) than that for increasing the productivity of superior and non- other business, particularly for food crops (62%), such superior commodities, and empowerment of farmers’ as rice and pulses and horticulture (29%), livestock group institution, input and output marketing, and (12%) and estate crops (11%). The portion of non- other agribusiness institutions. MP3MI implementation agricultural business was 38.9%, including agro- in Bali, Banten and West Java gave the significant processing (11.6%), marketing (17.7%) and other results. In Banten, Sheep Livestock Kampong (KTD) agriculture-based business (7.7%). in Jukut Village, Pandeglang, which was developed In East Java, innovative technologies including since the beginning of 2007, continues to grow. improved rice varieties (Ciherang, Cibogo, Inpari), Supported by the local government, KTD became the use of labeled quality seed for every two planting center of sheep development and a cluster model seasons and recommended fertilizers had not been and MP3MI. Sheep farming had changed the economic applied by farmers, whereas the organic fertilizers conditions of Jukut farmers. The total household (manure and Petro organic compost) and double row income reached IDR13.3 million/year or more than planting system were just 15% applied by PUAP IDR1 million/month. With the number of family farmers. Constraints faced by the farmers in adopting members in average of 4.8 people, so per capita the technologies were lack of understanding on the income was IDR2.8 million/year. The contribution of technologies and limited seeds of improved rice income from sheep farming to the total household varieties at farmers’ level. Rice varieties favored by income reached 86.9%. farmers, among others were Inpari 4, Inpari 6 and In Bali, MP3MI was implemented at Buahan Kaja Inpari 13. PUAP programs could increase farmers’ Village. This village has a potential for rural agri- income greater than before PUAP, namely the yield cultural development with introducing technologies increased by 2.7% and the revenue by 4.1% per suitable to the specific conditions. Each village has hectare per year. water resource. Of the total village area of 1,075 ha, the agricultural land reached 900 ha and 80% of the population were farmers. The land was potential for Model of Rural Agricultural developing the integration of livestock and crops, both Development through Innovation cash crops and perennial crops. The main problems (MP3MI) are the land slope, sandy loam soil type (Regosol) with moderate to good fertility level, and unoptimal MP3MI approach has been developed by IAARD since use of the land. In average the land ownership was 2011 as a breakthrough to accelerate the 0.5 ha/farmer and the Bali cattle ownership was 2-3 dissemination of agricultural technology. MP3MI is a heads/family. mode of dissemination of innovation through a pilot of economic scale bussineses in the field. The aims In West Java, the success of MP3MI was not are not only to accelerate the dissemination of only supported by the application of innovative agricultural technology, but also to expand and enlarge technology, but also by farming institution. The the spectrum of dissemination by utilizing a variety planting acceleration required strengthening farmers’ institutions, through (1) increasing technology

Location Specific Innovations 111 adoption, (2) assistance to farming institutions, such The results of evaluation on 12 components of as, agricultural tools and machineries service, planting rice ICM showed that: service, irrigation and procuring agricultural inputs, 1. Six components of rice ICM were classified as (3) fostering the group capital, and (4) increasing category 2 (low), namely (a) provision of organic the number of seed breeders. Technologies introduced materials, (2) arrangement of plant population, were specific location planting pattern, seed breeding, (c) fertilizer application based on plant need and rice waste utilization and strengthening farmers’ soil nutrient status, (d) pest and disease control group by involving them in planning, implementing using integrated pest management, (e) and disseminating the technologies to other areas. intermittent irrigation and (f) weeding with Farmers’ group assistance was conducted through landak/gasrok. Thus, the technology components regular meetings. were difficult to be applied and had little chance Dissemination of the technology to farmers to be adopted by farmers. However, these outside the area was conducted through social technologies potentially increased the national institutions (village head, village institutions, mosque rice production, so that an intensive dissemination boards, Family Welfare Education and farmer cadets), is needed in order that the technologies can be print and electronic media, field meeting and growing applied and adopted by farmers. the agribusiness clinics. Assistance was done every 2. Two components of rice ICM were classified as two weeks. Agribusiness clinics serve as a agricultural category 3 (high), namely use of young seedlings service institution, dissemination/extension, and (<21 days) and planting 1-3 seedlings per clump. information source. The technology was easily applied and potentially The partnership was established with Kuningan adopted by farmers. Dissemination of the Regency by building farm roads along 520 m, organic technology was much easier than that in the fertilizer processing unit (34 cows and waste category 2. treatment facilities), barns, drying floor and seed 3. Four components of rice ICM were classified as breeding. Seed service office helps marketing the category 4 (very high), i.e. (a) improved varieties, seed produced by farmers. (b) quality seeds, (c) soil tillage along with the season and cropping pattern, and (d) proper harvest and the grains are soon fallen off. The Assessment on Rice Integrated Crop technology is easy to be applied and very high Management (ICM) Characteristics potential to be adopted by farmers so that the for Dissemination of Site Specific dissemination would be easy and simple. Innovation The dissemination of rice ICM technology components in category 4 could use conventional The assessments were carried out on irrigated communication media, such as interpersonal and lowlands in West Java and Central Java to find out mass media. For rice ICM technology included in the quantitative performance of rice ICM and to category 3, the dissemination should use interpersonal determine the efficient and effective pattern of rice media, such as exhibition. For rice ICM technology technology dissemination at specific conditions. The included in category 2, the conventional dissemination assessments were done on farmers who applied rice from technology sources to extension workers and ICM, using parameters of conformity (25 weight), then to farmers was ineffective. The dissemination complexity (20 weight), easily tested (10 weight), using demonstration plots and field school were able easily observed (20 weight) and relative advantage to provide knowledge to the farmers and enable them (25 weight). The number of samples were 80 farmers to evaluate the technology and make necessary in West Java and 100 farmers in East Java. adjustments.

112 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture In West Java, researchers/extension workers in Sumatra. The activities included: (1) monitoring of West Java AIAT perceived that meeting intensity, pest populations, (2) analysis of plant ecosystem and meeting materials and learning process in the field (3) decision making on pest control. Data were laboratory (FL) were sufficient, with the level of collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and farmers attendance 60-80%. Different perceptions in-depth interviews. arose in response to seed and fertilizer aids from the The results showed that commonly farmers government. The seed and fertilizer aid was for one controlled pests and diseases by using cultivation hectare of FL, but actually it was for the FL and the techniques and chemical pesticides. The pesticides sorrounding (24 ha per group of ICM-FS). Seed aid were applied based on pest and disease attacks or was also not on time, not on the right varieties, and the schedule, and some farmers used empirical has medium germination level (70-85%). NPK economic threshold (AE) based on the experience. fertilizers should not only apply at 0-7 days, but also There was no farmer, who controlled pests/diseases at 35 days after planting. The dose and the type of based on systematic AE, because it is difficult to apply. fertilizers were also not in accordance with the recommended rate, because the urea fertilizer was Policy recommendations on controlling pests/ often not available when needed. diseases to disseminate the recommended technologies are as follows: (1) it is required the In Central Java, meeting intensity at FL was continuous assistance to farmers until they master inadequate, as the farmer attendance was 50-60%. the technology, especially on biological control, (2) The unproper varieties given were due to the limited pest and disease control with biological agents/ number of varieties resistant to brown planthopper, pesticides and botanical pesticide must be equipped such as Inpari 13. Ciherang seed distributed to with means including trapping lamp to monitor pest farmers had a good germination level (80-90%). population; (3) chemical pesticide aids must be given From the institutional aspects, there is a dualism selectively to farmers to reduce the negative impacts leadership at the regencial level which was extension of excessive pesticide use to the environment, and workers were under the extension service, while ICM the aids should be better in the form of seeds of program was under the agricultural service. The resistant varieties and botanical pesticide and activities in the field laboratory should be in the form biological agents, and (4) development of natural of assessment of technologies adapted to local enemies is more difficult than the use of chemical biophysical conditions and farmers’ socio- economic, pesticides, therefore it needs botanical pesticide that such as new varieties, double row planting system is easily applied by farmers. and water-saving technologies.

Dissemination of Productive Decision Making on Controlling Agriculture Management on Pests and Diseases in Rice ICM Peatland

The assessments were conducted at Indramayu and Environmentally friendly peatland management can Purwakarta, West Java, as well as at Deli Serdang enhance carbon absorption and reduce greenhouse and Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra. The gas (GHG) emissions. To achieve that purpose, assessment areas were located on lowlands included identification of peatland management to be adopted the ICM field school (ICM-FS) programs and grouped by farmers was conducted. into: (1) ICM-FS, (2) ICM-FS + IPM-FS, (3) non-ICM- The activities were carried out at South FS + non-IPM-FS, and (4) IPM-FS. Respondents were Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, Riau and Jambi which 136 farmers in West Java and 62 farmers in North

Location Specific Innovations 113 Regular pest monitoring plays an important role in preventing pest outbreak on rice crops.

are the locations of Indonesia Climate Change Trust peatland were perennial fruit crops and vegetables. Fund (ICCTF) on cooperator and non-cooperator The farmers in Jambi once planted pineapples in farmers. The data were obtained through between oil palm trees of less than 3 years old. questionnaires and FGD. The number of respondents However, pineapple crops caused negative effect on in the FGDs was adjusted by the number of cooperator oil palm, shown by low number of fruit bunches, farmers. ovules and harvested fruits weight. This caused farmers to no longer grow pineapples in oil palm One of the ICCTF activities was establishing plantations, either in between or in rows of oil palm. demonstration plots (demplot) to evaluate ameliorants and N, P, K fertilizers treatments on growth and yield In Central Kalimantan, planting pineapple as an of maize and peanuts as oil palm intercrops. The intercrop of rubber trees has developed and becomes results showed that the oil palm grew well on local farmers’ wisdom in peatland. Rubber trees peatland as the plant has a good adaptability to the planted with pineapple as an intercrop, grew better extreme environmental conditions. However, farmers than that without pineapple. were not interested in applying this technology, either Water and peatland management had not been planting food crops as intercrops or using ameliorants well applied by farmers. However, farmers had used because the crops are less accordance with farmers’ ameliorants (dolomite and manure) to reduce soil need. According to farmers, the crops suitable on acidity.

114 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Integration of cattle and oil palm at smallholder plantation on peatland of Riau.

Pineapple planting between rubber trees on peatland of Central Kalimantan.

In order to be used by farmers, ameliorants to consider the knowledge, skills and interests of should easily be available, cheap and economically farmers. Increasing farmers’ knowledge and skills on profitable. The knowledge and understanding of peatland management needs to be followed by farmers on ameliorants and intercrop plants were demplots/demfarms at accesible locations so that the still low, so that it required efforts to accelerate its results can be seen directly by farmers. The adoption. Selection of commodities is very important, agricultural officers also need knowledge and skills as the acidic peatland requires commodity adaptive about peatland management. to these conditions. Selection of commodities needs

Location Specific Innovations 115 Peatland needs specific technologies for increasing its productivity.

Performance of Rice Integrated of production inputs. The use of quality seed of Crop Management Field School improved varieties were expected to increase yield significantly, but it just gave insignificant yield increase In 2015 Indonesian government is targeting 10 due to poor quality seeds and unsuitable variety million tons of rice surplus. One of the efforts to received by farmers. The grain yield and farmers’ achieve the target is the development of rice ICM revenue was higher 1.408 kg and IDR5.09 million/ field school. In 2012, this program had been running ha, respectively, on irrigated lowland and 1.334 kg for more than four years. and IDR4.80 million/ha on tidal land compared to those of non-ICM-FS farmers. The increase in revenue was The results of assistance in ICM implementation primarily due to the increase in yield. Meanwhile, the in Riau, West Kalimantan, West Java, Banten and Bali price of rice grains contributed negatively. This showed that in general the performance of rice ICM- indicated that ICM-FS development has not yet been FS was good enough. ICM-FS was able to increase giving attention on grain quality. Therefore, in the rice yield up to 46.7% from 3.87 to 5.68 t/ha than future, ICM-FS should pay equal attention to the grain the farmers’ technology, and 0.09% higher than the quality and quantity, because farmers’ income is not yield targeted by local government. Rice ICM-FS only determined by grain yield, but also by the level performance on irrigated lowland and tidal land were of prices received by farmers. also good, shown by the higher rice yields achieved by cooperator farmers, which were 18.4% higher on The difference in soil conditions and infra- irrigated lowland and 2.7% higher on tidal land than structures caused rice ICM-FS performance on that of farmers’ technology at the same agro- irrigated lowland was better than that on tidal land. ecosystem. Rice yield, production and income of farmers in irrigated lowland were respectively 18.4%, 332 kg The yield difference was due to different and IDR6.79 million higher than those on tidal land. technologies applied by farmers rather than the use

116 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Assistance in integrated crop management implementation could increase rice yield.

The increase in rice yields was a main could guarantee the farmers to obtain appropriate consideration and a driving factor for the farmers to seeds; (2) assistance and empowerment of local seed adopt rice ICM. Therefore, the ICM program should breeders and accelerating the provision of quality be improved continuously. The opportunity of farmers seeds; (3) synchronization of ICM-FS and other to adopt rice ICM will be greater if it is accompanied programs of the Ministry of Agriculture at rice ICM- by improving the quality and quantity of production FS locations, such as mechanization, irrigation and inputs used. capital subsidies, so that it will give a significant increase in rice yield and farmers’ income; (4) To improve the rice ICM-FS performance in the improvements and provision of infrastructures and future, improvements were needed, namely: (1) facilities, and (5) coordination and cooperation with replacing direct production input aid with the one that local authorities.

Location Specific Innovations 117 IAARD participation in Ritech Expo held in Bandung, 8-11 August 2012.

Dissemination of Innovations

IAARD gives great attention to the dissemination of research results, as important as the research itself. Technological innovations resulting from research need to be disseminated to improve productivity and to develop agribusiness in an effort to increase farmers’ welfare. In this case, IAARD adopted multichannel dissemination approach to various parties, ranging from policy makers in the central and local governments up to agricultural extension agents and farmers in rural areas by using a variety of media. Expose, technological exhibition, conferences, seminars, field days, consultative meetings, research publications and libraries are the media used in the dissemination of agricultural innovations.

118 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Expose and Technology Exhibition developing IAARD technologies. This has become one of the parameters of exhibition effectivity in promoting the technologies. The feedbacks from the visitors Technology Exhibition became a reference to improve and refine the Exhibition is one of media used to promote promoted technologies through further research. technologies to a wide users. Therefore, IAARD organizes and participates in exhibitions initiated by World Food Day Commemoration institutions, both at central and local levels. The materials presented followed the themes of the In some parts of the world, famine remains to take exhibitions and in accordance with the visitors needs. place because of food shortages. Taken into account In 2012, IAARD organized technology exhibitions the importance of food to sustain life, the Food and and actively participated in several exhibitions, such Agriculture Organization (FAO) and all countries in as, Agrinex, Agro & Food Expo, Appropriate Tech- the world commemorates the World Food Day every nology Exhibition, National Technology Awakening Day, year. National Flori & Flora Week, as well as exhibitions In Indonesia, the 32nd commemoration of World that accompanied IAARD dissemination activities. Food Day was organized by the Ministry of Agriculture, Sometimes the exhibition was accompanied by the the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Fisheries signing of a memorandum of understanding between and Marine Resources, held in Palangkaraya, Central IAARD and private parties that interested in Kalimantan, on 18-21 October 2012. IAARD actively

The Director General of IAARD, Dr. Haryono, explained the benefits of soybean technology exhibited at the field to the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Minister of State Secretary, Minister of Agriculture and entourage in 32nd commemoration of World Food Day in Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, 18-21 October 2012.

Dissemination of Innovations 119 participated in various activities, including Upland Agriculture Week technological exhibition to increase food production and farmer’s welfare. Upland, which is potential and available to expand agricultural area, particularly food crops, was The 32nd World Food Day Commemoration was estimated 7.08 ha, consisted of 6.83 million ha of opened by the Vice President, Budiono, with the theme wet climate upland and 0.26 million ha of dry climate “Farmers’ Partnership-Based Agro Industry Towards upland. The expansion opportunities of upland farming Food Self Sufficiency”, and attended by various areas are in Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, parties, including the Coordinator Minister of Economy, Papua and Sumatra the Minister of Agriculture, the Minister of Forestry, FAO Representatives in Indonesia, Ambassadors, the Generally, the available upland is in suboptimal Governor of Central Kalimantan and officials of the status, so that its utilization requires proper central and local governments. The main agendas of management and technology. IAARD has generated this event included seminar, community services, upland management technology, both for dry climate technology exhibition, industry tour, creative menu and wet climate ecosystems. competition, expose and bazaar. To utilize the upland management technology, In his speech, the Minister of Agriculture IAARD held Upland Agriculture Week in East Nusa Suswono reminded the importance of food handling Tenggara on 10-14 September 2012. The main at the local, national and global levels in accordance agendas of this event were expose, seminar, with the FAO’s theme “Cooperatives Key to Feed the suboptimal land consortium meeting, exhibition and World” by developing agro-industry as the spearhead. farmers’ market. On the occasion, the Minister of It is therefore necessary to develop the work ethics Agriculture, Dr. Suswono harvested superior of industrial agriculture through the development of mungbean seeds and provided seeds of improved agro-industry to increase food production, food rice, maize and mungbeans from IAARD to some products, welfare and regional economies. farmers’ groups. Associated with World Food Day Commemo- ration, Vice President Budiono handed seeds and seedlings to some farmer’s groups and gave awards to women farmers from various provinces, who have participated in increasing food supply at the household level. According to the Vice President, World Food Day Commemoration reminded the world that food security is a fundamental issue in life. Until now there is still hunger in several countries in the world. The causes among others are the turbulent political conditions, misguided policies of agricultural development and no support of the government, natural disasters and climate change. Indonesia must commit to achieve food self-sufficiency and is expected to be a pioneer in the provision of healthy and nutritious food for the world community.

Mungbean seed harvest at the Upland Agricultural Week in East Nusa Tenggara, 10-14 September 2012.

120 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture International Workshop on Sustainable Swampland Management

Extensive swampland clearing in Indonesia began in 1969 through the opening of swampland for rice fields to support the resettlement program. However, in a limited area and using a conventional method, traditional farmers of Banjar tribe in Kalimantan and Bugis tribe in Sumatra coast have utilized the land much earlier. The success of Banjar and Bugis tribe in managing the swamp, has initiated the government to develop swampland for agriculture. The Director General of IAARD, Dr. Haryono Swampland is the future barns along with more (left) and the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, and more difficult to find fertile land amid the growing Dr. Rusman Heriawan (right) at the opening of food needs. The opportunity of developing swampland International Workshop on Swampland is very large, both in terms of acreage and potential Management held in Banjarmasin on 27-28 for increasing food production, particularly through September 2012. enhancing cropping index (CI). However, the development of swampland had stagnated in few recent years, not only due to saturation of others from Vietnam and West Africa. Other activities technological adoption and social aspect, but also held were exhibition and field trip to Terantang Village, related to the issue of climate change. Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan to see the success of the farmers in managing swampland To gather information, experience, knowledge through cropping and land management with surjan and technology of swampland management in a system. sustainable manner and to disseminate the successful model of swampland management, as well as to convince the policy makers on the potential of Soybean Production Technology swampland as the future barns, IAARD held an Development Towards Self-Sufficiency international workshop on sustainable swampland management on 27-28 September 2012 in IAARD keeps encouraging the efforts to achieve Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. Opened by the soybean self-sufficiency through the development of Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Rusman Heriawan, technological innovation. In teak forest of 1-5 years the workshop was attended by the Governor of South old in Ngawi, East Java, soybean varieties, among Kalimantan, Deputy of Research and Technology others Anjasmoro, Grobogan Argomulyo (large seed), Cooperation, Regents of Barito Kuala and Banyuasin, Willis and Kaba (medium seeds) yielded 1.9-2.0 t/ officials from the central and local goverments, ha. stakeholders, researchers, extension workers, The Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Suswono, in his academic community and environmental observers. visit to Ngawi, East Java, on 9 January 2012, The main speakers at the workshop were the conducted the first harvest of soybeans in teak Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Deputy of Research forests. The event was followed by a colloquium and Technology Cooperation, UNESCO-the attended by farmers, agricultural extension workers Netherland, Hokkaido University, Sriwijaya University and forest officials. The Director General of IAARD, and IAARD. The success story of swampland Dr. Haryono, who accompanied the Minister of management was presented by the Regents of Barito Agriculture invited the stakeholders to develop Kuala and Banyuasin and overseas institutions, among innovative technologies towards soybean self-

Dissemination of Innovations 121 sufficiency, including in the forest area. On this agents, (3) improvement of agricultural infrastructure, occasion, the Minister of Agriculture handed soybean and (4) technology assistance in producing soybean seeds from IAARD as much as 3 tons to be further seed at the farmer/breeder levels. developed by farmers. In Boyolali, Central Java, the soybeans developed in young teak forests were capable of producing 2.4 t/ha. As part of efforts to increase soybean production, the Ministry of Agriculture launched the National Soybean Planting Movement in Peunaron, East Aceh Regency, NAD, on 15 December 2012. This activity was a part of the development of soybean seed production in upland and oil palm/rubber plantation areas in NAD, North Sumatra, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, West Nusa Tengggara and South Sulawesi to build self-reliance of soybean seeds through interfields and interseasons system.

Farmers and local government officials Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Suswono (third welcomed the developed innovations. In his address, from left), accompanied by the Director the Minister of Agriculture emphasized some General of IAARD, Dr. Haryono (second from important aspects to increase soybean production, left), started a national soybean planting among others: (1) favorable prices for soybean movement in Peunaron, East Aceh, NAD. farmers, (2) well-being and certainty of extension

Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Suswono, accompanied by the Director General of IAARD, Dr. Haryono, conducted first harvest of soybeans in young teak forests in Ngawi, East Java, on 9 January 2012.

122 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture International Maize Conference between countries, considering the increasingly complex problems encountered, such as climate In the four successful targets of the Ministry of change. Agriculture for 2010-2014 period, maize was included as top priority of food crops, aside from rice, soybean, The maize international seminar discussed the meat and sugar. Referring to the experience, efforts potentials and constraints of the future corn to increase agricultural production cannot be production. Dr. Haryono, the Head of IAARD revealed separated from the application of technology. To the challenges and opportunities to increase corn gather information on maize technology in the last production for food, feed and energy sources. decade, IAARD held international maize conference According to Dr. Haryono, there were at least three in collaboration with the Administrative Government major challenges in maintaining maize self sufficiency of Gorontalo Province, which is known as one of the in Indonesia, namely the increase in corn maize producing areas in Indonesia. Attended by 600 consumption, the limited natural resources and participants from several nations, the international climate change. To solve these problems, it required conference was held in Gorontalo on 22-24 November a breakthrough by applying innovative technologies 2012 with the theme “Corn for Food, Feed and and collaborations with various parties, including Energy”. The four main agendas of the conference farmers, extension workers, researchers, scientists, were corn agribusiness international seminar, policy makers and agricultural entrepreneurs. exhibition, business meeting and field trip. The keynote speaker at the international seminar In his address at the opening of the conference, (CIMMYT Mexico, CIMMYT Kenya, Queensland the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Rusman University, ILRI India and some other countries) Heriawan, underlined the importance of corn as food, presented papers related to the maize development feed and alternative energy sources. To meet the from various perspectives, while the academicians future challenges of corn production, the Deputy and researchers put forward the recent research Minister emphasized the need for cooperation advancements. The seminar obtained some

International Maize Conference held in Gorontalo on 22-24 November 2012 and attended by 600 participants from home and abroad to gather information on science and technology of maize as food, feed and energy sources.

Dissemination of Innovations 123 agreements in the development of science and Scientific Journals technology of corn for food, feed and renewable energy sources, among others: Generally, scientific journal is a barometer of research 1. Corn has an important role as food, feed and performance and a medium for the development of energy sources, and industrial raw materials. science and technology. Along with the increasing demands for the high quality scientific journals, IAARD 2. Corn production must be increased to meet the keeps encouraging the researchers to actualize the demand, which keeps also increasing. research results in written or digital form to be easily 3. All parties agreed to cooperate in research and accessed by scientific communities in home and development, including achieving the balanced abroad. national/international corn market. The rapid development of science and technology 4. The development of corn technological innovation today hinted at the importance of improving the quality must be coupled with supporting policies. of scientific journals as reflected on the tight Utilization of corn was prioritized for food, then accreditation requirements. To accommodate feed, energy and industrial raw materials to scientific papers of the researchers, IAARD published minimize price volatility. scientific journals as listed on Table 1. Most of the 5. CIMMYT as a world maize research institute journals have already accredited and others are being would gradually open branches in Indonesia to prepared to receive recognition as national and increase capacity building and develop maize international scientific journals. Most of the IAARD breeding to generate improved varieties that professors participated actively in the management adapt to climate change. of the scientific journals. In addition to the scientific journals, IAARD published books, proceedings of national and Utilization of Mass Media international seminars, and other publications. The important requirements to be met by the publication IAARD utilizes print and electronic media, such as are published by a professional publishing house or television, newspapers and tabloids to disseminate publisher. In 2012, IAARD initiated the establishment agricultural information. VCDs/interactive CDs that of publishing house by the name IAARD Press. The contain information on R & D results are also produced publishing house can be utilized by researchers and to complement the existing media. The media are research institutes to publish agricultural research especially beneficial to the extension workers to results, especially books and proceedings. support their activities in the field. IAARD utilized government and private television Library Development stations to disseminate agricultural information to public at large. Since 2007, IAARD has managed Agro Innovation column in Sinar Tani tabloid to convey The development of information technology has practical agricultural information to public, particularly changed the library management, including extension workers. Press conference and journalists information services to the users. In this regard, visits were also important to deliver agricultural IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Agricultural information to the public Library and Technology Dissemination (ICALTD)

124 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Table 1. Serials published by the units of Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development.

IAARD unit Serial title

Secretary of IAARD Informatika Pertanian

Indonesian Center for Agricultural Library and Technology Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Dissemination (ICALTD) Indonesian Journal of Agriculture Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Pengembangan Inovasi Pertanian Jurnal Perpustakaan Pertanian Buletin Teknik Pertanian Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan and Development (ICFORD) Buletin Iptek Tanaman Pangan Berita Puslitbangtan Buletin Palawija Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research Jurnal Hortikultura and Development (ICHORD) Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri and Development (ICERD) Warta Puslitbang Tanaman Industri Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat Perkembangan Teknologi Tanaman Rempah dan Obat Perspektif Infotek Perkebunan Majalah Semi Populer Tree Tanaman Rempah dan Industri Buletin Rempah dan Industri Buletin Palma Indonesian Center for Animal Research Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner and Development (ICARD) Wartazoa Indonesian Center for Agricultural Socio Economic Jurnal Agro Ekonomi and Policy Studies (ICASEPS) Forum Penelitian Agroekonomi Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian Buletin Agro Ekonomi Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Research and Development (ICALRD) Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Warta Sumberdaya Lahan

Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Jurnal Agro Biogen Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) Buletin Plasma Nutfah Warta Biogen Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering Research Jurnal Enjiniring Pertanian and Development (ICAERD) Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian and Development (ICAPRD) Buletin Teknologi Pascapanen Pertanian Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology Assessment Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan and Development (ICATAD) Teknologi Pertanian

Dissemination of Innovations 125 developed information-technology based libraries in bibliographical journals were published, such as each institution within IAARD. Besides, in accordance abstracting journals, index and commodities with the main tasks and functions of ICALTD to foster bibliography. libraries under the Ministry of Agriculture, IT-based libraries were also developed in the first echelon units of the Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Intellectual Property Right Management The digital libraries were kept on developing and refining to provide excellent services to the users. The management of agricultural intellectual property Human resource capacity to manage the libraries and is not only necessary to obtain intellectual property use the IT continued to be improved through training, certification on time, but also to stimulate the inventors internships, workshops and seminars. ICALTD also to register their inventions. Superior and commercial provided assistance and prepared guidelines for IAARD inventions become the targets to get the managing the libraries in an effort to give excellent intellectual property protection. service to users. Until 2012, the number of IPR applications IT-based libraries not only provide information reached 688, included 172 patents, 46 creations, 40 in printed form, but also in electronic form, either in brands and 38 plant varieties protections and 392 the form of online or offline databases. To improve varieties. The number of protected inventions included the library collections, IAARD has been subscribing ten patents, four creations, three brands and three printed international journals, Proquest and variety protections (Table 2). ScienceDirect online databases, and TEEAL off-line database (CD-ROM). The procurement of library To promote agricultural technology to users reference materials and other local and international (industry, government and society), IAARD conducted publications were done through purchase or round table meeting (RTM). In 2012 five times of exchange. To make optimal use the information in RTM had been conducted for horticulture, livestock, the databases, ICALTD opened an access to libraries estate crops, post-harvest and food crops, and one- within the IAARD to utilize full text scientific journals time promotion and expose. The industry interested published in Proquest and ScienceDiret. To assist to develop the technology could create Memorandum users in obtaining the required information, of Understanding (MoU) on license, i.e. the granting

Table 2. Application number of patents, creations, brands and variety protection rights (VPR) of IAARD until 2012.

Registration/application Certificate Year Patent Creation Brand VPR Variety Total Patent Creation Brand VPR Variety Total

< 2007 75 13 23 3 14 128 9 9 3 0 11 32 2007 2 -- 2 18 22 7 -- 1 18 26 2008 15 5 7 6 64 97 5 -- 2 57 64 2009 13 10 4 4 104 135 2 1 - 2 100 105 2010 28 5 2 5 80 120 5 9 8 - 80 102 2011 16 6 4 7 86 119 6 1 2 - 86 95 2012 23 7 - 11 26 67 10 4 3 3 - 20

Total 172 46 40 38 392 688 44 24 16 8 352 444

126 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Table 3. License agreements on IAARD inventions approved and signed in 2012.

Invention IAARD Unit Cooperation partner

Pugam A ISRI PT Polowijo Glosari Gliocompost IOPRI PT Berdikari Liquid insecticide, Biotris IIBCRI PT Berdikari Superior native chicken “KUB” IRIAP PT Ayam Kampung Indonesia Production process of probiotic civet coffee Bali AIAT PT Zeoprima Indsutri Production process of probiotic civet coffee Bali AIAT Cooperative Satmakura Upland soil test kit ISRI Cooperative Puspita Fertilizer test kit ISRI Cooperative Puspita Lowland soil test kit ISRI Cooperative Puspita Kangkong Sutera variety IVEGRI PT Agrindo Hartha Mekar Curly red pepper Kencana variety IVEGRI PT Agrindo Hartha Mekar Spinach Giti Hijau variety IVEGRI PT Agrindo Hartha Mekar Cucumber Mars variety IVEGRI Fajar Seed Curly red pepper Kencana variety IVEGRI Fajar Seed Static Light Trap So-Cell ICRR PT Sainindo Kurniasejati Moving Light Trap So-Cell ICRR PT Sainindo Kurniasejati Green 200 EC ICERD PT Sainindo Kurniasejati Hybrid rice Hipa Jatim1 ICRR East Java Provincial Government Hybrid rice Hipa Jatim2 ICRR East Java Provincial Government Hybrid rice Hipa Jatim3 ICRR East Java Provincial Government Decomposer Orligno ICERD PT Sainindo Kurniasejati Pupuk Hayati Biotara ISARI PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur Active Charcoal Coated Urea Fertilizer IAERI PT Nutrimas Agro Indonesia Hybrid Maize Bima 3 Bantimurung ICERI PT Golden Indonesia Seed Pheromone Cyl ICABIOGRAD PT Tektonindo Henida Jaya Pheromone Ostri ICABIOGRAD PT Tektonindo Henida Jaya Pheromone Litura ICABIOGRAD PT Tektonindo Henida Jaya Pheromone PBPK ICABIOGRAD PT Tektonindo Henida Jaya

permission to licensor to develop, manufacture and from IPR licensed to the private parties reached market IAARD innovations and IAARD will get royalties. IDR470,523,000. Twenty eight license agreements had been In 2012, the proposed IPR registration increased signed in 2012 (Table 3). The number increased over the previous year, but a lot of proposals do not compared with the licenses of last year, which was meet the requirement. For this purpose, three general only 20 licenses. guidelines were issued, namely the assessment criteria of inventions (patents and variety protection To evaluate the license agreement, the inventions rights), the general guideline for invention evaluation, licensed by private parties were verified. Royalties and the general guideline for verification.

Dissemination of Innovations 127 IAARD Headquarter at Jalan Ragunan No. 29, Jakarta.

Organizational Development

Success of research institution in generating innovative technology is determined by the available resources, namely human resources, facilities and infrastructures, funding and collboration with other parties. Researcher is a main driver in generating technology. Therefore, efforts were made to improve the capability of researchers, among others, through education and training. In 2008-2012, IAARD sent 204 officers to learn doctoral program and 214 officers to master program inside and outside the country. Experimental farms and research laboratories were improved and collaboration with various parties in home and abroad was also enhanced, both in terms of research and development as well as human resources, facilities and programs.

128 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Institutional and Organizational Agricultural Technology, two Research Stations, and Development three Assessment Stations for Agricultural Tech- nology. The organizational structure is presented in Figure 1. IAARD strives to generate agricultural technology which has high impact recognition and scientific recognition in the competitive era. The changes in Human Resources internal and external strategic environments are responded with increasing research priorities and generating market-oriented products which have high In the year 2012, IAARD was supported by 7,780 competitiveness in home and abroad. To be able to staffs. Of these, 3,344 (43%) were the functional respond these demands, IAARD has solid organiza- staffs, consisting of researchers, engineers, librari- tion, competent human resources, sufficient facilities ans, computer specialists, archivists, technicians, and infrastructures, appropriate programs, and close statisticians, extension specialists, personnel collaborations with parties in home and abroad. analysts, planners, public relation officers, livestock breed supervisors and veterinary medical (Figure 2). IAARD organization is developed in sustainable manner and adapted to the changes in strategic Based on educational level, 4,273 personnels environment to implement its tasks and functions in (54.92%) had under BS degree, 2,010 personnels generating agricultural technology. Improvement of (25.84%) held BS degree, 1,100 personnels (14.14%) IAARD organization referred to the existed laws, possessed master degree and 397 personnels namely Presidential Decree No. 47/2009 on formation (5.10%) owned doctoral degree. The development and organization of state ministries and Presidential of IAARD staffs by level of education in 2012 is Decree No. 24/2010 on position, tasks and functions presented in Table 1. Human resource development of echelons I within the state ministries, and program through long-term education aims to organizational structure, tasks and functions of increase the number of personnels holding master echelons I within the state ministries. and doctoral degree. Over the last five years (2008- 2012), IAARD sent 431 staffs to universities in and To implement Agriculture Minister Decree No. outside the country, comprising of 204 staffs for 61/2010, IAARD arranged its organization and doctoral program, 214 staffs for master program, proposed 50 IAARD implementing units to be changed six staffs for BS program and one staff for under BS their nomenclature from the ‘Department of program. Agriculture’ to be the ‘Ministry of Agriculture’. These efforts were coupled with improvement of taks and Based on age, most of IAARD employees aged functions of IAARD implementing units and 46-55 years. The data show that in the next five years, maximizing experimental farms/gardens as research a lot of the employees will be entering retirement supporting units (germplasm collection garden and a age. Effort to replace the retiring employees is place for research), source of income (seed conducted through recruitment of new staffs. production, land leasing and collaborations), and Researcher is a main mover in generating media for disseminating technology using showroom, innovative technology. In 2012, IAARD was supported visitor plot and outlet. by 1,628 researchers and 420 prospective researchers With the changes, IAARD organization in 2012 (Table 2). The number of researchers in 2012 consisted of the Secretariat, four Research and decreased by 0.98% compared with that in 2011, Development Centers, two Centers, seven Research because some of them entering retirement age. The Centers, 15 Research Institutes, Office for Technology number of researchers is still insufficient for a Transfer (OTT-IAARD), 31 Assessment Institutes for research institution. Efforts to meet the ideal number

Organizational Development 129 IAARD

IAARD Secretariat

ICFORD ICHORD ICERD ICARD ICASEPS ICALTD

ICRR IRCVS ICALRD ICATAD ICAERD ICABIOGRAD ICAPRD

ILETRI IVEGRI ISMCRI IRIAP ISARI 31 AIATs OTT-IAARD

ICERI IFTRI ISFCRI IBCS ISRI 2 ASATs TUNDRES IGRS IOPRI IPCRI IAHRI

ICSFRI IIBCRI IAERI

Figure 1. Organizational structure of IAARD, 2012.

26.35% of researchers are conducted through the recruitment of new staffs as well as education and training of the

0.41% new researchers to the Indonesian Institute of 1.22% Sciences (LIPI). In 2012, IAARD sent 100 staffs to 0.03% attend training at LIPI. One hundred and six of IAARD 0.19% researchers are professors from various disciplines, but 15 of them had retired. 0.01% 0.03% 10.10% 0.51% 3.89% 0.06% 0.03% 0.14% Livestock breed supervisors Technicians Budget Engineers Veterinary medical Researchers Public relation officers In 2012, IAARD managed the budget of IDR1.28 trillion Archivists Personnel analysts and foreign grants of IDR10.81 billion. The budget Librarians Extension specialists was approximately 7.4% of the total budget of the Computer specialists Statisticians Planners Ministry of Agriculture (IDR17.17 trillion), and rose IDR154.05 billion (13.7%) compared with that in 2011. Figure 2. Composition of IAARD functional staffs in 2012.

130 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Table 1. Development of IAARD personnels based on education, 2008-2012.

Education level 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Lower than BS degree 4,964 4,864 4,818 4,558 4,273 BS degree 1,797 1,789 1,910 2,076 2,010 Master degree 1,093 1,099 1,098 1,133 1,100 Doctoral degree 375 372 376 384 397

Total 8,229 8,124 8,202 8,151 7,780

Table 2. IAARD researchers based on researcher level and age, 2012.

Age (year) Researcher level 25-35 36-45 46-55 >55 Total

Senior Researcher 2 0 81 178 261 Intermediate Researcher 1 42 323 152 518 Junior Researcher 17 204 231 0 452 First Level Researcher 141 179 77 0 397 Nonclass Researcher 296 68 54 2 420

Total 457 493 766 332 2,048

Management and utilization of the budget are Facilities and Infrastructures classified into three types of expenditure, namely employee, goods and capital spending. Employee Laboratory is an important research resource in spending of IDR443.92 billion (34.7%) was used to generating technological innovations. In 2012, IAARD finance the salaries, allowances, honoraria, overtime, had 165 laboratories scattered in research institutions compensation and benefits work. Goods spending of in all provinces in Indonesia. The types and IDR627.75 billion (49.11%) was used to finance capabilities of the laboratories varied so that efforts program and R&D activities. Capital spending of to improve the capability and capacity are continuing IDR206.57 billion (16.16%) was used to maintain to be made. asset and capital accumulation, such as the construction/renovation of buildings and laboratories, A total of 29 of 165 IAARD laboratories had revitalization of experimental gardens, procurement obtained ISO 17025-2000 certificate from the National of office equipments, laboratory and experimental Accreditation Committee, meaning that the garden tools, journals and scientific books, and other laboratories receive formal recognition at the intangible capital accumulation to support agricultural national, regional and international levels to carry out R&D capacity. testing. Sixteen laboratories are in the accreditation

Organizational Development 131 process and 120 laboratories were not accredited spread over 43 institutions. Conditions of the yet. In the long run, IAARD laboratories are expected experimental gardens vary in area, land status, to be a reference in doing testing, training, utilization and performance, and scattered in different internships and research activities. agro-climate conditions in the lowlands to the highlands. Experimental garden capacity continuously Laboratory management refers to the Indonesian improves through increasing budget, human National Standard (SNI) 19-17025-2000, which adopts resources and facilities. Human resources capacity ISO/IEC 17025:1999 and ISO 19-9001:2001, for the is improved through training and workshops, implementation of quality management systems. meanwhile infrastructure has been revitalized since Laboratory management in accordance with these 2011. standards aims to have scientific and commercial competitiveness. Seed Resources Management Unit (UPBS) Laboratory Accreditation The success of technology dissemination and adoption IAARD laboratory accreditation has been conducted of improved varieties is determined partly by the since 2002. A total of 16 laboratories had been ability of producers and seed industries to supply and accredited by the National Accreditation Committee. provide seeds appropriately to the farmers. These laboratories are owned by the Indonesian Therefore, robust seed systems (productive, efficient, Center for Veterinary Research, Indonesian Center competitive and sustainable) is needed to support for Agricultural Engineering Research and Develop- increasing production and quality of agricultural ment, Indonesian Center for Rice Research, products. Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and To accelerate the deployment and adoption of Genetic Resources Research and Development, new improved varieties, IAARD implementing units, Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest especially AIATs, have an important role in provision Research and Development, Indonesian Legume and of source seeds (foundation seed). Until the year Tuber Crops Research Institute, Indonesian 2012, IAARD had 46 UPBS that play a role in the Ornamental Plants Research Institute, Indonesian management of sources seeds of food crops, Tropical Fruits Research Institute, Indonesian Citrus horticulture, estate crops and livestock breeds. and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Importation and Expenditure of Indonesian Soil Research Institute, and Assessment Seeds and Genetic Resources for Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) of North Sumatra, South Sulawesi, Yogyakarta and West Nusa Research Tenggara (Table 3). IAARD is authorized to give permission to the importation and expenditure of genetic resources Experimental Garden based on the Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 37/2011 on Conservation and Utilization of Plant Experimental garden has the primary function in Genetic Resources. The authorization includes: supporting R&D activities in the field, as well as a place for ex situ conservation of genetic resources, 1. Exploration permission (search and collection, production of source seed, show window of innovative followed by identification, characterization, technology and education media. IAARD has 119 documentation and evaluation) of genetic experimental gardens with a total area of 4,614 ha, resources, 15 working days.

132 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Table 3. Laboratories of institutions within IAARD obtained accreditation of SNI 19-17025-2000.

IAARD Unit Laboratory type

ICRR Proximate laboratory ILETRI Soil laboratory Breeding/seed quality laboratory Service/chemistry laboratory IOPRI Virology laboratory ITFRI Seed quality laboratory ICSFRI Phytopathology laboratory Breeding laboratory ISMCRI Service/chemistry laboratory IRCVS Pest/parasitology laboratory Bacteriology laboratory Pathology laboratory Toxicology/micology laboratory Virology laboratory IRIAP Service/chemistry laboratory Physiology laboratory ISRI Service/chemistry laboratory ICABIOGRAD Molecular biology laboratory Gene bank facility ICAPRD Biochemistry laboratory Produce quality testing laboratory ICAERD Four-whell tractor testing laboratory Two-whell tractor testing laboratory Irrigation pump testing laboratory Grains postharvest testing laboratory North Sumatra AIAT Service/chemistry laboratory Yogyakarta AIAT Soil laboratory West Nusa Tenggara AIAT Service/chemistry laboratory South Sulawesi AIAT Soil and plant laboratory

2. Administration of collection garden (collecting Collaborations followed by conservation and maintenance of genetic resources resulted from exploration in IAARD has fairly extensive collaborations, both the form of materials and information), 15 nationally and internationally. Several research working days. collaborations have been established with research 3. Importation of genetic resources for research institutes under the coordination of the Ministry of and/or breeding, 10 working days. Research and Technology, LIPI, BATAN, BPPT and universities. To streamline the dissemination of 4. Expenditure of genetic resources through research results, collaborations with local exchange for research and/or breeding, 10 governments, private parties, policy makers and working days. agencies within the Ministry of Agriculture and others In 2012, 92 permits had been issued, consisted have also been established. Internationally, IAARD of 71 permits for importation and 22 permits for also includes in the network of bilateral, multilateral expenditure of seeds/genetic resources. and regional collaborations.

Organizational Development 133 Domestic Collaboration IPNI (International Plant Names Index), IOM, the Malaysian Rubber Research Institute, UNDP (United IAARD collaborates with domestic partners such as Nations Development Programme), Giz, Murdoch local governments, private companies, state University, IFPRI (International Food Policy Research enterprises, non-governmental organizations, Institute), University of Queensland, IPI (International universities and other government agencies. Potash Institute), REDD ALERT and the World Bank. Collaboration coverages include research, develop- International collaboration aims to further ment, assessment, engineering, mapping, technology improve access to relevant methods and technologies assistance, evaluation/characterization of agricultural to support IAARD activities as well as to improve the resources as well as the exchange and utilization of competence of researchers/engineers. Collaboration information. The collaboration was stated in the is conducted formally based on equality with a memorandum of understanding. mutually profitable and implemented with a strict In 2012, IAARD managed 537 domestic control system. collaborations, consisted of 214 collaboration with the International collaboration is implemented Ministry of Research and Technology, 91 partnerships, through bilateral, regional and multilateral schemes. 91 collaborations with provincial and district govern- Bilateral collaboration is jointly implemented by the ments, 74 grants, 37 patnerships with universities two countries through government to government or and 30 collaborations with private parties. private to private parties. Regional collaboration is implemented by some countries in the region on a International Collaboration specific interest, such as ASEAN and APEC. Multilateral cooperation is implemented by many countries, such as FAO, WHO and CGIAR. International collaborations include cooperation with foreign research institutions, international organiza- In 2012 IAARD managed 27 bilateral and multi- tions, universities, private parties and NGOs. IAARD lateral collaborations. The number of collaboration collaborates with various partners, such as ACIAR activities within and outside the country in 2008-2012 (Australian Centre for International Agricultural are presented in Table 4. Research), CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), JIRCAS (Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences), Amarta, Ansoft, RDA (Rural Development Table 4. Number of domestic and international research Administration), AFACI (Asian Food and Agriculture collaborations between IAARD and other Cooperation Initiative), US Department of State, parties, 2008-2012.

CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improve- Number of collaborations ment Center), CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Year Development), IRRI (International Rice Research Domestic International Institute), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2008 2051) 77 Yuan Longping Ltd, HORTIN II, Gent University, MAFF 2009 8881) 45 (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) Japan, 2010 5822) 41 2) AMNET, ICRAF (The World Agro-forestry Centre), 2011 598 65 2012 362) 27 ICCTF (Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund), IDRC (International Development Research Centre), IAEA 1) including collaborations with universities (International Atomic Energy Agency), CIP (Inter- 2) including collaborations with universities and Research national Potato Centre), Biodiversity International, and Technology Ministry

134 Annual Report 2012: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Agricultural Research Partnerships with Incentive Program for Improvement of Universities Researcher and Engineer Capabilities

The year 2012 is the last stage of research partnership The program is a collaboration between IAARD and with universities, therefore, research partnership in the Ministry of Research and Technology and have this year was mainly to fund continued research been held since 2009. This program was initially activities that potentially generate intelectual property named SINTA (A Synergy of Research and right. A total of 37 proposals from 10 universities Development), funded by the Directorate General of were funded with a value worth IDR3.76 billion or an Higher Education, the Ministry of National Education. average cost per proposal of IDR101.32 million. Based Since 2010, the program was funded by the Ministry on the approved budget, IT application and food crops of Research and Technology. research had the largest budget, each of IDR883.07 In 2012, there were 229 proposals with a million and IDR781.90 million. Horticultural research proposed budget of IDR46.1 billion. Proposals ranked the first for average budget per proposal, approved were 214 with cost of IDR42.3 billion. namely IDR147.23 million/proposal. For the number Assessments of agricultural technologies had the of proposals approved, Bogor Agricultural University greatest budget, that was IDR19.45 billion, while ranked the first with 18 proposals (48.7%), followed socio-economic research had the highest average with BINUS University eight proposals (21.6%) and budget per proposal, namely IDR250 million. Gadjah Mada University three proposals (8.1%).

Organizational Development 135 Organizational Units of the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research Indonesian Center for Agricultural Library and and Development Secretariat (IAARD Technology Dissemination (ICALTD) Secretariat) Jalan Ir. H. Juanda No. 20, Bogor 16122 Jalan Ragunan No. 29, Pasarminggu Phone +62 251 8321746 Jakarta 12540 Fax. +62 251 8326561 Phone +62 21 7505395, 7806202 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 21 7800644 Website : http://pustaka.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering Website : http://litbang.deptan.go.id Research and Development (ICAERD) Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Situgadung, Legok, Tangerang, PO Box 2, Development (ICFORD) Serpong 15310 Jalan Merdeka No. 147, Bogor 16111 Phone +62 21 5376787, 70936787 Phone +62 251 8334089, 8331718 Fax. +62 21 71695497 Fax. +62 251 8312755 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://mekanisasi.litbang.deptan.go.id [email protected] Indonesian Center for Agricultural Website : http://pangan.litbang.deptan.go.id Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) and Development (ICHORD) Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 3A, Bogor 16111 Jalan Ragunan No. 29A, Pasarminggu Phone +62 251 8337975, 8339793 Jakarta 12540 Fax. +62 251 8338820 Phone +62 21 7805768, 7892205 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 21 7805135 Website : http://biogen.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Website : http://hortikultura.litbang.deptan.go.id Research and Development (ICAPRD) Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 12, Bogor 16114 and Development (ICERD) Phone +62 251 8321762, 8350920 Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 1 Fax. +62 251 8321762 Bogor 16111 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 251 8313083, 836194, 8329305 Website : http://pascapanen.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 251 8336194 Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land E-mail : [email protected] Resources Research and Development (ICALRD) Website : http://perkebunan.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 12, Bogor 16114 Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Phone +62 251 8323012, 8327215 Development (ICARD) Fax. +62 251 8311256 Jalan Raya Pajajaran Kav. E-59, Bogor 16151 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 251 8322183, 8328383, 8322138 Website : http://bbsdlp.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 251 8328382 Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) E-mail : [email protected] Jalan Raya No. 9, Sukamandi, Subang 41172 Website : http://peternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id Phone +62 260 520157 Indonesian Center for Agricultural Socio Fax. +62 260 520158 Economic and Policy Studies (ICASEPS) E-mail : [email protected] Jalan Ahmad Yani No. 70, Bogor 16161 Website : http://bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id Phone +62 251 8333964 Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Fax. +62 251 8314496 Science (IRCVS) E-mail : [email protected] Jalan R.E. Martadinata No. 30, PO Box 52 Website : http://pse.litbang.deptan.go.id Bogor 16114 Phone +62 251 8331048, 8334456 Fax. +62 251 8336425 E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://bbalitvet.litbang.deptan.go.id

Institutional Development 137 Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Assessment and Development (ICATAD) Research Institute (ICSFRI) Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 10, Bogor 16114 Jalan Raya Tlekung No. 1, Junrejo, Kota Batu 65301 Phone +62 251 8351277 Phone +62 341 592683 Fax. +62 251 8350928 Fax. +62 593047 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://bbp2tp.litbang.deptan.go.id Website : http://balitjestro.litbang.deptan.go.id IAARD Office for Technology Transfer Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research (IAARD-OTT) Institute (ISMCRI) Jalan Salak No. 22, Bogor 16151 Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 3, Bogor 16111 Phone +62 251 8382563, 8382567 Phone +62 251 8321879 Fax. +62 251 8382567 Fax. +62 251 8327010 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Website : http://balittro.litbang.deptan.go.id Website : http://bpatp.litbang.deptan.go.id Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI) Research Institute (ILETRI) Jalan Pakuwon km 2, Parungkuda Jalan Raya Kendal Payak km 8, PO Box 66 Sukabumi 43357 Malang 65101 Phone +62 266 7070941 Phone +62 341 801468 Fax. +62 266 6542087 Fax. +62 341 801496 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Website : http://balittri.litbang.deptan.go.id Website : http://balitkabi.litbang.deptan.go.id Indonesian Palm Crops Research Institute Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI) (IPCRI) Jalan Dr. Ratulangi, PO Box 173 Maros 90514 Jalan Bethesda II, Mapanget, PO Box 1004 Phone +62 411 371529 Manado 95001 Fax. +62 411 371961 Phone +62 431 812430 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 431 812017 Website : http://balitsereal.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://balitka.litbang.deptan.go.id Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (IVEGRI) Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Jalan Tangkuban Perahu 517 Lembang Research Institute (ISFCRI) Bandung 40391 Jalan Raya Karangploso km 4, PO Box 199 Phone +62 22 2786245 Malang 65152 Fax. +62 22 2786416 Phone +62 341 491447 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 341 485121 Website : http://balitsa.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://balittas.litbang.deptan.go.id Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research Institute (IOPRI) Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Jalan Raya Ciherang, PO Box 8 SDL Production (IRIAP) Segunung Pacet, Cianjur 43252 Jalan Banjarwaru, Ciawi Phone +62 263 517056, 514138 PO Box 221 Fax. +62 263 514138 Bogor 16002 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 251 8240752 Website : http://balithi.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 251 8240754 E-mail : [email protected] Indonesian Tropical Fruits Research Institute [email protected] (ITFRI) Website : http://balitnak.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan Raya Solok Aripan km 8, PO Box 5 Solok 27301 Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI) Phone +62 755 20137 Jalan Ir. H. Juanda No. 98 Fax. +62 755 20592 Bogor 16123 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 251 8336757 Website : http://balitbu.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 251 8321608 E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://balittanah.litbang.deptan.go.id

138 2012 Annual Report: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Indonesian Agroclimate and Hydrology Assessment Institute for Agricultural Research Institute (IAHRI) Technology (AIAT) Riau Jalan Tentara Pelajar No.1A, Bogor 16111 Jalan Kaharudin Nasution No. 341, km 40 Phone +62 251 8312760 Padang Marpoyan Fax. +62 251 8312760, 8336757 PO Box 10210 E-mail : [email protected] Pekanbaru Website : http://balitklimat.litbang.deptan.go.id Phone +62 761 674206, 674205 Fax. +62 761 674206 Indonesian Swampland Agricultural Research E-mail : [email protected] Institute (ISARI) [email protected] Jalan Kebun Karet Loktabat Utara, PO Box 31 Website : http://riau.litbang.deptan.go.id Banjarbaru 70712 Phone +62 511 4772534 Assessment Institute for Agricultural Fax. +62 511 4773034, 4772534 Technology (AIAT) Jambi E-mail : [email protected] Jalan Samarinda Kotabaru [email protected] PO Box 118, Kotabaru 36128 Website : http://balittra.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan Jambi-Palembang km 16, Desa Pondok Meja, Kecamatan Mestong, Kabupaten Muaro Jambi Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Phone +62 741 7053525, 40174 Institute (IAERI) Fax. +62 741 40413 Jalan Raya Jakenan, Jaken km 5, PO Box 5, Jaken E-mail : [email protected] Pati 59182 [email protected] Phone +62 295 381592 Website : http://jambi.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 295 381592 E-mail : [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural Website : http://balingtan.litbang.deptan.go.id Technology (AIAT) South Sumatra Jalan Kolonel H. Barlian km 6 Assessment Institute for Agricultural PO Box 1265, Palembang 30153 Technology (AIAT) Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Phone +62 711 410155 Jalan P. Nyak Makam No. 27, PO Box 41, Lampineung Fax. +62 711 411845 Banda Aceh 23125 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 651 7551811 Website : http://sumsel.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 651 7552077 E-mail : [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural [email protected] Technology (AIAT) Bangka Belitung Website : http://nad.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan Mentok km 4, Pangkalpinang 33134 Phone +62 717 421797, 422858 Assessment Institute for Agricultural Fax. +62 717 421797 Technology (AIAT) North Sumatra E-mail : [email protected] Jalan Jend. A.H. Nasution No.1B, Website : http://babel.litbang.deptan.go.id PO Box 7 MDGJ Medan 20143 Assessment Institute for Agricultural Phone +62 61 7870710 Technology (AIAT) Bengkulu Fax. +62 61 7861020 Jalan Irian km 6,5 E-mail : [email protected] PO Box 1010, Bengkulu 38119 Website : http://sumut.litbang.deptan.go.id Phone +62 736 23030 Fax. +62 736 23030 Assessment Institute for Agricultural E-mail : [email protected] Technology (AIAT) West Sumatra Website : http://bengkulu.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan Raya Padang-Solok, km 40, Sukarami Solok 27366 Assessment Institute for Agricultural Phone +62 755 31122, 31564 Technology (AIAT) Lampung Fax. +62 755 731138 Jalan Z.A. Pagar Alam No. 1A Rajabasa E-mail : [email protected] Bandar Lampung 35145 Website : http://sumbar.litbang.deptan.go.id Phone +62 721 781776, 701328 Fax. +62 721 705273 E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://lampung.litbang.deptan.go.id

Institutional Development 139 Assessment Institute for Agricultural Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Banten Technology (AIAT) Bali Jalan Raya Ciptayasa km 01, Ciruas Jalan By Pass Ngurah Rai, Pasanggaran Serang 42182, Banten PO Box 3480, Denpasar 80222 Phone +62 254 280093, 281055 Phone +62 361 720498 Fax. +62 254 282507 Fax. +62 361 720498 E-mail : [email protected] Email : [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Website : http://banten.litbang.deptan.go.id Website : http://bali.litbang.deptan.go.id Assessment Institute for Agricultural Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) West Java Technology (AIAT) West Nusa Tenggara Jalan Kayuambon No. 80, PO Box 8495, Lembang Jalan Raya Paninjauan Narmada, PO Box 1017 Bandung 40391 Mataram 83010 Phone +62 22 2789846 Phone +62 370 671312 Fax. +62 22 2786238 Fax. +62 370 671620 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Website : http://ntb.litbang.deptan.go.id Website : http://jabar.litbang.deptan.go.id Assessment Institute for Agricultural Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) East Nusa Tenggara Technology (AIAT) DKI Jakarta Jalan Timor Raya km 32, PO Box 1022 Naibonat, Jalan Ragunan No. 30, Pasarminggu Kupang 85362 PO Box 7321/JKSPM Phone +62 380 833766 Jakarta 12540 Fax. +62 380 829537 Phone +62 21 78839949, 7815020 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 21 7815020 Website : http://ntt.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural [email protected] Technology (AIAT) East Kalimantan Website : http://jakarta.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan Budi Utomo No. 45 Siantan Hulu, Assessment Institute for Agricultural PO Box 6150, Pontianak 78061 Technology (AIAT) Central Java Phone +62 561 882069 Bukit Tegalepek, Sidomulyo, Fax. +62 561 883883 PO Box 101 Ungaran 50501 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 24 6924965, 6924967 [email protected] Fax. +62 24 6924966 Website : http://kalbar.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural Website : http://jateng.litbang.deptan.go.id Technology (AIAT) Central Kalimantan Assessment Institute for Agricultural Jalan G. Obos km 5, PO Box 122 Technology (AIAT) Yogyakarta Palangkaraya 73111, Ringroad Utara Jalan Karangsari Wedomartani, Phone +62 536 3329662 Ngemplak, Sleman, PO Box 1013 Fax. +62 536 3231416 Yogyakarta 55010 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 274 884662 [email protected] Fax. +62 274 562935 Website : http://[email protected] E-mail : [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural [email protected] Technology (AIAT) East Kalimantan Website : http://yogya.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan P.M. Noor, Sempaja, Assessment Institute for Agricultural PO Box 1237, Samarinda 75119 Technology (AIAT) East Java Phone +62 541 220857 Jalan Raya Karangploso km 4, PO Box 188 Fax. +62 541 220857 Malang 65101 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 341 494052 Website : http://kaltim.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 341 471255 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Website : http://jatim.litbang.deptan.go.id

140 2012 Annual Report: Innovative Technology for Sustainable Agriculture Assessment Institute for Agricultural Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) South Kalimantan Technology (AIAT) Maluku Jalan Panglima Batur Barat No. 4 Jalan Chr. Soplanit, Rumah Tiga PO Box 1018 & 1032 Banjarbaru 70711 Ambon 97233 Phone +62 511 4772346 Phone +62 911 3303865 Fax. +62 511 4781810 Fax. +62 911 322542 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Website : http://maluku.litbang.deptan.go.id [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural Website : http://kalsel.litbang.deptan.go.id Technology (AIAT) North Maluku Assessment Institute for Agricultural Komplek Pertanian Kusu, Kecamatan Oba Utara Technology (AIAT) North Sulawesi Kota Tidore Kepulauan 97000 Jalan Kampus Pertanian Kalasey, PO Box 1345 Phone +62 921 326250 Manado 95013 Fax. +62 921 326250 Phone +62 431 836637 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 431 838808 [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://malut.litbang.deptan.go.id [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural Website : http://sulut.litbang.deptan.go.id Technology (AIAT) Papua Assessment Institute for Agricultural Jalan Yahim No. 49, PO Box 256, Sentani Technology (AIAT) Central Sulawesi Jayapura 99352 Jalan Lasoso No. 62, Biromaru, Phone +62 967 592179 PO Box 51, Palu Fax. +62 967 591235 Phone +62 451 482546 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 451 482549 Website : http://papua.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural [email protected] Technology (AIAT) West Papua Website : http://sulteng.litbang.deptan.go.id Jalan Amban Pantai Waidema Assessment Institute for Agricultural PO Box 254 Technology (AIAT) South Sulawesi Manokwari 98314 Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan km 17,5 Phone +62 986 213182, 211377 PO Box 1234, Makassar Fax. +62 986 212052 Phone +62 411 556449 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 411 554522 Website : http://papuabarat.litbang.deptan.go.id E-mail : [email protected] Office of Assessment Institute for Agricultural Website : http://sulsel.litbang.deptan.go.id Technology (AIAT) Riau Islands Assessment Institute for Agricultural Jalan Pelabuhan Sungai Jang No. 38 Technology (AIAT) Southeast Sulawesi Tanjung Pinang Jalan Prof. Muh. Yamin No. 89, PO Box 55 Phone +62 771 22153 Kendari 93114 Fax. +62 771 313299 Phone +62 401 312571 E-mail : [email protected] Fax. +62 401 313180 Website : - E-mail : [email protected] Assessment Institute for Agricultural Website : http://sultra.litbang.deptan.go.id Technology (AIAT) West Sulawesi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Jalan Martadinata No. 16 Technology (AIAT) Gorontalo Mamuju Jalan Kopi No. 270, Desa Iloheluma, Kecamatan Phone +62 0813142692046 Tilongkabila Kabupaten Bone Bolango, Fax. +62 426 22547 Gorontalo 96183 E-mail : [email protected] Phone +62 435 827627, 8700075 Website : http://sulbar.litbang.deptan.go.id Fax. +62 435 827627 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Website : http://gorontalo.litbang.deptan.go.id

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