9L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 18, NO. 11 JOURNAL NOVEMBER, 1941 For Greater Satisfaction

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SCHENLEY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, Empire State Building, New York City CONTENTS NOVEMBER, 1941 1

Cover Picture: Statue of Liberty See page 621. rt&P

America Gears for World Emergency By T. N. Sandifer. 603 The History of the Consulate General at London A good neighbour... By the late Percy R. Broemel 609

Washington National Airport and a good mixer! By Merle J. Oelke 613

World Series By Shirley Povich 617 Si senor! For BACARDI is not only on Philippine Photos 618 outstanding example of Pan-American

The Reform of the Foreign Office 620 solidarity in the realm of good taste,

The Conduct of Diplomacy 621 but the most congenial and versatile of all the great liquors of the world. Editors’ Column 622 It mixes readily and superbly with all News from the Department By Reginald P. Mitchell 623 fine ingredients, from the sparkling

News from the Field 626 simplicity of a highball to the compli¬ cated art of a Coronation Cocktail... The Bookshelf Francis C. de Wolj, Review Editor 628 And it gives a new thrill to the old The Children in the Moon drinks with its unique, delectable By Maurice P. Dunlap 630 flavour. Foreign Service Linguist, Poem By Thomas D. Bowman 631 nlways correct when You are ° BICARDI The Appointment of Assistant Secretary of State u serv y° aues)s are always G. Howland Shaw and Our Foreign Service.... 632 °nd f°d BACARDI has en- Foreign Service Changes 634 fl0,T.he highest reputation i0/ thh. most exacting among » both Con- Service Glimpses 635 connoisseurs uarters

B for Promotions 636 'ine 's r;to a > d 1,5 °' o7 "bouquet" on Births 639 smooth exquisite quality- Scholarship Winners, photos 641 Letter to the Editors 652 — °r Visitors 660 89 proof dealers.

Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ COMPANIA "RON BACARDI," S. A. tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as Santiago de Cuba second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879. Schenley Import Corp., N. Y. Copr. 1941

NOVEMBER, 1941 601 Awards come to us, not by badge nor gilded cbevron, but by popular acceptance of our products among groups themselves distinguished for accomplishment. 1 be wide registration of Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto and Chrysler motor cars among the men of the American Foreign Service is a significant honor, of which we are proud, indeed. INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS American Export Lines 647 American International Underwriters Corporation 603 American Republics Line — 642 American Security and Trust Company 637

Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 601 Brewood (Engravers) 657

Calvert School 659 Campbell Company, W. D. 658 Chase National Bank 656 Chrysler Corporation 602 Clark, Horace F., & Son 657

Federal Storage Company 651 Fessenden School, The 658 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co 604

General Motors Overseas Operations 644 Diplomatic Immunity? Grace Line 640 Gude Bros. Co. 659 Golf etiquette demands a warning of Hay-Adams House 654 danger — but it isn’t always enough. . . “Fore” in any language might not suc¬ International Telephone & Telegraph Co. Ill Cover ceed in preventing an accident!

Latin American Institute 658 Our Sports Liability policy provides complete protection by covering your lia¬ Mayflower Hotel 646 bility for bodily injury and property Moore-McCormack Lines 642 damage resulting from any of the usual sports in which you may engage includ¬ National City Bank 650 ing the popular Scotch pastime. National Geographic Magazine 648 For more than a score of years the AIU New England Mutual Life Insurance Co.. —. 657 worldwide organization has provided Pacific Fisheries, Assn, of 657 American insurance for our Government Pan-American Airways, Inc. 655 personnel in foreign lands. Wherever you may be, AIU policies offer U. S. Dollar Sapp, Earle W., C.L.U. 657 protection in strong, familiar companies Schenley Products II Cover for practically every type of insurance, plus usual and unusual coverages. Security Storage Company of Washington . 637 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 652 Communicate with us direct about your insurance needs, or apply through your Texaco Petroleum Products 660 own insurance agent or broker. Turner’s Diplomatic School 656 Tyner, Miss E. J. 656

Underwriters 603 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company .... 649 United Fruit Company 654 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 655 United States Lines 639 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL Walcott-Taylor Co., Inc. 659 UNDERWRITERS CORPORATION

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover 111 John Street, New York 340 Pine Street, San Francisco Westinghouse Electric International Company 643 Additional Company Offices in: Woodward & Lothrop 1 638 Havana, Cuba Manila, P. I. Bogota, Colombia, S. A. Shanghai, China Hong Kong Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL when writing to advertisers. Representatives in Key Cities throughout the World

NOVEMBER, 1941 603 FROM the lofty torch of the Goddess of Liberty, the light of Freedom is reflected in the Halls of Industry. There is no blackout at Firestone—every Firestone factory in America is working at top speed to provide the thousands of different rubber products needed for the defense of the Americas. Tires of all types, bullet-resisting tubes, bullet¬ sealing fuel and oil tanks, track blocks for tanks and reconnaissance cars, gas masks, seadrome lighting buoys and hundreds of other products made from natural or synthetic rubber for America’s armed forces are being turned out on or ahead of schedule. In addition, anti-aircraft gun mounts and carriages, machine gun links, bomb cases, shell guard facings and many other non-rubber munitions are now in production. And if our company is called upon for further help, it will be given cheerfully, quickly, efficiently and intelligently. Copyright. 1941. The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.

j\ire$fone MILITARY TIRES * TUBES ★ GAS MASKS * TANK TRACKS * BULLET-SEALING CELLS * PARACHUTE SEATS * HOSE ★ BARRAGE BALLOONS * BOMB CASES SEADROME LIGHTS ★ GUN CARRIAGES AND MOUNTS * CRASH PADS MACHINE GUN LINKS * AND OTHER RUBBER AND METAL PRODUCTS THE

FOREIGN JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. 18, No. 11 WASHINGTON, D. C. NOVEMBER, 1941

America Gears to World Emergency

By T. N. SANDIFER"

SHORTLY before the present hostilities in Europe natural resources, would be tearing up its fireplugs a party of German business men were visiting to make battleships, implied in the German’s com¬ the United States. One of them, noticing the number ment, was so funny at the time that it made all the of fire-plugs, metal mail boxes and other articles of papers. iron, steel, and other precious materials from the We, at home in the United States, still have our German viewpoint, turned to his American guide fireplugs and metal mail boxes, but Americans who and remarked, “You won’t have those long!” have been abroad for any length of time, and espe¬ The idea that this big country, with inexhaustible cially those in war-affected areas, who may still re¬

*The author is a Washington correspondent and feature writer gard their home country as the land of unstinted who has specialized in aviation, military and naval subjects. Pie for¬ plenty have some surprises in store. For America merly covered the State Department for press associations and has written this article expressly for the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,. is at last gearing itself to an unparalleled industrial

TONS OF BIG GUNS FOR THE NAVY

Row of partly finished guns in the Washington Navy Yard. Heavy guns have to be shifted by overhead pulleys. This is part of the program to provide a 2-ocean navy. OEM Defense Photo by Palmer. NATIONAL DEFENSE ALUMINUM COLLECTION MT- / Official chart prepared by JULY 21-291941 the Division of Informa¬ ■O’ tion, Office for Emergency Jt Management, Washington, StP showing the amount of household aluminum equivalent to that used in a pursuit plane.

This winter it is predicted by those in a position to fore¬ cast, electric lights will burn dimmer at times, and the gas flame in the kitchen stove will burn under very light pressure in many parts of the country, because electric and gas com¬ panies are now required to put defense needs first, and with so many huge military installations scattered over the country making enormous de¬ mands on the nation’s utility systems for heat, light and power, people living at home in such areas must take the margin left over. The famous war correspond¬ ent and world traveler, Webb Miller, who was home for a brief interval before return- ing to war darkened England where he lost his life, re¬ marked as his outstanding im- . pression of his country after JA being away that the most (3^ trouble he found at home “was getting the cellophane off of things.” Had he lived until now or a little longer he might not have had cause to com¬ plain about this. Things still come wrapped in cellophane in the States, but the watchful eyes of the defense agencies are studying all the time the matter of what else to output for emergency purposes—of airplanes, of arrogate to defense needs solely, and they are close tanks, guns, ammunition, and everything else needed to cellophane now, but with important reservations. to arm friendly powers engaged in the war abroad, While many of the components of this article are and to arm the United States at home; and Amer¬ being restricted, authorities are forced to choose ican belts are beginning to be tightened. somewhat—there is a grc demand for the things Commonplace things of every description from cellophane replaces; tin foil, lead foil, kraft fibre sewing machines to mosquito nets have ceased to board, and other wrapping and packaging materials, be commonplace; all that is necessary to effect the all more badly needed than cellophane at the mo¬ transformation in any case is to put after any one ment. of them on a list one or two simple letters of the Some of the more spectacular developments of alphabet with perhaps a number. this increasing effort to gear to defense are already

606 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL more or less known abroad—how English sailors Instead of a useless wreck, such eyesores are now who for a time, when ashore on this side, endeavored appraised this way—1,500 pounds of iron and steel to meet home needs for cosmetics, silk stockings and scrap are obtained from the average junked car; other luxuries long unavailable to their families sud¬ 20 such cars equal one new light tank; one car pro¬ denly found themselves caught at American stores vides enough scrap to make a light cannon. That in shoals of American women storming the counters 6,000,000 tons plus of old pots and pans, of alumi¬ for the same things, because they were getting scarce num, referred to, is over half enough to make at here; how American automobile drivers faced for a least 1,000 fighting planes, so the government is time a threat of a gas curfew to save gas, and the searching out other sources of scrap aluminum to government-sponsored effort to collect aluminum replace in ordinary manufacture, the new metal re¬ pots and pans, which incidentally produced more quired in most cases for aircraft. than 6,000,000 pounds. Thus, the Army’s forks and spoons, for years Automobiles are still being elaborately advertised made of several metals, including tin and aluminum, in the States, but the major companies, around the are now being re-designed to omit zinc and nickel end of the year, will begin to close off the assembly from their composition. On a purchase of 160,000 lines, to meet a Government requirement that auto each of forks and spoons recently, calling for the production be reduced nearly 50 percent, so that the changed design, it was estimated the Army would skilled workers, the materials, and the factory space, net nearly 10,000 pounds of nickel and can be increasingly devoted to making airplane en¬ more than 9,000 pounds of zinc, both gines, and aircraft themselves. Incidentally, those more precious than diamonds to some in¬ fancy white-rimmed tires on American cars will be dustries right now. seen no more for the present emer¬ And as a reminder that the gency; they are under restriction to new Army men are not being save rubber. called on to make all the sacri¬ Those stray old rusted wrecks of old fices in this emergency, Amer¬ cars that formerly were found along ican women are just learning American highways are being gath¬ that the new nylon substance, ered in, not to improve the landscape, that was to give them stockings but as part of a govern¬ ment campaign to salvage Newport News, Va. The “Presi¬ dent Jackson” on the eve of its the scrap metal in them launching. When a ship such as and convert it to make a this one is launched, it is about 60% c o in p 1 e t e <1. After the part of the 82,000,000 tons launching, the ship goes to the of steel ingots now being fitting slips, where interior fit¬ tings, deck fittings, engines, etc., turned out for defense. are installed. OEM Defense Photo by Palmer. as handsome as the banned silk, is likely to be side strips to emphasize the car’s dashing lines, and equally scarce before long. The Army found metal hub-caps, so is sonny-boy’s bicycle showing it could use nylon to make parachutes for some pur¬ some changes too, for the duration of the emergency. poses; signal flares, or for dropping equipment to Brass is needed for shell-cases, chrome, copper, troops on the ground, where no human life was at nickel, and other metallic finishes, are all industrial risk; the Navy is looking into the possibility of Us¬ pass-words at home now, so the boy’s bicycle will be ing nylon for some types of powder bags, where 10 per cent lighter than it was last year, the tires formerly silk was used, and here again, certain sol¬ probably will be reclaimed rubber, instead of new, vents and chemicals needed to make nylon are grow¬ and as in papa’s big car, there will be no white side- ing scarce, so nylon is another war luxury. walls; also sonny is going to have to choose be¬ America’s booming liquor distilleries also, which tween ten standard models, no matter what he pays sprung into action with repeal, are undergoing a for his bicycle, or where he buys it. war-time transformation. The demand for indus¬ In the first World War such little tricks saved trial alcohol, needed in ammunition manufacture 2,265 tons of steel. To an American abroad, ac¬ and munitions solvents has put a strain on the plants customed to think of this country as an auto-driving ordinarily producing alcohol for such purposes, so mecca, it will come as news that the bicycle indus¬ a very considerable proportion of the nation’s dis¬ try even exists, much less that it produced last year tillery industry may shortly be found distilling not a record output of bicycles, approximately 1,325,000 whiskey, gin, or other beverage spirits, but alcohol in fact, and that some 10,000,000 such are in opera¬ for gun powder. tion today. Thus a saving in metal and rubber here Those attractive colored plastic objects for various is something worth considering. purposes, handles, stoppers, cases, and exteriors for It was such spectacular news, to newsmen at least, radios and other things, likewise will reflect in com¬ that the word on the war-model fire-engine has prob¬ ing months the American war-time effort. Plastics ably spread abroad. This will confirm it, in any are on a “list.” Tf father’s automobile, in the States, case, with the added information that somebody in is going to be lacking henceforth in bright metal the defense agencies has figured that these engines grill-work over the radiators, and those bright metal can get along, among other items, without the big brass gongs that used to sound the warn¬ ing ahead of their passage. These bells weighed in some cases 45 pounds, and this is a lot of brass today. All of which is working another change, familiar already to Americans in England perhaps; the curtailment of the every-day materials used by peace-time industry is rapidly creating a serious unemployment problem at home, in the midst of the most fevered industrial activity in other lines. So much so that one of the most impor-

(Continued on page 640)

ALUMINUM COLLECTION

A part of New York City’s contribution to the National Defense Aluminum Collection (July 21-29, 1941) heaped high in the bin at Times Square. This collection was con¬ ducted by the Office of Civilian Defense and some of the aluminum obtained will he for use in industries producing for National De¬ fense. Much of the lower grade aluminum collected which cannot be used directly for this purpose will be used to replace new aluminum in the manufacture of consumer goods, and hence release this new aluminum for use in defense production. OEM De¬ fense Photo by Palmer. By the late PERCY R. BROEMEL (Continued from the October, 1941, issue)

SOME CURIOUS WILLS doms of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defend¬ IN the Record Book for 1809 there appears the er of the Faith &c. &c. following copy of a seaman’s last Will and Testa¬ his ment: JOHN X GORDOQ. Signed and Sealed in our mark “In the Name of God Amen! presence at Sea where no I, John Gordon Seaman proper form could be Belonging to His Majesty’s Ship “Terpsichore” procured and number in her Books 797 being very sick and George Bell Captain Weak of Body but of Perfect Mind Memory and Richard Croker Pyne Master Understanding being mindful of the Frailty and Verbal Witness John Street, Mortality of Human Nature and Knowing that it Lt. Royal Marines, Plymouth. is appointed for all Men once to die do therefore In a Declaration of Identity in the will case re make and ordain this my last Will and Testament Mary Barton, 1839 (the year of Queen Victoria’s that it to say principally and first of all, I give Accession), occurs the following phrase concerning and Recommend my Soul into the Almighty God an Act passed in the sixth year of the reign of his that gave it and my Body I recommend to the late Majesty William IV, intituled: “An Act to re¬ Deep to be buried in descent Christian form Noth¬ peal an Act of the present Session of Parliament in¬ ing doubting but at the general Resurrection I tituled an Act for the more effectual abolition of shall receive the same again by the power Al¬ Oaths and Affirmations taken and made in various mighty God and as touching such Wordly Estate Departments of the State and to substitute declara¬ where with it has pleased God to bless me in this tions in lieu thereof and for the more entire sup¬ Life I give, demise and dispose of as follows— pression of voluntary and extrajudicial Ooaths and Viz— Affidavits and to make other Provisions for the I give and bequeath to my kind and loving Abolition of ununessary Oaths.” Mother Frances Wilson, residing at the sign of As Consul Aspinwall was then proceeding to New the Franklins Head Second Street Philadelphia York, he offered to act as intermediary in arrang¬ South America and to my kind and loving Wife ing this Will question. Rachael Gordon residing at the Ball Tavern Bride- In the same year there appears in the Will in town New Jersey the whole of the Wages due to favour of a Mary Paxton the curious phrase: “I me from the American Ship Penman of New devise ... to and for her sole and separate use ex¬ York, Captn Alexr Coffin and the whole of all clusive of any husband she may have.” Wages, Salaries, Tickets, Bounty-Money, Prize An American citizen named Wellington McCul¬ Money which is now and may hereafter be due or loch died in London in 1903 and willed his body owing to me at the hour of My Death for services to a Medical College, but a reference to “Black- performed by me on board the said Ships or Ves¬ stone” invalidated the bequest, since, according to sels or any other Service Whatever to he equally this legal authority, at common law an heir has no divided between the aforesaid Frances Wilson and right in the body of a deceased person, but only in Rachael Gordon. I do hereby direct this my last the monuments and escutcheons of his ancestors. Will and Testament be forwarded to His Majesty’s Through an American claimant coming forward Inspection of Seamens Will and Powers London in 1909, it was found that a Mr. Charles Morrison, to be by him approved for the benefit of the afore¬ head of the Fore-Street (Drapery) Warehouse Com¬ said Frances Wilson and Rachael Gordon. Given pany, of London had left the bulk of £10,000,000 under my hand and seal on Board His Majesty’s to four relatives and fortunes of £10,000 each to 39 Ship Terpsichore at Sea this day of other relatives and £65,000 to charities; the death of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lord George the and succession duties on the most remarkable Will Third, by the Grace of God of the United King¬ since Cecil Rhodes came to £2,000,000.

NOVEMBER, 1941 609 ART AND LETTERS May, 1918, of Mrs. Ford, the author of “Keep the Although the Arts are not as largely represented Home Fires Burning.” in the Record Books as might be desired, yet I have found a few entries on the subject that may prove SOME LAND AND HOUSE TRANSACTIONS, of interest: GENUINE AND OTHERWISE Under date 28th April, 1810, there is the copy For 1810 there is recorded an Indenture for a of a poem printed in the “Leinster Journal” of sale of land in Kentucky, which, in its quaint legal November 1st, 1790, on the death of Charles B. phraseology does not differ materially from its mod¬ Woolfe, late a Lieutenant in the 52nd Regiment. ern prototypes; the consideration for the conveyance The curious point about this is that a certified letter was £300 for 6,000 acres and premises paid by from the widow, written from Dublin, and dated Thomas Gilkes, of Whitechapel Road, in the County April 24th, 1810, states that her husband died on or of Middlesex (now an undesirable part of the east about the 23rd November, 1790: end of London), gentleman, to Charles Vancouver, “Farewell, 0 Wolfe, still honoured be the name of Kentucky, but now a resident of London. Con¬ By thee unsullied in the Field of Fame. sidering the value of land today, Is. an acre plus When in Valour and in Blood allied buildings could not be called dear! Who lived in Glory and in Glory died In 1830 1 came across a Petition by Major-Gen¬ To Guard fair England’s Fame the Youth arose eral Phineas Lyman, perhaps a brother of the de¬ And took the Field disdaining sweet Repose ceased Consul LDyman of 1811, for confirmation of In him the perfect Soldier stood confest a Grant of land of 20,000 acres in West Florida While every soft affection warmed his breast. made to him by King George III on 6th June 1770 For thee, 0 Wolfe, the sacred tear should flow for “services rendered during the Revolutionary And in thy praise the Willing Muse would glow. War and in other campaigns.” Unhappily for the But tho’ thy death is mourned, thhy actions praised petitioner, no record could be found in the “Rec¬ And no prose Marble Monument is raised ords of the Privy Council here and he was referred Thy name in good mens shall firmly stand to the Records, if any, of the former Colony where And feel unmoved the force of time’s rude hand the land was situated; whether he ever received the Entombed for ever there in Honour Lie land did not transpire. And still send forth the undiminished sigh.” In April and may 1892 there appeared in various Nothing more of a literary nature occurs until the journals in England and America long accounts of 25th June, 1886, when the death is recorded of the the alleged “romance” of the “Edwards family,” Hon. Benjamin Moran, former American Charge and the many claimants that came forward for land d’Affaires in Iondon, and the author of “The Foot¬ valued at many millions of dollars on which the path and Highway; or Wanderings of an American City of New York is built. The then Consul-Gen¬ in Great Britain, 1851-52. ’ It is an account of an eral for the United States in London would appear eight months’ pedestrian tour through every county to have had a busy, not to say, exasperating, time in England. in answering these would-be claimants. “Lloyd’s In 1904 there is the record of the drowning of London News” discussed the case and paid the the American editor and proprietor of “Current American Consulate-General in London a great com¬ Literature” of New York. Mr. Charles B. Spahr. pliment in the words: “We, therefore, referred to He disappeared from the “Prince Albert” on his the American Consulate in London, and have to joruney from Ostend to Dover; whether he fell over¬ acknowledge the very great courtesy received there board or committed suicide was never determined. from all representatives, etc.” This was only to be The year 1905 contains an account of the death expected, as I learnt on many occasions many years of Mrs. Mayne Reid, presumably the widow of the before I ever came into personal professional rela¬ writer of sea-stories, although he is here described tionship with this office. The so-called “Welsh as “Lieutenant” and not “Captain,” under which Romance of the Edwards family” turned out to be pseudonym he wrote his stories; her family name very much of a myth, exploited for financial profit was Hyde, and she is described as a descendant of by certain “Heirs-at-Law Agencies” here. Lord Clarendon, whose family name was Hyde and In 1902 claimants were advertized for some Eng¬ dated back to Charles II. Going to America at the lish estates of Sir Francis Drake, Queen Elizabeth’s age of 20 Mayne Reid took part in the war against great Admiral. All with provable descent from Mexico in 1847. He died in England in 1883. John, William, or Joseph Drake were to send par¬ For 1913 I find a report of the death of Mr. ticulars to a certain “benevolent” gentleman in Lon¬ George Hitchcock, a well-known American artist. don ; 146 persons did so, after which followed a re¬ An interesting item is the account of the death in quest for $5 (£1) to be sent to a solicitor, to whom

610 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Photograph by Mrs. Pi ammn C. The Thames from Blackfriars Bridge, London all the documents and affidavits sent in had been trammels of earlier centuries and may not have handed over! But as only $90 were then sent in, been without moral influence on the later colossal it was explained that the investigations could not development in the fields of invention. proceed, as the required $250 had not been sub¬ In 1823 Marc Isambard Brunei, civil engineer and scribed. Needless to say, no money was ever re¬ citizen of the United States (not “native”)* pre¬ funded! sented to the Hon. Henry Clay, the then Secretary Of, perhaps, historic interest is the record of an of State for the United States of America, a petition entry for 1840 of an agreement for the transfer of for the right of a patent on a new kind of plough. a house in Philadelphia by Joseph Napoleon Bona¬ Can this have been the “Sir” Mark Isambard Brunei parte (Comte de Survilliers) to Monsieur Louis (1769-1849), whom Encyclopaedias describe as the Mailliard. constructor of the Thames tunnel completed in 1843, and father of Isambard Kingdom Brunei, who con¬ SOME STRANGE PATENTS structed the Great Western Railway here, built the That our ancestors of a century or so ago were “Great Western,” almost the first steamer to cross not deficient in inventiveness, would appear from the Atlantic and finished up with the “Great East¬ the following applications for patent rights presented ern,” until 1859 the largest vessel ever constructed ? for ratification. It seems that already ideas were Samuel Brown, a mechanic of London, made pe¬ germinating which, however primitive in their con¬ tition to John Quincy Adams, American Secretary ception, marked a stage in the emergence from the of State, on 20th September, 1823, for a United

NOVEMBER, 1941 611 States Patent on an invention for raising water, fore, having no pecuniary nor other personal in¬ working machines and propelling vessels without the terest in the matter . . . etc.” “Finally, I certify that aid of steam. the said Stereotomic Pavement was invented, as 1 In the same year William Busk petitions the Sen¬ verily believe, by Augustus Count de Lisle, of Paris ate and House of Representatives for a patent con¬ etc.” cerning power for propelling ships, etc. No more applications for patents appear after Inventiveness seems to have suffered a set-back this date. for a time, since no further petitions were notified SOME LEGAL DECISIONS until October 6th, 1825, when a sworn affirmation Under date 31st December, 1831, there is quoted was made by Henry Pinkus and Thomas R. Wil¬ Counsel’s Opinion by T. Tomlinson, of the Temple, liams, that they “verily believe that they are the true London, “respecting the jurisdiction of the English and original inventors and discoverers of a novel Law over American seamen deserters from vessels and improved method of constructing rail-roads,” of the United States,” when he states “that the En¬ which they denominated “Forest Rail-Roads.” glish Law and particularly the Statute 2. Geo. II Ch. On the 24th December, 1825, Marc Isambard 36 is not applicable to American seamen, citizens Brunei, “of United States,” again petitions for a of the United States. The preamble shows that the patent, having invented “certain mechanical ar¬ exclusive object was the Trade and Navigation of rangements for obtaining power from certain liquids Great Britain. The first section describes vessels and for applying the same to various mechanical bound to ports beyond the seas and something simi¬ purposes.” lar runs through every section. It was, therefore, On 1st February 1826, a certain Thomas R. Wil¬ considered not to apply even to the British Colonies liams affirms that he is the true and original inven¬ and the perpetuating Act 2. Geo. Ill c. 31 expressly tor and discoverer of an instrument which he de¬ extended it to the British Colonies in America. It, nominates “a new and useful instrument for making of course, lost its force as to such of them as had an incision upon the eye in operating for the cata¬ become members of the United States upon their racts.” separation from Great Britain.” Further, Counsel An application dated 4th January, 1828, gives the gave it as his considered opinion “that the Justices description for a patent by Elisha Hayden Collier, of the Peace have no power to proceed against for a new process of making paper from a sea-grass American sailor deserters from the Ships of the or weed designated by botanists as “Ulva Marina.” United States and the English Law for the reasons L. W. Wright, of New York, in an application for above given, nor under the Act of the Congress of a patent signed in London on 5th July, 1831, states the United States, which only gives authority to that it is “a certain improvement in the apparatus Justices of the Peace, within the United States,” for distilling Spirituous Liquors”—the result on po¬ and so on. tential consumers would have been interesting to Of interest as showing how cases of importation know. of liquor were handled by the American Treasury Nothing more appears in the way of new inven¬ Department is shown by their letter of August 2nd. tions until 1836, when, on the 6th December, Jacob 1867, to a firm in New York City, which states: “I Tilton Slade asks for a patent “for an improved would say that the statements made to you at the mode of raising and lowering heavy bodies.” Custom House at New York, to the effect that sev¬ As coal has been much in the minds of men of eral small cases of liquors put up in one case of suffi¬ late, it is interesting to learn that on the 17th March, cient capacity to contain not less than 30 gallons 1838, there is an application for a patent “for smelt¬ would be considered a legal importation and ad¬ ing iron with stone coal, otherwise anthracite.” mitted to entry as such, were in accordance with the Then there appears another lull in the applications decisions of this Department.” for patents until 1840, when Colonel Aspinwall is¬ Of importance to Consular Officers of any na¬ sued a Certificate concerning a new wood pavement tionality here must be the correspondence exchanged called “Stereotomic Pavement,” on which the Colo¬ between General Schenck, the United States Minis¬ nel in his capacity of United States Consul quaintly ter in London and the late Earl Granville, the then comments: “. . . . considering it my duty to aid citi¬ British Foreign Secretary of State, in which he re¬ zens of the United States who may be using en¬ peats the decision of the Lords Commissioners of deavors to introduce to said States, any useful im¬ His Majesty’s Treasury communicated through the provement in the Arts and Sciences and to authenti¬ Foreign Office by Lord Clarendon to Mr. Buchanan cate under any official seal such facts connected on the 19th of August, 1854, in consequence of therewith as may be known to me and to give also which Earl Granville informed General Schenck on my opinion so far as I have formed one, Do, there¬ (Continued on page 654)

612 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Photo American Airlines The front entrance of the National Air Terminal building. The taxi cab stand is in the inner circle leaving the outer circle free to carry the incoming ami outgoing passenger traffic. Washington National Airport

By MERLE J. OELKE THE Washington National Airport which is the 18,500,000 cubic yards of earth. The dredging finest in the world still devoting its facilities to operations commenced in November, 1938, and the the wings of peace and commerce has proven con¬ efficiency and speed with which the project was clusively that engineers’ dreams have practical ap¬ carried forward is reflected in the fact that on June plication. 16th, 1941, the airport was opened to scheduled Before the opening of the airport to scheduled air¬ airline operation. lines transportation, the eyes of the aviation world Since then the airport has been operating to ca¬ had been closely watching its development. At the pacity. The scheduled airlines, American Airlines, insistance of President Roosevelt, and with the aid Eastern and Pennsylvania Central have been using of the Army Engineering Corps and some of the it with expanding traffic for the past four months. best civilian engineers available the airport took It might he well to find out what makes it click. form. It really arose out of the mud and gravel Mr. John Groves, manager of the airport says, beds which two and a half years ago formed a series “Everything is running smoothly.” “Why not?” of tidal flats on the South bank of the Potomac river “Many people have called this a ‘model air ter¬ opposite Washington, D. C. On marshy ground, a minal,’ ‘an experimental field,’ and a ‘show place.’ fill was completed which required the moving of Mr. Groves says that it is actually none of these.

NOVEMBER. 1941 613 “It is a modern air terminal built to meet the re¬ wish to meet an incoming plane or be there for a quirements of the Nation’s Capital and surrounding departure. Five-minute parking zones are for peo¬ territory. This it is doing adequately and effi¬ ple who wish to make a last-minute airmail or air ciently. The National airport was planned and express shipment. built with considerable thought given to the present In addition to the modern technique used in han¬ as well as for future needs.” dling traffic, the site of the airport has the distinc¬ “Although more than three hundred landings and tion of being easily available. Not only is it the take-offs are being made daily at the field, we have, largest and most suitable but it is only a few min¬ by no means, approached the saturation point; and utes’ drive from the center of the Nation’s Capital. even with the expansion in air traffic anticipated for Washington National Airport is the first airport many years to come, the Washington National Air¬ built by the Federal Government, and the first to be port may reasonably be expected to handle any operated by a Federal agency. In this case it is the increases that may come in the predictable future. ” Civil Aeronautics Administration. Among the gov¬ There are four paved runways; the North-South ernment agencies instrumental in the planning and runway following the direction of the prevailing construction of the field were the Corps of Engi¬ wind is 6,875 in length and 200 feet wide. The neers of the United States Army, Public Building length of the other runways is as follows: North¬ Administration, Work Projects Administration, west, Southeast is 5,210 feet X 200; Northeast- Public Roads Administration and the Public Works Southwest is 4,892 feet X 150; and East-West is Administration. 4,100 feet X 150. Approaches to the runways from The airport is a small village in itself, with about all eight directions are entirely free from obstruc¬ 900 employees in the terminal building and hangars. tions, so that flat gliding angles are permitted. Clear Approximately 170 employees are engaged in the approaches on three sides of the field can be made actual operation of the airport. These are all under over water, thus materially increasing the effective Civil Service, employed by the Federal government. area over which landings may be made. The remainder are employees of the airlines who Unless you have paid a visit to the modern air¬ maintain offices at the field, and of the concession- port, it will be difficult for you to conceive of its naires who operate the restaurant and other services magnitude. The actual land area of the airport, con¬ for the public. sisting of 729 acres, was created by dredging and The hum of activity that greets the airline passen¬ filling. Five hundred fifty of these acres are used ger or visitor at the National Airport indicates that for the landing and taxi-ing area, and 179 are used the pipe dream of a few years ago has become a for hangars and the terminal buildings. Included reality. While at the present time, there are 188 in this is space for parking 2,500 automobiles and airline schedules a day, with as many as twenty accommodations for thousands of visitors. Mr. extra sections operating from the airport, the pos¬ Groves says, “The airport is not a showplace.” But sibilities for future expansion of the airport facilities it is a place to see. An indication of this comes and for growth of air transportation have become from the thousands of people who arrive in droves our new pipe dream. on a Sunday afternoon. It does seem to be a To realize the necessity of building larger air¬ “must” on the visitor’s schedule. Since the airport ports and terminal buildings, we must refer to the opened, approximately 350,000 people have visited amazing progress and development that has taken the airport. On one recent Sunday, eight thousand place during the past decade. Rapid progress has sightseers paid their dimes and walked through the caused us to face the problem of handling increased turstiles out on^o the long curving balcony and traffic in the best way possible while making plans watched with interest the varied activities and never- for even a bigger future. The carrying of govern¬ ending busy-ness of the air terminal. ment officials who are traveling for the various de¬ The airport is an easy place to visit. The high¬ fense projects situated from border-to-border and way approaches to the administration building are coast-to-coast, has further brought about an “all laid-out to handle the vehicles that carry arriving out” effort to speed them on their way and make and departing passengers as expeditiously as pos¬ every minute of their time count for the good of sible. The problem of traffic is eliminated by one¬ our country. Larger airports like the Washington way highways going to and from the city via Mem¬ National Airport with its increased office space and orial Drive. A double traffic circle at the terminal working facilities are needed throughout our coun¬ serves two purposes. In the outer loop visiting ve¬ try. hicles are kept continuously in motion, while the Let’s check the stepping stones on which this inner circle is used for taxi cab stand only. Thirty progress was made and we can see why larger air¬ minute parking places are available for people who ports are needed. When for example, American

614 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Airlines added Washington as a stop on their South¬ ern Transcontinental Route, the old airport was good enough. The equipment at that time was not fast nor were the schedules as frequent as at present and only five men comprised the personnel of the company in Washington. For many years, there was a highway running directly across the airport. It was necessary to have a flagman stop the traffic while airplanes took off and landed. The removal of that highway was a step forward, and an improve¬ ment to the airport. Those were the days when the co-pilot stepped back to the cabin with a “hello” and a box lunch or perhaps a cheese and ham sand¬ wich for each passenger. Probably that was the last you saw of him until you American transport arrived at your destination. The planes aviation in a show case'' at the new then were noisy, the ventilation was Washington National poor, and the seats were uncomfortable. Airport. The pilots were so busy flying that no John Groves, man¬ service was given the passengers. They ager of the new did not have the dots and dashes known Washington National as the radio beam to aid in navigation. Airport, and Briga¬ It was not available at that time. dier General Donald H. Connolly, Admin¬ Weather reports were scarce, and the istrator of the Civil nation had few government and air¬ Aeronautics Adminis¬ line meteorologists to send in pe¬ tration, witness the riodic weather reports as they do first ascension of a radio sound balloon to-day. from the roof of the What a contrast that type of service new administration is with the service offered today. The building. change was made possible when larger, Loading passengers’ faster day planes and Sleeper planes baggage for a night were put into use. The high develop¬ flight from Washing¬ ment of aircraft instruments has made ton National Airport. it possible to keep dependable sched¬ Gas truck is shown at left, bags being ules. By the use of radio the pilot loaded into forward receives the latest weather reports, the baggage compart¬ direction and strength of the wind ment and passenger aloft, so that it is usual today for a terminal in back with control tower pilot to radio his arrival time, right beacon visible above. to the minute, even though he is 50 Photos American Air- miles from his destination. If the pilot lines, Inc. is above the clouds, he follows the radio beam, known as the air highway of sound. The Captain and first officer of today can spend all of their time in the pilot’s compartment and yet know the passengers will be well taken care of by the stewardess. It was an all important step forward in air line service when stewardesses were brought into the picture. The special seven weeks schooling these person¬ able registered nurses receive before taking to the air has meant a lot in the development of personal¬ ized service. From the first class of fifteen the number has grown to 250. You people who fly know their duties. For those who are not acquainted, it might be well to list a few of the things a steward¬ Speaking of food, that’s just one more splendid ess does to make your flight so enjoyable. She takes service that is offered. It’s “on the house.” When your coat and hat as you enter the airplane, and you consider that 65,000 meals were served out of sees that you have the newspapers and magazines Washington last year, you will understand that eat¬ you want. She may point out the places of interest, ing aboard airliners is a favorite pastime. What or act as a fourth at bridge. She serves you meals do you eat? The menus are in strong contrast to and makes you comfortable in every way. If you the oldtime co-pilot’s box lunch. For instance, if wish to snooze, she will adjust your seat to the most you were to board a Flagship in Washington for comfortable position and get you a blanket and New York, at or near the dinner hour the stewardess pillow. If you are on a Sleeper, she will make up would serve you Tomato Bisque shortly after you your berth. Occasionally the stewardess goes up circled the Washington -monument. It would take to the pilot’s compartment and returns with a flight you 160 miles to eat your dinner, and by the time information plan. This is a record of your flight. you are finished smoking your cigarette, the skyline It will tell you where you are, how high you are of New York would be in view. flying, how fast you are travelling, when you can It is not difficult to understand the growth of air expect to reach your destination, and anything of travel. Its time-saving advantages have been proven particular interest about the flight or country below. time and again. It’s a matter of going late and Sleeping in bed is an old American custom. arriving early. An astonishing increase in sched¬ Sleeping in a plane in a full-sized berth is also an ules is indicative of the growing demand. For ex¬ American custom. Sleeper planes, of which Amer¬ ample, American Airlines started a few years ago ica was the pioneer, were designed for the night with two reglar trips through Washington; today comfort of the air traveler. You can leave Los they have 32. Angeles at night, and when the stewardess serves The handling of 60,000 airline passengers per you breakfast the following morning as you ap¬ month, which is the current number carried by proach Washington, D. C., you marvel at the speed, American Airlines, Eastern Airlines and Pennsyl¬ the smoothness and restful atmosphere of air trans¬ vania Central Airlines, and a number which is rap- portation today. (Continued on page 641)

A close up view showing a Flag¬ ship flying over the National Airport.

616 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL WORLD SERIES mAim By SHIRLEY POVICH, Baseball Writer of the Washington Post

LIKE creatures of habit, the New York Yankees hit performances turned in by Yankee rookies— won another world series. There was some Marius Russo in the third game and Ernie Bonham slight delay, owing to the fact that the Brooklyn in the fifth. The veteran Red Ruffing twirled the Dodgers managed to capture one of the games and Yankees to victory in the opening game with a six- thus interrupt the Yankee custom of winning in four hit job on the Dodgers. straight. World series attendance records for a single game Uproar marked the series from the outset, with went by the boards when 68,540 attended the open¬ Yankee pitching finally prevailing to beat the Dodg¬ ing game, at Yankee Stadium. The total attendance ers by scores of 3-2, 2-1, 7-4, and 3-1. Brooklyn s of 235,773 was a new mark for a five-game series. lone triumph was the 3-2 victory pitched for the Here’s the story of the 1941 world series. Dodgers by Whitelow Wyatt in the second game. It was against Wyatt, their conqueror, that the FIRST GAME Yankees clinched the series ultimately, beating him (Yankees 3; Brooklyn 2) in the fifth and decisive game. World series drama reached a new high in the 40 Manager Joe McCarthy of the Yankees placed his years’ history of series play when the Yankees won faith in the veteran Charley Ruffing as his pitching the fourth game following an incredible sequence selection, but Manager Leo Durocher of the Dodg¬ of events. The Yankees scored four runs “after ers made a surprising choice. Passing up both of three were out” in the ninth inning. his 22-game winners, Kirby Higbe and Whitlow With the Dodgers holding a 4-3 in that fourth Wyatt, Durocher sent the veteran right hander Curt game, at Ebbetts Field, and 33,813 Brooklyn fans Davis to the mound in the opener. scenting a victory that would even the series count It was strictly a pitching battle with Ruffing hold¬ at two games each, Catcher Mickey Owen made an ing the Dodgers to five hits and the Yankees get¬ historic muff. With two out, no Yankees on base ting six off Davis and his successor, big Hugh and two strikes on Batter Tommy Henrich, Owen Casey. Joe Gordon set the Yankees up in a 1-0 muffed Hugh Casey’s next pitch at which Henrich lead in the second inning when with none on and swung. The Yankee thus reached first despite the two out he lofted one of Davis’ pitches into the left third strike and, taking advantage of that break of field stands of Yankee Stadium for a home run. the game, the Yankees slugged four runs across Again with two out, this time in the fourth in¬ the plate. ning, the Yankees upped their lead to 2-0. The Yankee Joe Gordon was the slugging star of the Yankees scored despite a sensational catch by Ducky series, tying a 28-year-old record by batting an even Medwick, who leaped against the left field fence and .500 for a five-game series. Gordon made seven made a one-handed catUi of Joe Di Maggio’s long hits in 14 times at bat. fly ball that was headed for home run territory. It was chiefly a pitchers’ series with Gordon and Charley Keller, the next batter, walked, and Bill Teammate Charley Keller the only playefs with Dickey scored him with a long two-bagger against more than a .300 batting average during the five the right field fence. games. Twice the Dodgers were stopped by four- (Continued on page 648)

NOVEMBER, 1941 617 Left: The United States High Commissioner’s Mansion

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Palace of

Left: Rizal Memorial Hall, University of Philippines Right: Mayon Volcano in ac¬ tual eruption

Cuts courtesy The Leatherneck Magazine of the U. S. Marines.

Legislature

Right: Tagbilaran East Rd. in Bohol Province The Reform of the Foreign Office

From. The New Statesman and Nation of June 21, 1941

SIR MALCOLM ROBERTSON’S report to Mr. ployed diplomats, old and middle-aged; a consider¬ Eden on the Reform of the Foreign Service has able number of them are employed in the work of had a good press. In fact, it merely recommends propaganda in its different aspects. If their labours the acceptance of a proposal which was strongly in that task could be examined in detail by a search¬ urged upon the British Government by the Mac- ing Royal Commission, it would, I suspect, emerge Donnell Commission 27 years ago. The abolition of beyond dispute that the same limitations which char¬ the means test for the Diplomatic Service was one of acterised their effort in the “appeasement” period the major reforms of 1919; though statistical in¬ are responsible for a good many of the limitations vestigations made by Mr. R. T. Nightingale for the which are laid at the door of the Ministry of In¬ period before 1929, and by myself for the subse¬ formation. Above all, they conceive of propaganda quent ten years, have shown that it did not serious¬ as words directed by “gentlemen” to “gentlemen.” ly alter the character of the Service. Careful stu¬ They cannot conceive that the working-classes of dents of the Foreign Office List will, I think, be France and Germany, of Italy and Spain, are no tempted to withhold any comment upon Mr. Eden’s longer profoundly moved by what the “gentlemen” acceptance of the Robertson Report until they see have done on their behalf. They suspect all efforts what it amounts to in practice. Certainly, the re¬ to speak to the workers in terms which suggest the sults of the reforms of 1919 have been disappoint¬ need of a vital change in regime. They fight long ingly small. rearguard actions, warmly supported by their col¬ Those results may be put simply by saying that, leagues in the Foreign Office, against anything since 1919, every major diplomatic post has been which might pain General Franco or suggest that held by exactly the same type of person who held British Labour conceives that victory means a it before the reforms, with the single exception of change in the class-structure of society. Half the Sir Stafford Cripps’ appointment to Moscow. Though puerility of our foreign propaganda is the effect the States which came into being after Versailles of the dead hand they are permitted to impose were very different from those which went before upon its substance. Until Mr. Duff Cooper is per¬ it, the Foreign Office and the Diplomatic Service mitted to rid himself of their influence, it is un¬ underwent no sort of adaptation to new conditions. likely that his Ministry will catch the ear of sub¬ It was possible to visit our embassies and legations merged democracy. For most of them would not in places like Washington and Paris, Berlin and know how to enlist its support, even if it was ready Moscow and Sofia, in the confident expectation that to listen to them. there would be no one in any of them who knew, The truth is that the kind of mechanical reform or even attempted to know, the outstanding figures Mr. Eden has decided to support will make little in the Left movements, still less the trade union difference. A diplomatic service reflects the com¬ movements, of those countries. Even today it is plexion of a society of which it is the expression; accurate to say that there is no one in Washington and while ours retains the massive inequalities who can pretend to serious acquaintance with the which characterise it at present, the method of ap¬ Labour movement of the United States. The mind pointment to the Service will have no great influ¬ of the Foreign Office still moves in an orbit defined ence. We need changes which go far deeper. Cer¬ by the pre-war world of 1914. How little relation tain posts require, not the diplomat, but the that mind has to the realities of the present day is statesman; most embassies to-day require men cap¬ revealed in the published memoirs of almost any able of understanding, even of sympathising with, Foreign Office official or diplomat of our time. Few the habits and purposes of classes outside the elite of them, perhaps, have been so naive as Sir Neville circle to which the average British diplomat so Henderson; but it is important to remember that carefully restricts himself. And the Foreign Office he was, after all, the product of a system in which in Downing Street requires to recruit men who are he could climb by progressive stages to one of the prepared to confront the need to organise a new three most important posts in the Service. world instead of being obsessed by a nostalgia for At the moment we have a great mass of unem¬ the old.

620 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The real test o£ Mr. Eden’s purpose, therefore, lies THE CONDUCT OF DIPLOMACY not in his announcement of post-war intentions, but From The Economist of June 21, 1941 his execution of necessary changes during the war itself. We should like to see men in Washington and Mexico City who sympathise with the new social THE changes in the Diplomatic Service proposed orientation in those capitals and could speak to their in Sir Malcolm Robertson’s report and an¬ exponents in a language they could understand. We nounced by Mr. Eden on June 11th go far to meet a should like to see him use men in Downing Street number of the criticisms which have been put for¬ who had proved their faith in the urgency of inter¬ ward recently on the subject of Britain s handling national government and did not regard it as a of foreign affairs. For some time past, it has become dubious intrusion on their time-honoured universe. more and more obvious that the conduct of foreign Not least, we should like to see the Ministry of In¬ policy in this country was out of touch with the formation relieved of the necessity to bear the bur¬ realities of the international situation. However den of that inability our diplomats displayed to un¬ much men may regret the change, it is perhaps true derstand the forces of the world in which they to say that diplomacy has moved from the sphere of moved. For exactly as what we do in the war-period art to that of science. The social pattern, the tradi¬ tional forms, the specialised field of knowledge and will determine the spirit and methods of Reconstruc¬ action, the leisurely, courteous, mannered exchanges tion after its close, so the post-war character of the of other and possibly happier periods have given Foreign Office will be largely determined by the place to the interdependent, activist, tumultuous, courage Mr. Eden displays in making vital changes and totalitarian world of to-day. In the new “total now. Unless he is able to make that effort, it will be diplomacy,” a diplomatist with only a general ap¬ something like ten or fifteen years before any of the preciation of his country’s own vital interests, a proposed reforms begin to take effect. No one ac¬ certain historical and cultural knowledge of the quainted with the position can doubt that they can¬ community in which he is to work and a placid not begin too soon. ignorance of its social framework and the economic Above all, Mr. Eden’s good intentions depend, I forces at work in it, is likely to go hopelessly astray. suggest, upon one crucial test. He proposes to ini¬ There is no longer a traditional European hierarchy, tiate earlier retirement upon a proportionate pen¬ ruling by self-evident right. It is not only insuffi¬ sion. Everyone knows how many of his officials cient, it is absolutely misleading to conduct diplo¬ were men whose seniority made long years in impor¬ macy on the basis of contacts confined to the so¬ tant posts inevitable, and that they blocked the pro¬ cially insignificant “social elite of a number of motion of younger men for many years; with the cosmopolitan capitals. result that when these had reached positions of re¬ It is therefore welcome news that the Diplomatic sponsibility a good deal of their virtue had gone out and the Consular Services are to be merged. This of them in their eagerness to acquire a reputation will help to do away with the illusion that the for tact and discretion. It is, indeed, a secret de politics and economics of a community, the social polichinelle that Mr. Eden himself has refused one world and the business world, can be considered appointment recently which would have removed apart; and from the Consular Service it will prob¬ from the present block one of the outstanding diplo¬ ably be possible to pick men at once with the neces¬ matic failures of recent times. We have heard too sary qualifications to give “expert advice on com¬ often of good intentions in the realm of diplomatic mercial and financial as well as on military mat¬ “reforms” to be convinced of their reality without ters,” and even on “social and labour questions.” some solid demonstration in practice. The times re¬ The list is encouraging. It shows that Mr. Eden quire great experiment; and a Foreign Secretary appreciates the complexity of the forces behind poli¬ who achieved it in the present instead of announcing tics in the modern state. It suggests that one of the it for the future would deserve well of his country. most vital services of peacetime diplomacy—infor¬ mation—will be far more adequately performed. HAROLD J. LASKI. These changes clearly call for some modification in the selection and training of diplomatists. Here, too, Sir Malcolm Robertson’s report holds out good hopes for the future. The basis of selection is to be COVER PICTURE widened in order to secure the best talent available in the community, and the disadvantages which The Statue of Uiberty. Photo courtesy National Park Service. (Continued on page 657)

NOVEMBER, 1941 621 THE proval with skeptical comment to the effect that see¬ ing is believing. Both observers agree, however, on the fundamental fact that in a changing world the old style diplomat who does not change is hope¬ FOREIGN JOURNAL lessly out of place save on a pension list. There is much in this British analysis of the Vol. 18 NOVEMBER, 1941 No. 11 Hfl British Service which might be applied directly to our own. It is no longer possible to enter upon a PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN diplomatic career for the sake of cultured, leisured SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. existence, aloof from all contact with the pattern of The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription society except the upper crust of cosmopolitan capi¬ in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or tals. The totalitarian concept is only one of the 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. factors which have forced a reorientation of the

Copyright, 1941, by the American Foreign Service Association diplomat’s outlook, for the change was coming any¬ way with increasing emphasis on economics, sci¬ The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the ence and the problems of labor. Today there is no editors. use for men in foreign affairs who merely yearn to revert to the status quo instead of recognizing the JOURNAL STAFF facts of a different social structure and preparing to organize the new world. HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman CHARLES W. YOST Nowhere is the change more marked than in the HERBERT S. BDRSLEY Editorial Department itself. Only a few years ago there was REGINALD P. MITCHELL Board time for gracious visiting in the Divisions, for LEO D. STURGEON smoking a pipe, for discussing the courtesies, the EDWARD PACE, JR. , JANE WILSON, Managing Editor amenities, the niceties. Yet that pleasant atmos¬ GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manage) phere of gentlemanly relations may have led to WILLIAM E. DECOURCY Treasurer accusations, whether well-founded or not, that it tended to narrow the viewpoint, to restrict under¬ The American Foreign Service Association standing, to encourage limited fields of specializa¬ tion. Anyone who has lately served in Washington or has observed Department officials at work, must HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON President realize that new truths and broader horizons are LELAND B. MORRIS Vice-President now essential elements in the conduct of our busi¬ ANDREW B. FOSTER Secretary-Treasurer ness. As Mr. Laski points out, a diplomatic service re¬ flects the complexion of a society of which it is the EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE expression. In lamenting the lack of British diplo¬ HOWARD BUCKNELL, Chairman mats who understand the labor movement, the left¬ JAMES H. KEELEY, JR., Vice-Chairman ists and the trade unions in the countries to which FLETCHER WARREN, GEORGE ATCHESON, JR., PAUL C. DANIELS they are accredited, he has touched upon some¬ Alternates thing which cannot longer be ignored. There is an RUSSELL W. BENTON, ANDREW B. FOSTER urgent need for the diplomat to become aware of the classes outside the small circle to which he has customarily restricted himself in the past. In can¬ not be denied, for example, that the failures which EDITORS’ COLUMN resulted in the present upheaval were fundamentally The Robertson Report on the reform of the Brit¬ identified with employment and labor — matters ish Foreign Office is attracting deserved attention, which were formerly of little concern to the aver¬ as illustrated by the press extracts on another page age diplomat. of the JOURNAL. The London “Economist” is en¬ No doubt the change will be regretted by those couraged to believe that the merging of the Diplo¬ whose nostalgia for the less active, easier times en¬ matic and Consular Services, the wider basis of ables them to shut their eyes to the world we live selection, and new financial benefits will go a long in. But the old days are gone forever. It is obvious way toward meeting the criticism which has recent¬ that the Foreign Service must adapt itself to the ly been heaped on the handling of British foreign new conditions if it is to represent successfully the policy. Mr. Harold J. Laski has tempered his ap¬ society of which it is a part.

622 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of State

Stuart Allen, Consul at Georgetown, British on home leave preparatory to sailing from New Guiana, visited the Department for several days York City on October 24 on the S.S. Brazil for his beginning on October 14. He attended the F.S.O. new post as Assistant Commercial Attache at Buenos conference at Habana on October 6-11, having pro¬ Aires. ceeded by plane from his post. After the conference Guy W. Ray returned to the Department on Octo¬ he continued by plane to Miami and thence to Wash¬ ber 14 after a trip which began on August 9 with ington by train. He left to join Mrs. Allen and their a group of five members of the House Sub-Com¬ son, Christopher, four and one-half years old, who mittee on Appropriations, under the chairmanship had come to the United States by boat in August of the Honorable Louis Rabaut, which deals with and who have been visiting with Mrs. Allen’s parents the provision of funds for the activities of the De¬ in Springfield, Illinois. partment. They visited a total of 30 Foreign Serv¬ Winfield H. Scott, Consul at Tenerife, Canary ice offices in 17 American Republics and Trinidad, Islands, accompanied by Mrs. Scott, visited Wash¬ terminating their official mission after an inspection ington for several days beginning on October 4 of the Embassy and the Consulate General at Mexico following their arrival at New York City on Septem¬ City. Mr. Ray then proceeded by plane to Houston, ber 29 on the S.S. Excambion from Lisbon on leave. Texas, joining Mrs. Ray, and they continued to They planned to spend the greater part of their 60 Washington by train. days’ home leave in Maryland. Stuart E. Crummon, First Secretary at Tokyo, Philip D. Sprouse, Vice Consul at Hankow, reg¬ visited the Department on October 15 while on istered at the Department on September 24 and home leave which he spent in part at his home in spent several days in Washington while on home Redding, Connecticut. leave. Bertel E. Kuniholm, Consul at Reykjavik, visited Coert du Bois, until recently Consul General at the Department for several days beginning on Oc¬ Habana, registered at the Department on October 1 tober 15 following his arrival from his post on the at the termination of a short leave in the United first leave he has taken since he established the States following his arrival from Habana. Under Consulate there. the terms of a Departmental Order signed by Sec¬ Claude H. Hall, Jr., Consul at Trinidad, visited retary Hull on October 9 Mr. du Bois assumed his the Department on October 14 at the termination duties as Chief of the newly-created Caribbean Of¬ of leave. He planned to leave for Trinidad about fice, which will function under the general supervi¬ October 20. sion of Under Secretary Welles. Donald F. Bigelow, Second Secretary at Bern, George R. Canty, until recently Consul at Amster¬ visited the Department for several days beginning dam, visited the Department on October 9 while on September 22 following his arrival at New York

NOVEMBER, 1941 623 months after being evacuated from Europe. They sailed from New York City on October 10 on the S.S. Santa Elena for Valparaiso en route to their new post at Santiago, where Mr. Gray will serve as Second Secretary and Consul. Charles A. Bay, Consul at Mexico City, visited the Department for several days in early October while on leave. Walton C. Ferris, Consul and Second Secretary at London, registered at the Department on October 15 at the end of his home leave. Ralph J. Blake, Consul at Tokyo, visited the De¬ partment for about 10 days beginning on October 10 upon his arrival from his post on home leave. On leaving he planned to visit his home in Portland, Oregon. Hiram A. Boucher, until recently Consul at Ge¬ neva, arrived at New York City on September 22 on the S.S. Excalibur from Lisbon en route from Geneva. He proceeded to Washington and joined Mrs. Boucher and their four children, who have been residing at Takoma Park, a suburb of Wash¬ Medal awarded by the Navy Depart¬ ington. They left Washington on October 9 and ment, through an Act of Congress, to George Atcheson, Jr., J. Hall sailed from Los Angeles on October 15 on the S.S. Paxton and Emile Gassie for their Monterey for his new post as Consul at Auckland. services in connection with the sink¬ William H. Beck, Consul General at Hamilton, ing of the Panay on December 12, Bermuda, visited the Department in late September 1937. Mr. Atcheson is now as¬ signed to the Department, Mr. Pax¬ while on leave from his post. ton is in the Embassy in Nanking Hiram Bingham, Jr., who has been stationed at and Mr. Gassie in Peking. Lisbon as Vice Consul, visited the Department in late September and again for several days beginning City on September 2 with Mrs. Bigelow on the S.S. on October 9 preparatory to sailing with his family Excambion from Lisbon. After leaving Washington from New York City on October 11 on the S.S. he planned to put his two sons in schools at Middle¬ Argentina for his new post as Vice Consul at Buenos sex, Concord, Massachusetts, and Avon, near Hart¬ Aires. ford, Connecticut, and then drive to his home at St. Walter W. Ostrow, until recently Vice Consul at Paul, Minnesota, where he planned to spend the Zurich, resigned from the Foreign Service effective remainder of leave. September 29. He informed the JOURNAL that he Charles F. Knox, Jr., Assistant Commercial At¬ had been appointed a Senior Economist in the tache at Santiago, visited the Department for sev¬ Division of Monetary Research, Treasury Depart¬ eral days at the beginning of October. He sailed ment. from New York City on October 10 on the S.S. Edmund B. Montgomery, Consul at San Luis Santa Elena for Valparaiso en route to Santiago at Potosi, visited the Department for several days in the end of home leave. early October en route to his post at the end of Lewis E. Gleeck, Jr., who recently was appointed leave. Third Secretary and Vice Consul at Helsinki, left Hartwell Johnson, until recently Third Secretary New York City on September 18 on the Atlantic at Guatemala, registered at the Department on Oc¬ Clipper for Lisbon en route to his post. tober 6 perparatory to sailing from New York City John H. Marvin, Vice Consul at Habana, visited on October 10 on the S.S. Santa Elena for his new the Department in mid-October while in the United post as Third Secretary and Vice Consul at Lima. States on simple leave from his post. Sidney K. Lafoon, Vice Consul at Shanghai, sta¬ Archibald E. Gray, until recently Consul at Bar¬ tioned temporarily at Chungking, visited the Depart¬ celona, left Washington with Mrs. Gray and their ment for several days in late September and early two sons on October 3 at the termination of home October upon arrival from his post and preparatory leave spent principally in Washington, where Mrs. to proceeding to his home in Richmond, Virginia, Gray and the children had been residing for some to spend the greater part of his leave.

624 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Manson Gilbert, until recently Vice Consul at in late September and early October while on leave. Brussels, registered at the Department on October He left Washington on October 3 for White Plains, 3 at the termination of leave and preparatory to New York, preparatory to his scheduled departure leaving for New York City to sail on October 9 for in early November from the West Coast for his new his new post as Vice Consul at Port-au-Prince. post as Consul at Tahiti. E. Allan Lightner, Jr., Third Secretary and Vice Richard S. Huestis, until recently Consul at Rot¬ Consul at Moscow, began a temporary detail in the terdam, visited the Department on October 3 at the Division of European Affairs on September 15 re¬ end of leave and left Washington on the following placing Edward Page, Jr., while the latter is serving day for his new post as Consul at Cardiff. as a member of the American mission to Moscow Austin R. Preston, until recently Consul at Oslo, headed by W. Averell Harriman. registered at the Department on October 9 while on Hasell H. Dick, until recently Consul at Bordeaux, home leave which he has been spending at Buffalo, reported to the Department on October 9 and as¬ New York. sumed his new duties in the Visa Division. He has C. Porter Kuykendall, until recently Consul at been spending leave with relatives in South Caro¬ Konigsberg, visited the Department on October 3 lina following his arrival at New York City on Au¬ and 4 at the close of home leave which he has been gust 1 on the S.S. 1Vest Point from Lisbon en route spending principally at his home in Towanda, Penn¬ from Bordeaux. sylvania. He planned to leave later in October for Marcel E. Malige, Consul at Martinique, visited his new post as Consul at Karachi. the Department on October 14 and 15, returning to his post by airplane. FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS’ TRAINING Karl L. Rankin, until recently Commercial Attache SCHOOL and Consul at Belgrade, visited the Department The next session of the Foreign Service Officers’ from October 15 to October 22 while on leave. He Training School will open November 3 and close planned to sail from San Francisco on November 7 December 6, thus covering a period of five weeks. for his new post as Commercial Attache at Cairo. Because of the emergency, it is proposed to compress Sidney A. Belovsky, until recently Consul at into this five weeks’ period as much as possible of Bremen, reported to the Department on October 13 the work which has usually extended over several at the termination of leave and began a detail of months. about three weeks in the Division of European Twenty-four officers have been assigned to the Affairs. Department for the purpose of attending the School. Samuel Sokobin, Consul at Kobe, visited the De¬ Most of them arrived from their probationary posts partment for several days beginning on September on September 1, and in view of the heavy rush of 25 while on home leave following his recent arrival work in the Visa Division were assigned to that Di¬ from his post. vision for duty during the months of September and Clifton P. English, Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, October. This training in immigration and visa visited the Department for about a week beginning work will of course be of prime importance to these on October 9 upon arrival from his post on leave officers in their future posts of duty. and preparatory to departing for his home, in Chat¬ There is much instruction of an essential charac¬ tanooga, Tennessee. ter which the officers should get after finishing their Raymond Phelan, until recently Vice Consul at probationary period in order to have a sound foun¬ Barranquilla, visited the Department on September dation for their future usefulness. While much of 25 while on home leave before proceeding to his the usual background work will be curtailed be¬ new post as Vice Consul at Agua Prieta. cause of the time limitations, it is hoped that there Ralph Miller, Second Secretary at Habana, vis¬ will be opportunities for appropriate and essential ited the Department on September 30 while on leave study of Departmental procedure and of the objec¬ prior to leaving on October 2 for his post. tives of the emergency agencies. Necessary subjects S. Reid Thompson, until recently Consul at Car¬ will not be omitted; a period will be devoted to ac¬ diff, visited the Department for several days begin¬ counts and accounting, administrative practices and ning on September 25 at the conclusion of leave, as much instruction in war-time economics as time which he spent motoring in New England with Mrs. will permit. There will be lectures by many officers Thompson and their daughter, Audrey, 14 years of the Department as well as by officers from the old. He left by automobile for his now post as War and Navy Departments, Treasury, Commerce Consul at Halifax. and Agriculture. A special effort will be made to Richard M. de Lambert, until recently Consul at stress the Department’s policy with reference to the Antwerp, visited the Department for several days other American republics.

NOVEMBER. 1941 625 News From the Field

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South Africa WILLIAMS, PHILIP P.—Brazil BARNES, WILLIAM—Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay ROBINSON, THOMAS H.—British Columbia BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Iceland BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East Africa COOPER, CHARLES A.—Japan LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq COUDRAY, ROBERT C.—Hong Kong Area LYON, CECIL B.—Chile CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain LYON, SCOTT—Portugal FISHER, DORSEY G.—Great Britain MCGRECOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada POST, RICHARD H.—Uruguay HICKOK, THOMAS A.—Philippines REAMS, R. BORDEN—Denmark SMITH, E. TALBOT—Nairobi area, Kenya

SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Since the departure last November of Mr. Wesley ton in September. He will be replaced here by Frost, former Counselor at Santiago, for his new Colonel Lester D. Baker, U.S.A. post as Minister to Paraguay, there have been con¬ Good will missions have been aplenty. Cardinal stant comings and goings in Santiago. In Decem¬ Dougherty and Mr. James A. Farley came in Febru¬ ber, First Secretary Ellis 0. Briggs arrived, to be ary, as did Mr. Don Francisco of the Coordinator’s followed shortly by his wife and two children, the office. A group of professors and journalists spon¬ latter’s departure having been delayed due to the sored by the Carnegie Endowment for International illness of their son. Unfortunately, Mr. Briggs’ stay Peace followed in March. Then in April came the in Santiago was brief, and in May he received or¬ National Research Council tour. May brought the ders transferring him to Havana. His successor, Inter-American Escuadrille, headed by General First Secretary Donald R. Heath, arrived in San¬ Frank McCoy and Mr. Walter Bruce Howe, and tiago from Berlin on August 16, accompanied by June Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Fairbanks ,accompanied Mrs. Heath and their two children. by Mr. Edward Hutchinson Robbins, Assistant to In July Assistant Commercial Attache Charles F. the Coordinator of Commercial and Cultural Rela¬ Knox left on statutory home leave, and in May tions between the American Republics, and Mrs. Commercial Attache Clarence Brooks received or¬ Robbins. July was very busy with the Yale Glee ders transferring him to Buenos Aires. However, Club, Prof. Herbert J. Spinden of the Brooklyn to the delight of the rest of the staff at Santiago, Museum, Mr. Phillip C. Jessup, and a group of these orders have just been cancelled and Mr. students from the University of North Carolina Brooks has been ordered to remain here. headed by Dr. J. C. Lyons. Mr. Jo Davidson, Mrs. Commander Walter Webb, Naval Attache, having Vera Dean of the Foreign Policy Association, and completed his tour of duty, left for home in June, the American Ballet followed in August. At present accomapnied by Mrs. Webb, and has been suc¬ Dr. Hubert Herring, author of “Good Neighbors,” ceeded by Lt.-Commander Dwight H. Day, who is in Santiago with a group of twelve professors with Mrs. Day, is now settled in Santiago. and economists. Two Association Naval Attaches have been as¬ A colorful incident occurred on August 15 when signed here, Lieutenant Robert Waid, U.S.N. Re¬ Ambassador Bowers acted as godfather to Franklin serve, who has already arrived with his family, Jaime and Eleanor Elizabeth, twin children of Mr. and Ensign R. L. Malcolm, U.S.N. Reserve, who is and Mrs. Eduardo Goycolea, who were born on scheduled to arrive in Santiago shortly. July 4 of this year. The christening ceremony was Colonel Ralph Wooten, Military Attache, has also performed by Father Gustave Weigel, an American received his orders to return to the United States, Jesuit priest and instructor at the Catholic Univer¬ and he and Mrs. Wooten are leaving for Washing¬ sity in Santiago, after which the Ambassador and

626 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Santiago Embassy group photographed before a farewell cocktail party' for ex-Military Attache Colonel Wooten and Mrs. Wooten, prior to their departure for the United States.

Left to right: Ensign Malcolm, Mr. McLain, Mr. Frisz, Mr. Lyon, Mr. Mills, Mr. Faust, Mr. Garrison, Major Burns, Capt. Baldwin, Mr. Brooks, Mr. Flexer, Mr. Heath, Commander Day, Col. Baker, Am¬ bassador Bowers, Col. Wooten, Miss McLean, Mr. MacLean. Courtesy Cecil B. Lyon.

Mrs. Bowers entertained the friends and relatives DURBAN of the Goycolea family at tea at the Embassy resi¬ In the annual election of officers of the Durban dence. The maternal grand and great-grandparents Rotary Club held in May, John Corrigan, American were all present. Herr de Vos, the great-grand¬ father, emigrated to Chile from Holland just after Consul in Durban, was reelected president for the the Boer War. second consecutive year. During the past year the club donated a mobile CECIL LYON. canteen to the South African troops in the field and, at the invitation of the Mayor, acted as a reception committee to meet 5,000 members of service fami¬ lies evacuated from the Near East. The club has 82 members in a city of 250,000 population . JOHANNESBURG Space has been leased adjacent to the American Consulate in the Netherlands Bank Building to ac¬ Johannesburg has recently had several Service commodate Mr. William C. Shields, Jr., special visitors, principally as a result of the disruption of representative of the United States Maritime Com¬ communications on more direct routes from the mission for South and East Africa, who arrived in Middle East to the United States. Recent arrivals Durban on July 27. Mr. Shields has proved a wel¬ by air from Egypt include: Gardner Richardson, come addition to the Durban official family. Commercial Attache at Ankara; G. Paul Fletcher, Consul at Alexandria; Mrs. Evan M. Wilson, wife of the Vice Consul and Third Secretary at Cairo, WINNIPEG, CANADA her son and Mrs. Snider, wife of the American clerk September 3, 1941 at Cairo. Mrs. Norris S. Haselton, wife of the Vice Consul Although we understand that those in Washington at Calcutta, recently spent a few days in Johannes¬ are still complaining about the humidity, we in burg while waiting for a ship to return to India Winnipeg are beginning to feel an occasional icy after sending her young son to the United States to blast from the Yukon, and are trying to locate the escape the unhealthful climate of Calcutta. trunks holding last year’s flannels and fur caps. The ice-skating members are already planning new R. AUSTIN ACLY. (Continued, on page 645)

NOVEMBER, 1941 627 The Bookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

BERLIN DIARY, by William L. Shirer. Alfred A. consent to the ratification of treaties. The author Knopf, New York, 1941. xxi, t>05 pp. $3.00. starts from the premise that under the Constitution To review a book which, in the short period since the international commitments of the United States its publication has been read by so many seems may be made by treaties or executive agreements more than superfluous. However, when asked to do interchangeably. This premise is supported by a re¬ so, I found it imposible to resist attempting to add view of the increasingly frequent resort to executive my own inadequate words of commendation to those agreements, dealing with a great variety of subjects, which have preceded them, as I feel very strongly from the beginning of the Republic to the present about Berlin Diary. time. The legal foundation for the use of executive My acquaintance with Mr. Shirer began in Berlin agreements is presented in Parts 2 and 3 of the while my husband was at the American Embassy, book: in the former, Mr. McClure seeks to prove but it was in Geneva that I saw him most, having that the use of executive agreements on a par with by then met his charming wife and most efficient treaties is authorized by usage which is as much assistant, Tess. part of the living Constitution as the express pro¬ Whenever he came down from Berlin to see his visions of the original charter; in the latter, he family in Geneva, his friends were all anxious to analyses the constitutional powers of the Executive learn from him at first hand what was really happen¬ and the Legislative branches of our Government in ing in Germany, and would hastily gather to listen regard to foreign affairs in the light of judicial in¬ to him. On these occasions I have heard him speak terpretation, Congressional practice and other rele¬ of experiences and events in virtually the same vant evidence. words used in the Diary, which he was somehow Mr. McClure’s thesis, briefly stated, is that the bringing out of Germany bit by bit. As he was then requirement of a qualified majority in one chamber speaking of events still fresh in his mind, and did of the legislative body for treaty-making is essential¬ not change in writing his book, it has given me a ly undemocratic, a heritage of Montesquieuian great sense of its complete honesty. philosophy interested in governmental impotence It has been said by someone that the book is some¬ rather than governmental efficiency; that the con¬ what too impassioned. That could only have been duct of delicate international relation, especially in said by someone who had not been obliged to live times of crisis, ought not to be so handicapped; that in Germany witnessing the actions of the regime, under the Constitution and by constitutional usage or seeking them out as Mr. Shirer’s profession re¬ the Executive can properly accomplish almost every¬ quired. Anyone in the country during the period thing by agreement that can be accomplished by covered by him could not have felt otherwise than treaty; and that the cooperation of the legislative he does. In fact, his restraint and his plain state¬ branch, so far as necessary, should be forthcoming ment of fact are to me the most striking features through the truly democratic process of simple ma¬ of his book. They, together with his wide experience jority vote in both houses of Congress. in covering the occupied countries and his keen ob¬ With the fundamental soundness of Mr. McClure’s servation make the book an unusual record of the thesis, it is difficult to take issue. On close scrutiny, period. some of his premises, or reasoning, could doubtless CHARLOTTE GILBERT. be challenged. For instance, his assumption that in¬ ternational engagements entered into otherwise than with Senatorial advice and consent are per se execu¬ INTERNATIONAL EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS, by Wallace tive agreements is open to serious doubt. His inter¬ McClure. Columbia University Press: New York, 1941, pretation of law in many instances will not be shared pp. XXII, 449, Bibliography, Index. $4.75. by students of this controversial point of our con¬ This timely book is, in form, a well-documented stitutional law. His enthusiasm to defend his thesis study of international agreements of the United may account for occasional exaggerations, as, e.g., States, entered into without the participation of the the characterization of the Pan-American Union as Senate as prescribed in case of treaties by the treaty¬ “one of the world’s most noteworthy and successful making clause of the Constitution. In substance, it examples of international government” (p. 131). is an eloquent plea against the two-thirds rule re¬ However, these are details of mean significance in quired by the Constitution for Senatorial advice and comparison with the service the author has rendered

628 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL by focusing attention on one of the most important eral Staff of our Army and Navy are trained in the problems at present confronting the United States, art of warfare. Surely, no one would claim that the namely, the prompt and effective conduct of our in¬ discretion granted to the General Staff relating to ternational relations. military or naval operations planned for the defense The subject is, of course, exceedingly delicate at a of the country without direct Congressional control time when blind partisanship and rancor is super¬ is destructive of democracy. Once it is appreciated imposed on ever-present jealousy between coordinate that diplomacy is as much an instrument of defense branches of the government. Yet, the issue must as the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, appre¬ hension over Executive discretion in foreign policy be faced frankly that the consequences of minority control over international relations has often been should give place to the realization that such dis¬ unfortunate in the past and may be expected to be¬ cretion is not and, by the nature of things cannot come even more fatal in the future. Unless one pro¬ be, unlimited but is governed and guided by con¬ ceeds on the assumption that inefficiency is inherent stant and careful appraisal of national interests by in and inseparable from democratic government, we our State Department and foreign service officers, simply must find a method under which we can con¬ in charge of this peaceful instrument of our defenses. duct our business and especially our affairs with the The chief merit of this book, obviously the re¬ outside world with more firmness and speed than in sult of conscientious and painstaking research, is the past. The weakness of Mr. McClure’s argument that it has dealt dispassionately with an important seems to lie in the belief that the shortcomings of and highly controversial problem in our govern¬ the present method would be remedied to an appre¬ mental processes. It is to be hoped that it will stimu¬ ciable degree by transferring control from a quali¬ late further discussion and search for a satisfactory fied to a simple majority. To the extent that this solution. would substitute democratic for an autocratic proc¬ FRANCIS DEAR, ess, the method he advocates is clearly preferable. But on what ground may one expect that such a Columbia University School of Law, change would lessen the disadvantages under which New York City. we now labor? For while the requirement of quali¬ fied majority was often demonstrably the direct cause of irresponsible and in the long run harmful THE REDEMPTION OF DEMOCRACY, by Hermann interference with our foreign policy, it must be Rauschning. Translated from the German by Barrows frankly conceded that the ponderous and irresolute Mussey. Alliance Cook Corporation, N. Y., 1941. 243 pace of deliberative bodies—a pace usually set by pages. $3.00. a real or fancied temper of the electorate at the mo¬ Hermann Rauschning, former President of the ment rather than by a long-range view of national Free State of Danzig and ex-member of the inner interests—may obscure the judgment of a simple circle of Hitler’s party leaders, has attracted wide majority as well. attention as a writer in exile. Out of his long and In normal times we can perhaps afford to suffer intimate association with the Nazi movement, with for lack of vision, but not in a period when brute which he broke in 1934, he has given us an excep¬ force, deception and lust for domination guide the tionally clear picture of the mentality and aims of policies of half of the earth. The world crisis in the National Socialists. As a sequel to the well which the United States is unfortunately so vitally known works, “The Revolution of Nihilism” and concerned makes it indeed imperative that the prob¬ “The Voice of Destruction,” he now comes forward lem raised by Mr. McClure be further pursued and with an appraisal of Democracy’s chance for sur¬ the theory upon which the necessity of direct legis¬ vival in its death struggle with totalitarianism. lative control over the conduct of foreign policy is “The Redemption of Democracy” is an expression based be re-examined. According to this theory, of faith in Democracy’s cause and in the power of discretion in this matter granted to the Executive the Anglo-Saxon countries to defend it. It is also a is incompatible with or even destructive of the demo¬ warning to those who may be tempted to defend it cratic form of government. But this theory over¬ by undemocratic means. looks the fact that decisions relating to international Written in London during the great daylight relations, including the making of international en¬ bombings of August, 1940, Rauschning marvels at gagements, are not taken irresponsibly and impul¬ sively by the Chief Executive alone. Such decisions the quiet fortitude of the British people, at their infinite self-assurance in the face of a danger such are the result of information collected and evidence as they have never known before. He studies the carefully weighed by a group of public servants, specially trained in the art of diplomacy as the Gen¬ (Continued on page 657)

NOVEMBER, 1941 629 The Children in the Moon A Story from Iceland

By MAURICE P. DUNLAP, Consul, formerly at Bergen

WT HEN old-time people in Iceland looked at the secret name, which the children repeated carefully. moon, they thought they saw—not the face of Thus they had power over the well. a man—but the forms of two children carrying be¬ Back and forth went Yookie and Beal, carrying tween them a pail of water. water in their pail to the Moon’s well. As they “How did they get up there?” a Viking lad might went (repeating the secret names), the Seven Seas ask. of Earth, began to recede from the land. On the “The moon stole them,” his father would explain. bare beaches there was drift-wood which the people “Why did he steal them?” a Viking girl would could use for fuel; there were shells, too, and pearls enquire. . . . and amber, precious things which the people might Now folk in the Far North liked to tell a story use in barter and trade. (It was the Will of with a hidden meaning. During winter nights there Heaven.) was plenty of time to spin such yarns. The children The more water the children carried, the faster sat with their parents around a hearth built in the the tide went out. Depths of ocean were laid bare middle of the hall. As the fire burned and sparks with fish gasping on the sand; whales and other flew up through the smoke-hole, an old crone in the strange creatures were caught in the rocks. . . . corner might tell them this story of the Children Still lower sank the sea. Ships stranded and the air in the Moon: was filled with the screams of drowning men carried In the Scheme of Things, the Moon was given a out with the tide. The people of Earth were fright¬ lot to do. But the older he got, the harder it was to ened. get it all done. So he bewitched two children and “The ocean is drying up,” they cried, “Heaven stole them from Earth, to help him. The boy was help us!” called Yookie,* the girl’s name was Beal.* “Stop!” called the Moon to Yookie and Beal. The Moon gave Yookie and Beal a magic pail and They stood still with their pail between them and a magic pole. He whis¬ the tide stopped ebb¬ pered the secret names ing. Then the Moon of these two things, tipped ever so little but which the children re¬ it was enough to upset peated carefully. Thus Yookie and Beal. As they had power over they tumbled down-hill, the pail and the pole. the water spilled from Then Moon pointed their bucket as did the to Earth. water from the well.... “Down there,” he On Earth, the tides said, “are Seven Seas. rose. (It was the Will It is the Will of Heaven of Heaven.) that, every day, their Perhaps at this point waters must rise and in the story, the Moon fall. Take this pail. would shine through Draw up those waters. the smoke-hole above Then, between you, the gathering and the carry the pail on the old crone would point pole to the mystic with her staff and say: well.” “There you see Yoo¬ He showed them the kie and Beal!” well and whispered its The Viking boys and “Jack and Jill went up the hill, girls looking up, could *These names are spelled To fetch a pail of water.” have traced quite plain¬ HjuJci and BU in old Norse but in English they are Jack Can you see the children in the ly the figures of the and JUl. moon ? children in the Moon;

630 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Beal to their left wear¬ same stories but do not ing a sort of hood, always remember the Yookie to the right. Be¬ meaning. Thus our nur¬ tween them is the pail. sery rhyme seems to In the Far North the have lost all connection air is very clear, so the with the moon.* Yet it figures stand out plain¬ preserves the detail of ly- the “broken crown” When the Moon is which explains quite full, there is a large plainly the appearance spot just beyond Yoo¬ of Jack—w i t h o u t a kie, near the edge. This head—and the spot just may be the well where beyond his feet. the children pour the Meanwhile the Vik¬ water but when the ing folk of Iceland do Moon tips (ever so not mention the broken little) and the children crown but still know tumble, it looks like a the deeper meaning of piece of the crown of the story. They even Yookie’s head broken know the secret names in the fall! of the pail, the pole Now it’s strange and the mystic well! about that broken And draw pictures to crown; only the Eng¬ help their children lish rhyme mentions it. You remember: trace the figures of Jack and Jill in the Moon. (The two drawings given herewith were copied by Frode “Jack and Jill went up the hill Caspersen from T. Larsen’s edition of EDDA as To fetch a pail of water published in Denmark. The Snorra Edda contains (As shown in first Moon picture) the moon-story of Jack and Jill as repeated from “Jack fell down and broke his crown older sources by an Icelandic bard. A translation While Jill came tumbling after.” may be found in the attractive volume published by (As shown in second Moon picture) the American Scandinavian Foundation.)

British COllsins of the Norsemen often have the *Perhaps some reader of the JOURNAL# knows otherwise,

Foreign Service Linguist By THOMAS D. BOWMAN

He is best at French or Spanish which tongues And still retains a smattering of nouns and verbs in he needs the most. each. Though he used to sputter German when Deutsch¬ land was his host. He studied conjugations, practiced accents day by day When his Italian fails him he can make out with But when he reached the stage where he was making his hands, good headway He knows a lot of cuss words that the Russian understands. He was transferred and had to start to studying anew He can also order dinner in quite fair Portuguese, He knows “good day” in Magyar and “Scotch Another tongue and so forgot the one he thought highball” in Chinese. he knew. So polyglot his tongue by now he often talks like He can say “yes” and “no” in many different kinds this: of speech Kerem, giungera el tren a quatorze hears gewiss?

NOVEMBER, 1941 631 The Appointment of Assistant Secretary of State G. Howland Shaw and Our Foreign Service* THE day of shirtsleeve diplomacy when the plums departure from this procedure. And it also is as¬ of the service were reserved for “deserving” serted that women are as capable as men of with¬ politicians has passed. We now have a Foreign standing unhealthy climates. A more serious ob¬ Service which is certainly the equal of any. The jection is the practical consideration that when a conduct of our foreign affairs has become too im¬ woman in the Foreign Service marries she generally portant to be entrusted to inexperienced hands. Even resigns and her training and acquired experience are the few recent non-career appointments of ministers lost for the service. In point of fact, the sensitive, and ambassadors will always be supported by career attractive type of women who alone may be expected men who know how to protect the chief of mission to succeed in passing the oral examinations, often from error while they facilitate the formulation of find the atmosphere and esprit de corps of this man- the particular matters of policy which is the province dominated service uncongenial so that they tire of of the non-career appointee to express. Of the score prolonging their service and retire. of ambassadorial posts, ten are now held by career The gradual increase in the proportion of career men, and in the case of two others London and ministers has no doubt been aided by the provision Vichy, the appointees have had experience of value that the Board of Foreign Service Personnel is re¬ for their present missions, namely, Mr. Winant, be¬ quired, when a vacancy occurs, to transmit to the cause of his work as Director of the International Secretary of State for consideration by the Presi¬ Labor Office at Geneva, and Admiral Leahy because dent a list of the career officers whom they con¬ of his experience in various parts of the world and sidered to be qualified to fill the ministerial post in as Governor of Puerto Rico. Of the total of thirty question. And once a career officer has been ap¬ ministers, one-half, or fifteen, are career men who pointed to a ministerial post and found to give satis¬ have had previous service. In addition the Diplo¬ faction it has become the rule of customary pro¬ matic Agent and Consul General at Tangier, Moroc¬ cedure to keep him in a ministerial post. Formerly co, and the Minister Resident and Consul General a promotion as minister was feared or declined be¬ at Bagdad. Iraq, are Foreign Service officers. cause it often meant after a short term of office walk¬ Now that Mrs. Harriman has terminated her bril¬ ing the appointment plank. The present well es¬ liant service by resigning from a post no longer tablished practice corresponds with the appropriate tenable, there is no woman of ministerial rank in the proposal that Foreign Service officers be promoted service. There are at present seven women among to the grade of minister and then subsequently nomi¬ the 829 members of the career Foreign Service. nated for a particular post for which confirmation When the commercial and agricultural attaches were by the Senate is always necessary because of the consolidated with the career Foreign Service, it constitutional provision. added five women to the two who had survived in The Board of Foreign Service Personnel and the the original career Foreign Service. The Depart¬ Board of Foreign Service Examiners, which are in ment has not favored the entrance of women. It is part interlocking, have in selecting Foreign Service argued that women cannot meet the requirement officers from the candidates who pass the written that a Foreign Service officer should be available tests laid great stress on the quality of stamina and for anv assignment and capable of fulfilling all of the ability of the candidate to express himself well the duties of any post. It is argued that women can¬ in written and spoken English. The supposed ad¬ not well be appointed to certain unhealthy and vantage of a long sojourn abroad and familiarity dangerous posts, and that in certain countries it with foreign languages may, on the contrary, prove would not be fitting to run counter to local preju¬ an actual handicap if the candidate has thereby ac¬ dice by asking them to perform duties not usually quired any trace of foreign accent or mannerisms. discharged by women. On the other side it may be He may also, through such a prolonged absence argued that even in the case of men, special quali¬ from this country, have lost touch with American fications are considered in making assignments and institutions and ideals which are considered of basic that the recognition of the especial qualifications of importance. Aggressive national culture has in a women for service in certain posts would not be a great part of the world replaced the ideal of a com¬ *The American Journal of International Law, April, 1941. mon European culture. We would not desire that

632 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL American representatives should evince that aggres¬ seem, lays particular stress upon the broadly rep¬ sive attitude known as spreadeagleism, but our rep¬ resentative and typical character of our Foieign resentatives should stand for what is best in our own Service. The ranks are filled with men with all kinds national culture and should not, even superficially, of background and from all parts of the country. appear to represent any national culture but our They have in common a very high degree of mental own. Another safeguard to ensure this result is the capacity, thanks to the severe tests that each Foreign requirement adopted r few years ago that no Service officer has passed. Foreign Service officer may marry an alien without Of the 483, including twelve women, who took the consent of the Secretary of State. It is best that the written examinations in 1940-1941, 93, includ¬ the young man in his formative years should have ing one woman, obtained the passing grade of 70 been in intimate contact with our institutions and per cent or over, and 43 men were successful in the people. An ideal preparation would seem to be fre¬ oral examination. Perhaps due to the searching na¬ quent trips to all parts of this country to acquire ture of the written examination, a somewhat larger familiarity with our people, their interests and ways percentage of those who passed the written examina¬ of thought. tion were accepted in this examination by the Board conducting the oral examination. It is to be noted The candidate who shows a knowledge of current that the Examining Board now includes a represen¬ political events ar.d economic conditions and is able tative from the Department of Commerce and from to express in good English views based upon his the Department of Agriculture. In accordance with own observation is much more likely to impress his the President’s Reorganization Plan No. 2, trans¬ examiners than he will through the mere possession mitted to Congress \T>y 9, 1939, pursuant to the of wealth or social background. Social address, provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1939, tact, and good manners will always count, but the Foreign Service officers of the Departments of Com¬ importance of belonging to an esoteric social group merce and Agriculture were transferred to the De¬ is a thing of the past. The world is going through partment of State and appointed Foreign Service a transformation when many of our former values officers. The commercial and agricultural attaches are fast disappearing. As for wealth in the Foreign were given a rank corresponding to the salaries they Service, it is no longer the great advantage which were receiving. formerly it was. Lavish entertaining is no longer In order that Foreign Service officers may remain the rule and any display or attempt through wealth in close touch with our institutions and people, the to secure a privileged position would militate against that esprit de corps which is the most important as¬ Department secures an appropriation to permit offi¬ set of every Foreign Service officer. Cordial rela¬ cers who have served three years at their posts to visit this country. This does not yet apply to posts tions with his colleagues is the means by which he in North and Central America and Western Europe. is enabled to discharge the duties of his office more effectively. Foreign Service officers now receive rent With a similar purpose in view for several years, allowances and post allowances to equalize the cost appropriations have been made to take selected offi¬ of living at especially expensive posts, and Foreign cers out of their work of the service and to let them Service pay adjustments are allowed where the con¬ carry on postgraduate studies for a year or more. ditions of exchange would lessen the value of the After the candidate has passed the examination official regular salary. The chiefs of missions also and has been accepted as a member of the career receive representation allowances to cover a portion Foreign Service, he is given a preliminary or pre¬ of what they must necessarily expend for entertain¬ paratory term of a few months as a vice-consul in ment. All of these compensatory regulations have a nearby post, and after that he comes to the De¬ greatly improved the financial situation for officers partment to attend the Foreign Service Officers who do not have other income than their salary and Training School wnere he becomes acquainted with have made for an economic equality in the service the work of the Department. He is then ready to which has also made for social equality and greatly receive a definite assignment to a post where he is improved the esprit de corps of the whole Foreign needed. As a result of the application of these meth¬ Service. ods of selection and training we have today a fine, Nor should we forget the excellent retirement sys¬ democratic body of able Foreign Service officers— a Foreign Service that isj to say the least, the equal tem. It is no longer necessary to have independent of any in the world. means in order to be fully effective in the Foreign Service and to accept an appointment to any post. It is also cause for congratulation that 115 mem¬ The Foreign Service of the United States is neither bers of the clerical service receive salaries ranging the sinecure of any university clique nor of the resi¬ from $3,000 to $4,000. These are all citizens. How- dents of the eastern seaboard. The Board, it would (Continued on page 655)

NOVEMBER, 1941 633 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the Frederick W. Hinke of Auburn, New York, Foreign Service since September 6, 1941: American Consul at Tientsin, China, has been as¬ signed American Consul at Shanghai, China. The assignment of Carol H. Foster of Annapolis, Roy E. B. Bower of Alameda, California, who Maryland, as American Consul General at Johan¬ has been serving as American Consul at Munich, nesburg, Union of South Africa, has been can¬ Germany, has been assigned American Consul at celled. In lieu thereof, Mr. Foster has been as¬ Calcutta, India. signed for duty in the Department of State. Lucien Memminger of Charleston, South Caro¬ Charles E. Brookhart of Washington, Iowa, lina, who has been serving as American Consul American Consul at London, England, has been General at Copenhagen, Denmark, has been desig¬ assigned American Consul at Shanghai, China. nated First Secretary of the American Legation H. Gordon Minnigerode of Washington, Dis¬ at Pretoria, Union of South Africa. trict of Columbia, American Vice Consul at Singa¬ Leslie E. Reed of Saint Paul, Minnesota, who pore, Straits Settlements, has been designated Third has been serving as First Secretary of the Ameri¬ Secretary of the American Legation and Ameri¬ can Legation and American Consul General at can Vice Consul at San Jose, Costa Rica, and will Athens, Greece, has been designated First Secre¬ serve in dual capacity. tary of the American Legation and American Con¬ Hiram Bingham, Jr., of New Haven, Connecti¬ sul General at San Jose, Costa Rica, and will serve cut, now serving in the Department of State, has in dual capacity. been assigned American Vice Consul at Buenos Alfred W. Klieforth of Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, Aires, Argentina. who has been serving as American Consul General James M. Gilchrist, Jr., of Chicago, Illinois, now at Cologne, Germany, has been assigned American serving in the Department of State, has been as¬ Consul General at Winnipeg, Canada. signed American Vice Consul at Halifax, Canada. Harold B. Quarton of Algona, Iowa, now serv¬ Hartwell Johnson of Aiken, South Carolina, Third ing in the Department of State, has been assigned Secretary of the American Legation at Guatemala, American Consul General at Keipo, Chosen. has been designated Third Secretary of the Ameri¬ Thormod 0. Klath of Sioux City, Iowa, Commer¬ can Embassy and American Vice Consul at Lima, cial Attache at Bern, Switzerland, has been desig¬ Peru, and will serve in dual capacity. nated Commercial Attache at Stockholm, Sweden. The assignment of Lewis E. Gleeck, Jr., of John M. Cabot of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Chicago, Illinois as Third Secretary of the Ameri¬ Second Secretary of the American Legation at can Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mos¬ Guatemala, Guatemala, has been assigned for duty cow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, has been in the Department of State. cancelled. In lieu thereof Mr. Gleeck has been George Alexander Armstrong of New York, New designated Third Secretary of the American Lega¬ York, American Consul at Malaga, Spain, has tion and American Vice Consul at Helsinki, Fin¬ been assigned American Consul at Manchester, land, and will serve in dual capacity. England. Herbert V. Olds of Lynn, Massachusetts, who has Howard F. Withey of Reed City, Michigan, been serving as American Vice Consul at Rotter¬ who has been serving as American Consul at Tri¬ dam, Netherlands, has been assigned American este, Italy, has been assigned American Consul Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, Argentina. at Veracruz, Mexico. Edmund A. Gullion of Lexington, Kentucky, who Archer Woodford of Paris, Kentucky, who has has been serving as American Vice Consul at Sa¬ been serving as American Consul at Hamburg, lonika, Greece, has been assigned American Vice Germany, has been assigned American Consul at Consul at Calcutta, India. Calcutta, India. Boies C. Hart, Jr., of Mystic, Connecticut, Ameri¬ Richard S. Huestis of Ticonderoga, New York, can Vice Consul at Shanghai, China, has been who has been serving as American Consul at Rot¬ designated Third Secretary of the American Em¬ terdam, Netherlands, has been assigned American bassy at Nanking, China. Consul at Cardiff, Wales. (Continued on page 638)

634 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Consul George P. Waller, after his return on the USS ’’West Point” from Luxembourg, was guest of honor at a reception given in August at the Luxembourg Legation in Washington. He is shown in the center talking with their Royal Highnesses, Prince Felix and the Grand Duchess. Photo courtesy of Underwood & Underwood.

Consul General Wadsworth drives on one of the most beautiful golf courses in the world. The course was designed and built by Mr. Wadsworth and is located on the grounds of Government House in Jerusalem. Photo sent by Audrey Lippincott.

Service Glimpses

STAFF OF THE CONSULATE GENERAL AT KEIJO Seated: Mrs. 0. Gaylord Marsh, Consul General 0. Gaylord Marsh, Vice Consul Arthur B. Emmons, 3rd. Standing: Chinese Gardener Pei-Chu Lee, Korean Messenger Yung-Keun Chung, Clerk William R, Mayers, Clerk Mrs. Alice Lee Cha, Korean Clerk Won-Chang Ree, Korean Interpreter In-Sik Yun, Korean Messenger Chi-Myung Whang, Korean Coolie Yung-Ki Kim, Korean Watchman Pok-Rok Kwak. Photo courtesy Arthur B. Emmons, 3rd.

£tC WJiii Bertel E. Kuniholm went salmon fishing in Prime Minister Jonasson’s River, Iceland. Promotions The following Foreign Service Officers have been nominated for promotion in the Foreign Service, effective August 16, 1941:

FROM CLASS III TO CLASS II James E. Parks—Rocky Mount, N. C. Loyd Y. Steere—Claremont, Calif. James K. Penfield—San Francisco, Calif. Don C. Bliss, Jr.—Biloxi, Miss. Winfield H. Scott—Washington, D. C. Austin C. Brady—San Fe, N. M. Arthur F. Tower—Rochester, N. Y. Edward S. Crocker, 2d—Fitchburg, Mass. FROM CLASS VIII TO CLASS VII Walter J. Donnelly—Arlington, Mass. Stephen E. Aguirre—El Paso, Texas. Homer S. Fox—Central Lake, Mich. Harry F. Hawley—New York City. Daniel V. Anderson—Dover, Delaware. Waldo E. Bailey—Jackson, Miss. William R. Langdon—Dedham, Mass. Walworth Barbour—Lexington, Mass. Alfred T. Nester—Geneva, New York. Albert F. Nufer—New York City. Jacob D. Beam—Princeton, N. J. John W. Carrigan—San Francisco, Calif. Frank S. Williams—Magee, Miss. Bernard C. Connelly—Rock Island, 111. FROM CLASS V TO CLASS IY Merritt N. Cootes—Alexandria, Va. Earl T. Crain—Huntsville, 111. Clayson W. Aldridge—Rome, New York. Andrew E. Donovan—San Francisco, Calif. William H. Beach—Concord Wharf, Va. Walter C. Dowling—Sea Island Beach, Ga. Donald F. Bigelow—St. Paul, Minn. Daniel Gaudin, r.—Philadelphia, Pa. John M. Corrigan—Atlanta, Georgia. James E. Henderson—Berkeley, Calif. Allan Dawson—Des Moines, Iowa. Fred W. Jandrey—Neenah, Wis. James 0. Denby—Evansville, Ind. Douglas Jenkins, Jr.—Charleston, S. C. Lynn W. Franklin—Bethesda, Md. Henry P. Leverich—Montclair, N. J. Curtis C. Jordan—Eagle Rock, Calif. Raymond P. Ludden—Fall River, Mass. David Mc.K Key—Chattanooga, Tenn. Patrick Mallon—Cincinnati, Ohio. Renwick S. McNiece—Salt Lake City, Utah. John P. Palmer—Seattle, Wash. Marcel E. Malige—Lapwai, Idaho. Troy L. Perkins—Lexington, Ky. Warwick Perkins—Baltimore, Md. Paul J. Reveley—East Haven, Conn. J. Bartlett Richards—Chevy Chase, Md. W. Garland Richardson—Richmond, Va. Halleck L. Rose—Omaha, Nebr. FROM CLASS VI TO CLASS V Livingston Satterthwaite—Huntingdon Valley, Pa. H. Merrell Benninghoff—Rochester, N. Y. Francis L. Spaulding—Brookline, Mass. Joseph F. Burt—Fairfield, 111. John F. Stone—Wayne, Pa. Vinton Chapin—Boston, Mass. Tyler Thompson—Elmira, N. Y. Prescott Childs—Holyoke, Mass. William C. Trimble—Baltimore, Md. William M. Gwynn—Los Angeles, Calif. Milton K. Wells—Bristow, Okla. Walter IJ. McKinney—Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Clarence E. Macy—Denver, Colo. FROM UNCLASSIFIED (A) TO CLASS VIII Dale W. Maher—Joplin, Mo. Hector C. Adam, Jr.—Brooklyn, N. Y. Walter S. Reineck—Fremont, Ohio. Russell W. Benton—Buffalo, N. Y. Thomas H. Robinson—Princeton, N. J. Roswell C. Beverstock—Stanford Univ., Calif. William A. Smale—San Diego, Calif. William F. Busser—Philadelphia, Pa. E. Talbot Smith—Hartford, Conn. Richard W. Byrd—Norfolk, Va. Francis H. Styles—Falls Church, Va. Glion Curtis, Jr.—Webster Groves, Mo. Howard F. Withey—Reed City, Mich. Harry M. Donaldson—West Newton, Pa. George M. Abbott—Cleveland, Ohio. Owen W. Gaines—Atlanta, Ga. George Andrews—Chattanooga, Tenn. Elbert G. Mathews—Oakland, Calif. Lawrence S. Armstrong—Rochester, N. Y. John Ordway—Washington, D. C. Roy W. Baker—Buffalo, N. Y. Marselis C. Parsons, Jr.—Rye, New York. Ellis A. Bonnet—Eagle Pass, Texas. George F. Scherer—New York City. Frederick W. Hinke—Auburn, N. Y. Earle C. Taylor—Kenneth Square, Pa. Charles A. Hutchinson—Duluth, Minn. Woodruff Wallner—New York City. John B. Ketcham—-New York City. T. Eliot Weil—Pleasantville, N. Y. John H. Madonne—Waco, Texas. Ivan B. White—Salem, Oregon. 636 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INSURANCE

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NOVEMBER, 1941 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES WOODWARD & LOTHROP (Continued, from page 634) 10th, 11th, F and G Streets The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since September 20, 1941: Washington, D. C., U. S. A. Douglas Jenkins of Greenville, South Carolina, ”A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” American Minister to Bolivia, is retiring from the American Foreign Service effective January 1, 1942. Hasell H. Dick of Sumter, South Carolina, who has been serving as American Consul at Bordeaux, France, has been assigned for duty in the Depart¬ ment of State. Albert M. Doyle of Detroit, Michigan, American Consul at Sydney, Australia, has been assigned for duty in the Department of State. John J. Meily of Allentown, Pennsylvania, who has been serving as American Consul at Zagreb, Yugoslavia, has been assigned American Consul at Guadalajara, Mexico. Samuel R. Thompson of Los Angeles, California, American Consul at Cardiff, Wales, has been as¬ signed American Consul at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Richard M. de Lambert of Raton, New Mexico, who has been serving as American Consul at Ant¬ werp, Belgium, has been assigned American Consul at Tahiti, Society Islands, Oceania. Archibald E. Gray of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, American Consul at Barcelona, Spain, has been designated Second Secretary of the American Em¬ bassy and American Consul at Santiago, Chile, and The will serve in dual capacity. Hugh F. Ramsay of Washington, District of Co¬ lumbia, has been assigned American Consul at Ha- Christmas bana, Cuba. Warren C. Stewart of Baltimore, Maryland, Amer¬ ican Vice Consul at Lisbon, Portugal, has been ap¬ Card Season is On- pointed American Vice Consul at Valparaiso, Chile. now—before the calendar shouts Frederick H. Weaver of Chapel Hill, North Caro¬ lina, has been appointed American Vice Consul at “3 more shopping days until Christ¬ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. mas”—order your cards and wrap¬ pings at leisure The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since September 27 1941 : You profit by the wide selection—from the Thomas D. Bowman of Smithville, Missouri, who old-fashioned “Christmasy” kind to distinc¬ has been serving as American Consul General at Rome, Italy, has been assigned American Consul tive modern. A glistening array of gift at Johannesburg, Union of South Africa. wrappings that put your presents in a holi¬ James E. McKenna of Boston, Massachusetts, now day spirit are also yours to choose from. serving in the Department of State, has been as¬ Place your order now—then relax when the signed American Consul at Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. rush begins. Harry E. Carlson of Joliet, Illinois, who has been serving as American Consul at Vienna, Germany, STATIONERY, AISLE 2, FIRST FLOOR has been designated First Secretary of the Ameri¬ can Legation and American Consul at Helsinki, Fin¬ land, and will serve in dual capacity.

638 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Edwin Schoenrich of Baltimore, Maryland, Sec¬ ond Secretary of the American Legation and Amer¬ ★ "★ ican Consul at Asuncion, Paraguay, has been as¬ signed for duty in the Department of State. Paul C. Hutton of Goldsboro, North Carolina, American Consul at Mexico City, has been assigned Called for duty in the Department of State. Carmel Offie of Portage, Pennsylvania, who is under assignment as Third Secretary of the Ameri¬ to the Colors! can Embassy and American Vice Consul at Bogota, Colombia, has been designated Third Secretary of the American Embassy near the Governments of MERICA’S three greatest liners, the Poland and Belgium, and Third Secretary of the A Washington, Manhattan and America, American Legation near the Governments of Nor¬ way, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia are now serving their country as Navy now established in London, England. auxiliaries. Norris S. Haselton of West Orange, New Jersey, Before being called to the Colors, these American Vice Consul at Calcutta, India, has been designated Secretary to the Commissioner of the three American flag liners were the largest, United States of America at New Delhi, India. fastest and most luxurious passenger ships Lampton Berry of Columbia, Mississippi, Amer¬ ever built in this country. ican Vice Consul at Calcutta, India, has been des¬ ignated Secretary to the Commissioner of the When our Government called its nationals United States of America at New Delhi, India. home from danger zones in Europe and Myles Standish of New York, New York, now the Orient, thousands of Americans re¬ serving in the Department of State, has been as¬ turned to the United States aboard these signed American Vice Consul at Karachi, India. ships. Ralph W. Johns, Jr., of Portland, Oregon, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Cali, Co¬ Every American should rejoice in the lombia. vision of the Maritime Commission and Paul H. Demille of El Paso, Texas, American Vice the United States Lines in sponsoring the Consul at Victoria, Canada, has been appointed great shipbuilding program that made pos¬ American Vice Consul at Regina, Canada. sible the building of these three great liners. Eugene H. Johnson of Black River Falls, Wis¬ They served our country ably in peace, and consin, American Vice Consul at Regina, Canada, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Vic¬ will do their part during this national emer¬ toria, Canada. gency. John L. Calnan of Worcester, Massachusetts, who Until such time as these ships can return to has been serving as American Vice Consul at Bel¬ peace-time occupations, their less glamor¬ grade, Yugoslavia, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. ous sisters, the many sturdy freighters of the United States Lines, will continue to ply the seven seas, carrying on our world commerce and bringing the essential ma¬ BIRTHS terials for America’s great defense program.

LIPPINCOTT. A son, William Hamilton, was born on August 17th, 1941, in Pasadena, California, to Mr. and Mrs. Aubrey E. Lippincott. Mr. Lippin¬ cott is Vice Consul at Jerusalem. UNITED STATES LINES ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK BRAGONIER. A daughter, Merriam, was born on September 13 to Mr. and Mrs. Reginald Bragonier, Jr., in Montevideo where Mr. Bragonier is Third Secretary.

NOVEMBER, 1941 639 AMERICA GEARS TO WORLD EMERGENCY (Continued from page 608) tant government agencies now taking shape is charged with an effort to spread the vast war-emer¬ gency funds among as many smaller plants as pos¬ sible, and to try and provide substitute industrial activity for those communities and plants hit by the increasing pressure on war-needed materials. Coming back to the remark about fireplugs, at the beginning of this, WPA workers are no longer found solely on made work, as so many were fond of calling it back a year or two ago. Today, in many cities, one of their most important jobs is digging up steel rails of abandoned street car tracks, to be found in most American cities. These rails are im¬ mensely valuable as scrap steel today, and the pro¬ gram is expected to yield many thousands of tons of such metal. In other ways there are signs that America is be¬ NORTH AMERICA coming increasingly conscious of the need for emer¬ gency efforts. Approximately 1,000,000 people vol¬ unteered in the campaign to collect old aluminum. SOUTH AMERICA At the instance of the President this volunteer spirit is being further furnished with an outlet in elaborate CENTRAL AMERICA plans for a civilian defense network over the coun¬ try, for air raid warning, civilian first aid, and train¬ ing civilians to replace certain other essential trained CARIRREAN personnel if war demands make further inroads on the usual reservoirs of such workers. PANAMA CANAL However, there is not yet the grim atmosphere of war in the United States that so many on foreign service have become accustomed to. Evidence of Consult your Travel Agent or America’s growing Army is seen everywhere, and some resort areas have advertised particularly, that they are free of “maneuver traffic” which means GRACE LINE that the ordinary tourist will not find himself tra¬ 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or versing the same highways as a division of the new 10 Hanover Square, New York armored force, for instance. 914-15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In many ways, however, there is a strong resem¬ Agents and Offices in a!l principal cities blance in the country, to the feeling and conditions of 1917-18, as the country grapples with the prob¬ lems it has assumed of meeting war needs abroad, and building its own defenses.

NOTE Mr. Maurice P. Dunlap, author of “The Children in the Moon,” which appears in this issue, after retirement hopes to write more of the Vikings and their lore.

640 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Scholarship Winners

David Ray Thomson, win¬ Adele Davis, winner of one Lewis V. Hoyle, III, Win¬ ner of the Foreign Service of the Foreign Service As¬ ner of additional scholar¬ Journal scholarship for sociation scholarships for ship donated by a former 1941-42. 1941-42. (Howard C. Bow¬ Foreign Service Officer. man is the winner of the other Association scholar¬ ship this year and has been asked for a photograph which will be run in a subsequent issue of the Journal.)

WASHINGTON NATIONAL The airline ticket offices are arranged along one AIRPORT side of the main waiting room. The thirty-foot high, 200-foot long glass wall, amazingly beautiful (Continued from page 616) in its modern simplicity, overlooks the loading ramp idly increasing, can only be efficiently handled by and the major portion of the field, with the Potomac the proper design of a modern air transport build¬ river beyond. North and South concourses at either ing and its attendant facilities. The progressive end of the main waiting room provide additional ideas and innovations which have been put to prac¬ space where passengers may await their planes in tical use at the airport required considerable orig¬ quiet airconditioned comfort. Each concourse has inal thought and call for continual adjustment. This two stairways leading to the ground floor and to the results in what Mr. Groves has termed, “the smooth¬ various loading gates for plane departures. From running operation of the airport.” the main waiting room of the terminal building, a For example, let us take the nerve center of the stairway leads to the popular dining room whose entire airport; the ultra modren control tower. With terrace overlooks Washington’s beautiful and inspir¬ vision unobstructed in every direction, the control ing scenes; The Lincoln Memorial, The Washington tower operator regulates the arrival and departure Monument and the Capitol. of aircraft with clocklike precision. The glass walls To the left of this stairway on the main level, is of the tower have a soft green tint and are placed at the entrance to the coffee shop and grill. Above the angles designed to reduce to a minimum glare or row of ticket counters a second floor balcony keeps confusing reflections. Special long-bladed wipers, sight-seers and tourists separated from the flow of which operate by water pressure, keep the glass free passengers and airline employees in the main lobby. of rain and snow during adverse weather conditions. In the center of the terminal there is stationed an

NOVEMBER, 1941 641 information counter, Western Union, Postal Tele¬ graph service and air charter and sight-seeing serv¬ ice. On the roof of the airport building, the govern¬ ment weather station is locatel. Weather balloons are released twice in twenty-four hours. Their flight to ascertain the direction and velocity of upper air and wind currents is observed from a done shaped turret which revolves a full 360 degrees. One of the important innovations are the under¬ ground pits which are located at each plane load¬ ing position. The pits are covered with trap doors set in concrete, enclosing telephones and pneumatic communication tubes connected with the operations departments and the ticket offices. Under ground pits at the nose of the airplane contain electrical outlets for use in starting the huge motors. At the Washington National Airport, ugly cum¬ bersome trucks are no longer employed for air con¬ ditioning for these pits also serve as outlets for the terminal buildings’ air conditioning system which supply the planes direct with cool air in summer and 38-DAY CRUISES warm air in winter. The freely revolving turntables, designed es¬ ON 33,000-TON AMERICAN REPUBLICS UNERS pecially for this airport, eliminate strain and wear on landing gear and tires in pivoting, and also assist the pilot in bringing his ship easily to its designated BARBADOS S.S./Q/ loading position. RIO DE JANEIRO Handling the passenger’s baggage is no problem SANTOS at all. From the moment a passenger drives up to MONTEVIDEO the terminal, his luggage is no longer his respon¬ BUENOS AIRES Fortnightly Sailings fromNewYork SANTOS (SAO PAULO) sibility. A porter takes it to the ticket counter, RIO DE JANEIRO CRUISE RATES: $360 TOURIST; $480 where it is weighed on scales whose dials are placed TRINIDAD FIRST CLASS. ($550 CERTAIN SEASONS) in a convenient position on the counter. The bag¬ Consult your Travel Agent or gage is then placed on a trap door and transferred by chute to the baggage room. MflOHE-McClllUMCK The handling of baggage, express and mail does 1C* not conflict with the travelling public which is ac¬ complished by “channelizing traffic.” All trucks and 5 Broadway New York commercial vehicles serving the airline offices and concessions are routed through a separate roadway and tunnel underneath the administration building. In this tunnel are loading platforms connecting with the office and baggage room. Small tractors, at¬ tached to baggage trucks carry the baggage, air mail, and air express to the waiting planes. A serv¬ ice road leading directly from the airport to the main highway keeps all commercial traffic from coming in contact with public vehicles. In order to keep clocklike operation of schedules, to supply up to the minute weather information, to permit quick handling of reservations and space control there are different communications centers. The airlines have their radio facilities and teletype machines on the ground floor. The offices of the Weather Bureau and Airway Traffic Control, upon

642 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL WHAT WILL THE WORLD OF 6942 LEARN ABOUT US?

Within they placed a sealed glass cylinder from which they withdrew the air; in this chamber the story of today awaits discovery. Westinghouse has taken many precautions to insure that the Time Capsule will be unearthed in 5,000 years. The erection of the black granite shaft is the last step, as it starts its long journey across the centuries. Building the Time Capsule was perhaps for West¬ inghouse engineers a diversion from normal activi¬ ties; but their everyday contacts with the numerous fields of human endeavor which employ the force of electricity qualified them to undertake this scientific attempt to transmit a cross-section of Twentieth Century knowledge to distant generations.

Westinghouse electrical engineers, supported by the Last September, in New York, noteworthy repre¬ staffs of 25 factories and by scientists in two modern sentatives of this age marked the resting place of the research laboratories, welcome opportunities to assist Westinghouse Time Capsule. A shaft of black granite, with engineering projects. The Westinghouse Distributor 10 feet high, on a white granite base now guards the in your district will give your inquiry courteous attention. storehouse of twentieth century knowledge. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL Three years ago, Westinghouse engineers sensed COMPANY, MANUFACTURER OF ELECTRICAL an opportunity to apply their skill to the task of PRODUCTS, 40 Wall Street, New York, U. S. A. leaving for the world of 6942 a more complete pic¬ ture than we have inherited from the past. Fifty feet WESTINGHOUSE PRODUCTS in the ground they buried their almost indestruc¬ tible eight foot long torpedo-like Time Capsule. Refrigerators • Radios • Ranges • Water Heaters • Fans In it they placed the story of today’s civilization, Irons • Washers • lroners • Vacuum Cleaners • Air Conditioning compiled by authorities in government, science, Commercial Refrigeration • Lamps and Lighting Equipment Switches and Sockets • Elevators • X-Ray Equipment • Meters economics, medicine and the arts. It is told in 22,000 Relays • Lightning Arresters • Circuit Breakers • Generators pages and 1,000 pictures reduced photographically Steam Turbines • Motors • Transformers • Insulators • Rectifiers to MA reels of microfilm. They also included 35 Transportation Equipment • Arc Welding Equipment present day articles, and 75 fabrics and metals.

RECORDS IN GLASS CYLINDER To preserve these records, Westinghouse engineers used their new alloy "Cupaloy.” It has steel-like hardness and copper-like resistance to corrosion. With it they built an outer shell which they are con¬ fident can resist earth pressures, and extremes of Westinghouse moisture, heat and cold for over 50 centuries. J Established in 1886

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NOVEMBER, 1941 643 (aii

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whose assistance the airlines depend, have their America’s air traffic continues to grow. Many separate communications on the third floor. The minds were needed to plan, design and build this offices of the Civil Aeronautics Administration are project—the magnificent Washington National Air¬ located on the fourth floor. Connecting these units port. No one man could be given full credit for of airline operation is an efficient pneumatic tube building this distinctive and incomparable airport, inter office communications system. but recognition must be given to Colonel R. S. Thomas, Army Corps of Engineers, deceased. As Important to the air travel public are the reserva¬ District Engineer, the work was initiated under him tions and space control sections of the air lines. In and carried forward for two years. His vision, reservations the incoming calls are varied; some courage, and engineering genius was matched by his are for reservations, some are inquiring about a fellow workers who together achieved this monu¬ plane schedule from Washington to Tucson or pos¬ ment to the advance of airport construction. sibly whether a passenger may take her six months The “National” Airport is so called because it old baby. The numerous other questions asked are was paid for by the general taxes of all the people almost unbelievable. The important thing is that and because it was constructed by a multitude of more people ask more questions each day. A few 6,000 employees gathered from all sections of the months ago American Airlines had only six people country. handling these requests. The highest number of The country may well take pride in its National calls at that time was from five to six hundred per Airport, serving its Capital. Those who have seen day. But now there are sixteen people on the reser¬ it feel it is truly one of the Twentieth Century Won¬ vations table handling these inquiries and reserva¬ ders. Those who have shared in its creation see it tions. On a busy day these calls number over four standing as a symbol of American progress, Ameri¬ thousand. can life, and American Government.

644 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL DINING ROOM OF BOLIVAR S COUNTRY HOME At the foot of the mountain of Montserrate is Simon Bolivar’s quinta, on the outskirts of Bo¬ gota, Colombia. The atmosphere of the unpretentious little place is imbued with the life and viril¬ ity of the man who so indelibly stamped his personality there. In the picture is seen a large old painting of an af ter-the-battle scene covering the far end of the wall and evenly distributed along the side walls are flags reaching from the floor to the ceiling, flags of the five repub¬ lics and Panama. The dozen chairs are cane-bottomed and in¬ laid with gold leaf with country scenes painted on their backs. Courtesy of Mrs. Archibald R. Randolph.

NEWS FROM THE FIELD Bowling provided another field for expression by (Continued from, page 627) the energetic vice consuls. Williams persuaded Fer¬ guson to buy a bowling ball, which was used twice. entrechats to make envious the ice-waltzing Winni- The last we heard of the ball was that Ferguson peggers. tried to rent it out as a stocking-cap stretcher. If proof be needed as to the proficiency on skates Vice Consul Rutherford spent the greater part of of at least some members of the Consulate General, the winter fitting out his apartment with early we have only to point to the record of Consul American furniture. There were spindle-legged George Fuller, who holds the distinction of being chairs, tea cozies, and George Washington pot¬ the first “foreigner” to be elected a member of the tery. Then came news of Rutherford’s transfer to Board of Governors of the Winnipeg Winter Club Shanghai, and we have been wondering what effect and chairman of the ice-skating committee. Last Rutherford’s furniture is going to have on the winter Consul and Mrs. Fuller took considerable inhabitants along the Yantse-Kiang. A Duncan interest in the training of tyros for parts in the Phyfe table surmounted by a Chinese gong would club Carnival, and came off themselves with third at least be interesting. prize in Western Waltzing. In other words, you Consul Montgomery Colladay arrived last fall don’t just “skate” in Winnipeg; you either waltz with Mrs. Colladay and their three children, after or you proceed quietly to some deserted pond to a hazardous trip from Talinn. Instead of a direct practice your less expert glides, with the hope of route to Lisbon, their itinerary led them to Helsinki, being able one day to do a two-step. Stockholm, Berlin, Geneva, and on through Unoccu¬ To add to the activity of last winter, Vice Consuls pied France to Spain, and finally, Lisbon. Mrs. Ferguson, Williams, Ainsworth, and Rutherford Colladay complains that her husband spends most whipped together a soft ball team, and managed to of his free hours gazing at mounds of fruit in the inveigle an unsuspecting local team into competi¬ local groceries, but adds that the bribe of a banana tion, the results of which have never been ascer¬ is still sufficient to gain his approval for a new hat. tained. Ferguson almost ran afoul of the law pro¬ There have been several groups of Americans hibiting activity in the public parks on Sunday, visiting in Winnipeg during the spring and sum¬ but since his soft ball performance was not judged mer. The American Legion and Masonic Lodge to be professional, he was allowed to continue under held regional meetings here, one result being that the heading of “playing games.” The verdict was the Hudson’s Bay Company were sold out of their unanimously seconded. famous blankets. The Shriners were the latest visit-

NOVEMBER, 1941 645 ors, and gave an excellent show for the benefit of their charities. Their parade wound past the Con¬ sulate General, and one group detached itself to piece together in front of the office a picture-puzzle symbolizing the friendship between Canadians and Americans. Our Minister to Ottawa, Pierrepont Moffat, vis¬ ited this district in May, and he was followed by the Agricultural Attache Clifford C. Taylor, who was interested in gaining first-hand information about the Prairie Provinces crop situation. In the office itself there have been many changes. In addition to Rutherford, transfers were ordered for Vice Consuls Williams, Ferguson, and Ains¬ worth. Consul General Hopper proceeded to New¬ foundland, where he hopes to improve his golf. O’Neill and MacDonald arrived for their first as¬ signments, and waded into an overflow group of visa applicants. Two of our clerks, Miss Thomas- sen and Miss Crombie, are upholding the British morale by marrying into the Army and Navy, re¬ spectively. Dwight Scarborough bounced in with his new daughter, who registers complete disap¬ proval of his handling. During the late summer double epidemics of sleeping sickness and infantile paralysis have sent most families scouting off to the beaches on Lake Winnipeg. Consul Fuller’s family had a visit from the virus, but managed to wheedle it off before sustaining serious effects. However, Consul Fuller Washington's reports that so many of his golf partners have been sent to bed that his score is beginning to look re¬ spectable. Word has been received of the trip planned by Finest Hotel Madam Perkins, the Secretary of Labor, who is to be a guest at Government House. This follows ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ closely the inspection trip of the Duke of Kent and eign Service men in the Nation’s the Governor General of Canada, the Earl of Ath- Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ lone. Archduke Otto of Austria had previously partment of State. Convenient to passed through Winnipeg enroute to the West, and all points of interest in Washing¬ was entertained by Consul and Mrs. Fuller at their residence. Reception groups awaiting the ducal ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous party at the railroad stations were surprised to learn food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail that Otto had arrived unannounced, after driving to Lounge. Air Conditioned in the the city in his own car, and at a speed considerably summer. over the limit. Single Rooms from $4 Those interesting in obtaining a rumble seat for Double Rooms from $6 a convertible coupe might find three such seats in Suites from $15 Winnipeg. When Vice Consul Rutherford left for Shanghai, he found that he had too much baggage to carry in his car, and left his rumble seat here, _Jv FLOWER after extracting promises from Williams to send it WASHINGTON, D. C. to Shanghai. Williams transfer to Washington came shortly, and it was necessary to leave another rum¬ C. J. MACK, General Manager ble seat behind, to be brought to Washington by Ferguson, if, as, and when. A few weeks ago

646 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Ferguson found that the blankets and ear muffs he had bought here more than filled his ear, and he had to rip out the you-know-what seat. Someone has promised to bring this to him in Washington, but we feel pretty certain that another seat will be It on the market shortly. The moral is probably “Buy a sedan.” WILFRED V. MAC DONALD.

VANCOUVER August 14, 1941 There has been an unusual epidemic of weddings among the staff of the Vancouver Consulate General this summer. On August 2, 1941, Vice Consul Robert Rossow, Jr., and Miss Katherine Wheir of Seattle, Washington, weer married in Seattle. Vice Consul Richard E. Gnade acted as best man. Word has also been received of the recent marriage in Washington, D. C., of Vice Consul Lubert 0. San- derhoff. shortly after his transfer from Vancouver to the Department, to Mrs. Eunice Campbell, for¬ merly of Vancouver. Among recent visitors to Vancouver were Vice Consul Robert F. Hale of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and Vice Consul Harold D. Pease of Shanghai. The following telegram was recently received by the Consulate General: “Thirteenth your despatch 803 August fifth PASSENGER SERVICE Forms apparently inadvertently not enclosed. BETWEEN NEW YORK AND Suggest submission by telegraph biological and other pertinent data regarding appli¬ LISBON, PORTUGAL cant. HULL” Does this indicate a trend in the Visa Division, By the or should it merely be added to the curiosa pub¬ EXCAMBION EXCALIBUR lished by the JOURNAL from time to time? EXETER Very truly yours, THOMAS H. ROBINSON. Fare $350

From Neutral Portugal connections can he FROZEN ASSETS made by air or rail to many parts of Europe. Detailed information on application A recent letter addressed to the Department of State contained the following logical request: THE SECURITY OF Gentlemen: AMERICAN SHIPS I received a letter from Mr. P which you ALWAYS IMPORTANT will find enclosed, and in paragraphs 3 and 4 he TODAY IS EMPHASIZED MORE THAN EVER claims that he is not allowed to export monies The demand by relatives and friends here for prepaid tickets for Americans to America from all Europe and I believe he means they are frozen assets. demonstrates it. “I therefore apply to you that you please act to defrost said sum and have it sent to you or to AMERICAN EXPORT LINES American Consulate at Port Said, Egypt, in order that I may obtain said sum. 25 Broadway, New York “Thanking you in advance, Balto. Office: 203 Keyser Bldg. CAlvert 0340 Very truly yours,

NOVEMBER, 1941 647 WORLD SERIES (Continued, from page 617) Mickey Owen, Brooklyn catcher, was the Dodg¬ ers’ batting hero of the game. After Reese singled with two out in the fifth inning, Owen swatted a long three-bagger into left center field to score the Dodgers’ first run and cut the Yankees’ lead to 2-1. Yankee power again asserted itself in the sixth after Keller drew another walk with one out. Dickey and Gordon slapped singles to center and the Yankees had a 3-1 lead. The Dodgers muffed a chance to tie the score in the seventh after Shortstop Phil Rizzuto’s wild throw put Lavagetto on base with none out in the seventh. Reese, maker of three of Brooklyn’s five hits of the game, singled to center, moving Lavagetto to sec¬ ond. Owen singled to center, scoring Lavagetto and putting Reese on second with the tying run, with none out. Dodger strategy disdained a sacrifice bunt at this point and Pinch Hitter Jimmy Wasdell fouled out to Third Baseman Red Rolfe. Dodger fans were horrified to see Reese attempt to advance from sec¬ ond to third after the catch, and he was an easy out. Stupid base running may have cost the Dodg¬ ers a tie at that point. Ruffing held them in check thereafter. SECOND GAME (Brooklyn 3; Yankees 2) Outhit 9 to 6 by the Yankees in this game, the Dodgers came from behind to wipe out the Ameri¬ can Leaguers’ 2-0 lead and even the series count at 1 game each. Whitlow Wyatt, after an unsteady first three innings, settled down to pitch magnifi¬ cently and hold the Yankees scorless in the last six. Despite the fact that his teammates made only six YOU ARE EQUIPPED hits off Spurgeon Chandler and Johnny Murphy, Wyatt was the winning pitcher. to portray geography Again the Yankees were the first to score, taking a 1-0 lead in the second inning with a run that was slightly tainted. Keller led off with a single and FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS have the eventually scored from third base on a cheap single training and experience essential to the prepara¬ by Pitcher Chandler whose high bounder stayed in tion of articles for THE GEOGRAPHIC. Your human- interest photographs and personal narratives of the air long enough to permit him to beat out the travel observations will help The Magazine in its hit. educational work. Liberal payment is made for The Yankees improved their lead to 2-0 in the material accepted. Why not submit a brief out¬ third inning after Henrich doubled against the right line of your proposed article for consideration? field wall with two out. The dangerous Keller sin¬ gled to right to score Henrich. The National Geographic Magazine Chandler was pitching one-hit ball for four in¬ nings when he suddently encountered trouble in the Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor fifth when the Dodgers tied the score at 2-2. He WASHINGTON. D. C. walked Camilli and Medwick provided the big blow of the inning, a double against the left field wall. After Chandler walked Lavagetto to fill the bases

648 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL with none out, Camilli scored from third while Reese was hitting into a force play at second. Mickey Owen singled to left on a hit-and-run play UNDERWOOD to score Medwick writh the tying run. An error by Joe Gordon figured in the Dodgers’ winning run in the sixth inning. He made a wide Types throw to first on Dixie Walker’s grounder in the sixth with none out, and Walker raced to third on Better Billy Herman’s single that followed. Johnny Mur¬ phy entered the game as a relief pitcher for the Letters Yankees and fanned Reiser at this point, but Ca¬ milli slapped a single to right field to score Walker. Wyatt made that one-run lead stand up mag¬ nificently. In the last five innings he permitted the Yankees only two hits and the series scene shifted to Ebbetts Field in Brooklyn with the games even at one each. THIRD GAME (Yankees 2; Brooklyn 1) Ebbetts Field was ablaze with bunting, enthusi¬ asm and hi-jinks as Brooklyn fans renewed their faith in their Dodgers to beat the hated Yankees. On the mound for Brooklyn was the veteran Fred Fitzsimmons, fat and forty, who was the only Brook¬ lyn pitcher of world series experience and who • Of course you want your letters to be good through the season had always been a good gamble to win a particular game for which he had been looking, distinguished and representative of rested. For this series effort, Fitzsimmons had been you. But are they? given two weeks’ rest. The pitching selection of the Yankees was, para¬ Right now you can take the first step to¬ doxically, a Brooklyn boy, Marius Russo, who for ward finding the true answer to this ques¬ four years had been a member of the Yankee or¬ tion. Just say to your secretary: "Telephone ganization. Russo, a left hander, had won 14 games Underwood and ask them to send over a during the season. For seven innings it was nip-and-tuck, and score¬ newUnderwood Typewriter and show what less. Young Russo, his left-handed delivery baffling the Underwood will do in a Letter-for- the Dodgers completely, allowed only one hit in Letter Test with our present machine." the first six innings and the veteran Fitzsimmons was similarly holding the Yankees scoreless with his Underwood has specialized on the job of knuckle ball. producing better letters. That is why Under¬ And then, in the seventh, tragedy struck the Brooklyn club. With two out and a runner on sec¬ wood has created many features that insure ond base. Fitzsimmons was struck on the knee by a precision type alignment, clean-cut and uni¬ line drive off Russo’s bat. The ball rocketed far form type impressions. But, to satisfy your¬ into the air above the infield and eventually settled self, ask for the Letter-for-Letter Test today. into the glove of Shortstop Reese for the third out of the inning, but Fitzsimmons wras lost to the Dodgers. UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY The big pitcher, aided by his teammates, limped Typewriters, Accounting Machines, Adding Machines off the field, painfully injured. He was unable to Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies return to the game, and Relief Pitcher Hugh Casey Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets faced the Yankees in the eight inning. He became the losing pitcher. Washington, D. C. With one out in the eighth, Rolfe set a two-run Sales and Service Everywhere Yankee attack in motion with a single to right cen-

NOVEMBER, 1941 649 ter. Henrich breathed life into the rally with an infield single that was chargeable directly to Casey who neglected to cover first base on Henrich’s hit, which was fielded back of the bag. Joe Di Maggio produced the third straight Yankee hit, a single to center, to score Rolfe with the first run of the game. Charles Keller made it four Yankee hits in a row with a single to center and Henrich crossed the plate. Valiantly the Dodgers attempted to tie the score in the eighth, but succeeded in getting only one run back. Dixie Walker achieved some temporary hero¬ ism when he led off the Brooklyn eighth with a double to right center, but the Brooklyn attack bogged down when Howen grounded out and Pinch Hitter Augie Galan struck out. Reese renewed Brooklyn hopes with a single to right that scored Walker, but Coscarart popped up for the third out. For young Russo, it was a four-hit triumph in his maiden start in a world series. It was to be, eventually, the best-pitched game of the series. FOURTH GAME (Yankees 7; Brooklyn 4) Baseball fiction at its most imaginative paled be¬ fore stark ninth-inning world series drama in this game which the Yankees snatched from the Dodg¬ ers with three runs in the ninth “after three men were out.” In the early innings the game took on the ap¬ pearance of another easy Yankee triumph. The Yanks picked up a run against Kirby Higbe in the opening inning on a single by Rolfe, a walk to Di Maggio and Charley Keller’s single. It assumed the aspects of a Yankee walk-away when the American Leaguers continued to belabor Higbe in the fourth inning and improved their lead to 3-0. The Yankees filled the bases with none out when Keller doubled against the right field screen, Dickey walked, and Gordon singled to short left. Higbe gallantly kept the Yankees from scoring at this point, causing Rizzuto to hit into a force play at the plate and striking out Atley Donald, the Community branches throughout Greater Yankee pitcher. But with two out, the supposed New York; overseas offices, affiliates weak-hitting Johnny Sturm singled to center and and correspondent banks in every com¬ two runs crossed the plate. The Dodgers answered the entreaties of the Eb- mercially important city in the world. betts Field crowd for some Brooklyn runs with a two-run replay in the same inning. Substitute Jim¬ THE NATIONAL CITY BANK my Wasdell was the Brooklyn hero of the inning. OF NEW YORK After Donald walked Owen and Coscarart in suc¬ "Your personal representafive throughout the world" cession with two out, Manager Leo Durocher in¬ serted Wasdell to pinch hit for the hapless Higbe. Head Office: 55 Wall Street Wasdell lashed a long double down the left field Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation line and two Brooklyn runs scored, to cut the Yankees’ lead to 3-2.

650 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Ebbetts Field was a bedlam in the fifth inning when the popular Dixie Walker put the tying run on base with a double to left field before anybody was out. At bat now was Pete Reiser, the Dodgers’ National League batting champion, and Brooklyn fans beseeched him for some kind of a hit that would tie the score. Reiser gave them the dream hit. Over the right field screen, near center, he slugged a long home run to bring Walker in with the tying run and cross the plate himself with the tally that put the Dodgers ahead, 4-3. Bedlam broke out in Brooklyn. Reiser was mayoralty timber. The Dodgers sent big Hugh Casey to the mound to protect their lead. In the fifth inning he had stopped a Yankee rally with the bases full and he FEDERAL STORAGE moved easily through the sixth, seventh and eighth, permitting no Yankee to advance past first base. In the ninth with Brooklyn fans praying that Casey COMPANY could hold his one-run lead, he made a brave start. He got rid of the first two Yankees on easy infield Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling plays and then faced Henrich. and Care of Household Treasures Casey was only one pitch away from complete, final victory when he got two strikes on Henrich. And then it happened. The next pitch was a low Private Rooms for Furniture inside curve, but good enough to cause Henrich to Cold Storage for Furs swing. The Yankee swung and missed. Umpire Rug Cleaning and Storage Larry Goetz’s arm went up to signal that he had Vault for Silverware struck out for the third out of the inning. But Catcher Mickey Owen couldn’t hold the ball. Out Home Inspection and Insurance Service of his mitt it squirted and rolled to the backstop Fumigation Chambers fifty feet behind. Henrich, now given license to Piano and Art Section run, sprinted to first base and made it. The Yanks had been given a reprieve from defeat and present¬ Local and Long Distance Moving ly they were to make the most of it. Packing and Shipping Like a flash, Yankee power asserted itself when Lift Vans for Foreign Removals the opening was presented. Joe Di Maggio singled to left field and Henrich moved to second with the ♦ tying run. The issue was now up to Charley Keller. Previously in the game, Keller had made a two- 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 bagger and two singles. Crash! He banged his second two-bagger of the game, against the right WASHINGTON, D. C., U.S.A. field screen. Henrich scored with the tying run and DiMaggio crossed the plate with the run that put Officers Directors the Yanks ahead, 5-4. E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD President CHARLES S. BAKER But the Yanks weren’t through. The thoroughly HAROLD N. MARSH H. RANDOLPH BARBEE disorganized Casey walked Bill Dickey. Joe Gordon Vice-Pres. and Counsel DANIEL L. BORDEN JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENDERSON S. DUNN crashed a long double against the left field wall Vice-Pres. and Treasurer HENRY P. ERWIN and two more runs scored. The Yanks, beaten, 4-3, H. RANDOLPH BARBEE D. P. GAILLARD Secretary with two out in the ninth had come back to win the PAUL E. TOLSON JAMES M. JOHNSTON game by a three-run margin. Asst. Vice-Pres. HAROLD N. MARSH S. WEBSTER ADAMS ALLISON N. MILLER Asst. Vice-Pres. CARROLL MORGAN FIFTH GAME A. RUSSELL BARBEE E. K. MORRIS Asst. Treasurer DONALD F. ROBERTS (Yankees 3; Brooklyn 1) RAYMOND O. BABB CHARLES G. TREAT Asst. Secretary GRIFFITH WARFIELD Wyatt, the only pitcher who had been able to (Continued on page 653)

NOVEMBER, 1941 651 LETTER TO THE EDITORS Agua Prieta, Sonora Mexico. May 21, 1941. CONFIDENCE Editor, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Care of Department of State, IN A NAME Sir: The subject of the enclosed excerpt from the Douglas Daily Dispatch, of Douglas, Arizona, of yesterday, Mr. Charles A. Amsden, was known well to many of the older officers of the Foreign Service. Mr. Amsden entered the Service as a career vice consul in 1922 or 23, retired after several years’ service on account of illness; then reentered the Service as a non-career vice consul and retired again in 1927. Very truly yours, LEWIS V. BOYLE, American Consul.

CHARLES AMSDEN, FORMER AGUA PRIETA VICE CONSUL, SUCCUMBS IN LOS ANGELES News of the recent death in Los Angeles, Calif., of Charles Avery Amsden, 41, noted archaeologist and American vice consul in Agua Prieta in 1925, 1926 and 1927, has been received here. He died at his home, OR the past 75 years, America’s lead¬ 4118 Monterey Street, after a long illness. F A well known author of scientific works, Mr. Amsden ing machine and equipment builders was secretary and treasurer of the Southwest Museum. have recommended the use of Gargoyle His body was cremated and the ashes sent to Farm¬ Industrial Lubricants. ington, N. M., for interment. He began his career as an archaeologist at the age Important, too, is the fact that plant of 13, when he accompanied an expedition in north¬ eastern Arizona, and he had participated in field work engineers the world over specify Gargoyle in almost every state of the southwest. Lubricants for the valuable equipment In 1929 he was assistant to Dr. A. V. Kidder, who in their care. Today, Socony-Vacuum directed the Arizona expedition, in the excavation of the Pecos pueblo in New Mexico. products protect leading plants in more His book about the excavations was later published than 100 different industries! under the title “The Black-on-White Pottery of Pecos.” He was author of several other archaeological works, This preference for Gargoyle Lubricants including “Navajo Weaving.” by technical men—builders and engi¬ He was a councilor of the American Anthropological neers skilled in scientific machine opera¬ association, member of the advisory board of the labo¬ ratory of anthropology at Santa Fe, vice president of tion — is a symbol of satisfaction in the Society for American Archaeology, and secretary Socony-Vacuum products ... of confi¬ to the Southwestern Archaeological Federation. His dence in the name, special fields were the study of early man in America, and aboriginal American textiles, pottery and stone Socony-Vacuum. This implements. confidence is Socony- After graduation from Harvard University in 1922 and a post-graduate course at University of Toulouse, Vacuum’s most France, Mr. Amsden served for five years as an Amer¬ valued asset. ican vice consul at posts in France, Switzerland and Mexico. He was appointed curator of Southwest Museum after leaving the diplomatic service. He leaves his widow, Mrs. Madeleine Amsden, his SOCONY-VACUUM OIL CO., INC. father and four brothers.

^Notice has been received of the death of Mr. Boyle on June 30. See “In Memoriam” on page 441 of the August issue.

652 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL WORLD SERIES high over Owen’s head to permit Keller to score (Continued from page 651) from third and move Dickey to second. Gordon’s single scored Dickey. beat the Yanks, was Brooklyn’s choice to pitch the The Dodgers got back into the ball game in the fifth game as the Dodgers sought to stave off a third inning when Wyatt, himself, lashed a two- final, decisive Yankee victory. Manager Joe Mc¬ bagger against the left field wall with none out. Carthy of the Yanks, disdaining to call his first He scored, eventually, when Riggs beat out an in¬ game winner, Red Ruffing, back into action, en¬ field hit and Reiser delivered a long fly to right trusted the Yanks’ pitching to big Ernie Bonham, field. ex-dock worker from California, who was making But thereafter, the Dodgers were completely his first appearance in a world series. shackled by Bonham’s pitching. Their only hit of Bonham was to prove the doom of the Dodgers. the last six innings was Walker’s single in the The massive right hander, like Russo in the third eighth. Only one Dodger reached base, in fact, game, gave up only four hits to the Brooklyn club, after the third inning. pitching one-hit ball after the third inning. He As if to give themselves additional insurance, the definitely out-pitched Wyatt. Yankees staked themselves to another run in the For the first time in the series, the Dodgers in fifth inning against Wyatt. Tommy Henrich de¬ th is fifth game, displayed a trace of nerves. In one livered it personally, with a long homer that soared jittery, shoddily-played inning, they lost the ball far over the right field wall. It was a superfluous game. That was in the second when Wyatt, losing blow, but served as a reminder that the Yankees control, walked Keller with none out. Dickey sin¬ had gotten into the world series on that sort of gled to center and Wyatt unleashed a wild pitch power.

STAFF OF AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA—APRIL, 1941 Front row: Vice Consul Richard H. Hawkins, Jr., Consul Henry B. Day, Consul Lacey C. Zapf, Consul Albert M. Doyle, Consul Wilson C. Flake, Vice Consul Randolph A. Kidder, Messenger Henry Calvert. Back row: Mrs. Eileen Prvce, Miss Sylvia Graff, Mrs. Margaret Beryl Gilroy, Mrs. Betty Rowell, Miss Maeve Sullivan, Miss Dorothy Silk, Miss Maureen Franks, Miss Maureen Lynch, Miss Valerie Sully, Miss Alice Day, Mrs. Marjorie Freeman, Miss Joanne Winn, Miss Genevieve Kelly and Miss Joan Lipscomb.

NOVEMBER, 1941 653 THE HISTORY OF THE CONSUL¬ GREAT ATE GENERAL AT LONDON (Continued from page 612) mffiTSE the 22nd September, 1873, that the Surveyor of 1 axes in Dublin, who had assessed Mr. William FLEET King, the United States Consul there, for Income Tax, “has received instructions not to make any assessment upon that Gentleman under the Income Tax Act.” BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS There is an entry in the Record Book of 1816. quoting the copy of (a) the marriage certificate of William Archbald and Anne Richardson, both of the AMERICAN FLAG LINERS Parish of Kelso, Roxburghshire, who were married at Edinburgh on the 14th September 1791, (b) the ietvlna birth of their daughter Anna on the 9th July, 1792, and (c) the death of William Archbald at Kelso! HAVANA • PANAMA • JAMAICA Roxburghshire, Scotland, on the 7th October, 1798! COSTA RICA • HONDURAS • COLOMBIA (d) the copy of consent to the marriage of her third daughter to L. A. Le Yapeur, formerly a Prisoner GUATEMALA • BRITISH HONDURAS of War on Parole at this Place (Kelso) and (e) a For information apply to any Authorized Travel Agent or certificate dated 6th December, 1816, that “John UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, Smith Esq. Bailie and Sole Magistrate of Kelso” is 1514 K Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. Also offices in well acquainted with the parties in question. The New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston required attestation was made by Mr. Aspinwall. On the 4th of February, 1819, Mr. Aspinwall signed and sealed a “Certificate to Settlement pre¬ vious to the marriage of Mr. Francois Nicolas Jo¬ seph De Thiez with Miss Louise Friand”—the na¬ tionality of the parties is not stated. In 1829 there is reproduced in Latin with an En¬ glish translation an extract from the Parish Book of In The Castle Island. Ireland, stating that on the 20th June. 11 (9, there was baptized by the Roman Catholic Nation’s Capital Parish Priest one Petre Ahern, 6 days old, and that he is still alive in London and brother of John Ahern, lately deceased in Maryland. The first mention of the consular registration of HAY-ADAMS HOUSE a child born to parents of the United States citizen¬ /l hotel of distinction superbly ship in London occurs in 1869. situated directly opposite the In 1874 is recorded the marriage of two American White House facing Lafayette citizens at St. George’s, Hanover Square, London, Park. Splendid accommodations in the presence of Mr. Joshua Nunn, Deputy-Consul- and an atmosphere of luxury. General and General Badeau, Consul-General. Convenient to everything of im¬ For the vear 1883 there is the record of a German portance. Count, of Silesia, marrying an American lady, the bridegroom being 57 and the bride 26. COMPLETELY AIR CONDITIONED Two pretty American girls were in 1901 enticed FROM $3.50 SINGLE $5.00 DOUBLE into romantic marriages with two international “crooks” of the Claude Melnotte type. The wedding of Mr. Chauncev M. Depew with I6TH STREET AT H Miss May Palmer at Nice in 1901, and the manner in which the legal difficulties of the French Law WASHINGTON, D. C. were overcome, constitute quite a charming ro¬ mance. THE END

654 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL HOME, SWEET HOME American Consulate, Cork, Ireland. In a questionnaire sent out in connection with clarification of the citizenship status of persons claiming American citizenship we ask: “What do you consider to be your legal domi¬ cile?” The following are some of the answers: “Heart and nerves.” “Roman Catholic.” “Fallen arches.” “Public House.”

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NOVEMBER, 1941 655 competency in their own field, they may not have TURNER’S DIPLOMATIC SCHOOL the qualities required to represent their country in -k A fully equipped institution devoted exclusively * the higher sphere is hard for the aspirant to accept, *k to the preparation of college graduates for the writ- jf and he may attribute his failure to be accepted to * ten examination for the Foreign Service. Teaching * staff of 15 experienced university instructors. a jealous esprit de corps and this disappointment Next regular session for September * may dishearten him and seriously affect his interest * examinations, begins February 2, 1942 * in his work. Those clerks who do pass the examina¬ tion and are accepted as Foreign Service officers J For bulletin and folder, address: J will be much older than their colleagues of the same * COLONEL CAMPBELL TURNER, Director * class and will rarely have the same high qualifica¬ J (Formerly a diplomatic officer in Cuba, Mexico, Turkey, * tions. Consequently, they will as a rule rarely de¬ Spain and Uruguay) J serve and receive as rapid promotion. This will * 215 N. WASHINGTON ST. ALEXANDRIA, VA. * prove to be another disappointment and will not be conducive to the best results for the service. Yet it would not be desirable completely to close the SHOP BY PROXY avenue of advancement by transfer. At present there IN NEW YORK CITY seems to be no solution of this dilemma. PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE NO CHARGE The appointment of diplomatic representatives Let me shop for your wearing apparel for men, women, or chil¬ to the governments in exile in London is an appro¬ dren, table delicacies, drugs, books, cigarettes, toilet articles, house¬ priate affirmation of the policy of this country to hold goods, etc. Magazine subscriptions placed. Orders forwarded by pouch or according to shipping directions. Reference within the refuse to recognize the results of aggression. It is Foreign Service. Mail your shopping list. Use my shopping service when in New York. A time saver and the most economical way in fact diplomatically an act of counter-intervention to buy. Hotel accommodations arranged. in conformity with the Stimson doctrine previously MISS E. J. TYNER proclaimed by this country. Murray Hill Hotel, Park Avenue, Cor. of 40th Street, New York City It is high time that our home service be placed TELEPHONE CABLE ADDRESS on a career basis and that the defects and injustices CALEDONIA 5-5479 TYNERPOIL of the foreign clerical service be remedied. For¬ tunately, one of the ablest men in the Department of State has been made Assistant Secretary of State, charged with the supervision of all matters of per¬ Outstanding sonnel of the Department as well as of the Foreign Service. In addition, Assistant Secretary of State Foreign Banking Facilities G. Howland Shaw has been given the supervision of all finance and budgetary matters so that he will The foreign banking organization of The be in a position to speak with authority and to make Chase National Bank includes branches practical and far-reaching constructive recommenda¬ and representatives on three continents tions to those who have the power to carry them out. Mr. Shaw is a relatively young man of 48 years supplemented by thousands of correspon¬ with eighteen years experience in the Foreign Serv¬ dents. Branches are located in London, ice, in several of which he has had charge of im¬ Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San portant diplomatic posts. For the past three years Juan. In addition, the bank maintains he has served as Chief of the Division of Foreign offices for its representatives in Rome, Service Personnel, and some time before that he Berlin and Mexico City. Through an served in the Department as Chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs. Mr. Shaw also served with affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are the American Peace Commission at Versailles and operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong later at the Lausanne Conference in 1923. His ap¬ and Tientsin. pointment was given laudatory editorial notice in the New York Times and other leading newspapers. THE Mr. Shaw has already proved his usefulness to our CHASE NATIONAL BANK service and is now in a position to make still more important contributions by securing the adoption OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK of long-overdue reforms in our home and foreign clerical services. Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ELLERY C. STOWELL.

656 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE CONDUCT OF DIPLOMACY IT MAY NOT BE TOO LATE (Continued from page 621) FOR YOU TO ACT We can assist many officers in service in the Western questions of finance impose on the present organi¬ Hemisphere in obtaining further insurance protection at this sation of the Service will be removed, by making it time. Many years’ experience with the conditions and re¬ quirements of Foreign Service have enabled us to cooperate still easier for men without private means to enter effectively both in extending coverage and in best arranging present policies, in whatever company, to meet particular the Service and also by providing pension on re¬ needs. tirement for those who have not shown sufficient Under present world conditions, we wish especially to emphasize the advisability of prompt action in keeping life ability to move on to more responsible posts. Of insurance programs in order. We shall welcome your corre¬ these reforms, the financial are incomparably more spondence, or a call when you are in Washington. important than the other. A higher education and Earle W. Sapp, C.L.U., General Agent a liberal background are likely to remain valuable, Henry A. Hirsh, Associate even essential, qualifications for the career of a pro¬ New England Mutual Life Insurance Company 405 Colorado Building, Washington, D. C. fessional diplomat. What is needed is that the best Phone NAtional 3211 of those so endowed should enter the Service and that, once launched, ability not seniority should ********** mark the stages in their career. The early pen¬ sioning of the relatively incompetent will thus do * We will Bond you * even more to improve the efficiency of the Service Bonds executed hereafter by the ^ than the selection of candidates on a wider basis. GENERAL CASUALTY COMPANY OF AMERICA For Foreign Service Officers and Vice Consuls at 20% DISCOUNT * From Prevailing Rates * THE BOOKSHELF * HORACE F. CLARK & SON General Agents jf-

(Continued from page 629) * 917 - 15TII STREET, NORTHWEST WASHINGTON, D. C. jf spiritual forces behind the great struggle, contrast¬ ing the attitudes and political instincts of the people ********** around him with those of the continental nations which have succumbed to fascism in one of its vari¬ ous forms. He finds among the Londoners an in¬ & ward strength, “the unbroken strength of a history Members of the American Foreign Service that has never known a radical breach and never a can depend upon this firm promptly to new doctrinaire beginning, but only one continuous fill orders for Engraved cards, Invitations, development.” Developing this theme he draws a Stationery, etc. portrait of the political philosophy of the British f and other Anglo-Saxon peoples which does credit to ‘• BlR

NOVEMBER. 1941 657 litical masterfulness, demoniacal possession, and doctrinaire obstinacy, therefore, spring from this tenderest root of political life.” In fighting the present war and in building for the future Rauschning urges that Britain and Amer¬ ica do not sell their souls for an all-embracing world order. Recognizing the error of the Conti¬ nent, they should keep their minds free of seductive blue-prints of Utopia, and stubbornly “dispute posi¬ tion after position with chaos” until a peaceful and flexible condition is achieved. The tragedy of Continental Europe, which the Anglo-Saxon peoples must labor to avoid, lies in a loss of faith in human values, in the sacrifice of personality for efficiency in political as in industrial life. Society cannot be planned without paying a terrible price. Mankind may plan his daily work, and profit thereby. He cannot plan his self-expres¬ sion. Rauschning feels that just as Germany lost her great opportunity to create a “new order” in Europe through leadership rather than force, the British Empire and the United States must beware of adopting totalitarian methods in their struggle against totalitarianism, thus killing of their own ac¬ cord the spirit which they are fighting to preserve. “The Redemption of Democracy,” while heavy in style and somewhat repetitious, is nevertheless a valuable acquisition to anyone’s bookshelf. Any reader who takes more than the minimum time to skim its brief pages will find his effort well repaid.

NEW DIRECTIONS IN OUR TRADE POLICY, by W. Die- bold, Jr. Studies in American Foreign Relations No. 2, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1941, 174 pp. $2.00. The background for this study, the second of a series of studies in American foreign relations spon¬ sored by the Council on Foreign Relations, was fur¬ nished by discussions of the impact of the war on the American economy by a Study Group of the Council on which the author served as secretary- rapporteur in 1939-40. The author contrasts the prewar commercial policy of the United States with that under wartime conditions. The former, labeled “the Hull pro¬ gram,” by which he meant mainly the trade-agree¬ ments program, is characterized as “liberal.” He defines this in turn as a commercial policy in which government discrimination against trade is mini¬ mized and market forces are given as large a share as possible in determining the flow of international trade. After discussing some of the salient points with regard to the trade-agreements program (noting incidentally some exceptions to the “liberal” policy of the United States, such as import quotas and ex¬ port subsidies) and after indicating briefly certain

658 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL overall statistical measures of nie effects of the pro¬ gram on exports and imports, Mr. Diebold reaches Specializing* in systems, methods and equipment the conclusion that “slowly, and with limited scope, for Government Offices. the Hull program was making progress toward a more liberal international economic order when war intervened.” FILING SYSTEMS The war, however, introduced a new trend in the commercial policy of the United States as well as of other important countries. European democracies and associated countries in other parts of the world TUG UiflLCOTT -Tfl VLOR COITlPflnV immediately introduced measures mobilizing their INCOiPOBATIO national economies. Such measures represented repudiation of the liberal principles to which some MILLS BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C. of them had subscribed in trade agreements with the United States. The change in the case of the United States was more gradual, the author points out. “During the first nine months of the war,” he WHEN YOUR HEART SAYS “REMEMRER” writes, “American commercial policy drifted, tinker¬ Nothing Takes the Place of ing with a few problems, holding to its prewar pre¬ cepts, but undergoing no serious changes.” The tempo of the change speeded up after the fall of 3fLowers Wire Flowers through Gude Bros. Co. France. Export controls were instituted in the sum¬ Authorized F.T.D. Member mer of 1940; moral embargoes were semi-officially imposed; strategic materials were imported by the ISAtional 4276 United States for its own account; and loans sup¬ plied dollar exchange to Latin American countries. Washington, Mr. Diebold mentions these as but a few of the D. C. Since 1889 major ways by which he feels the Government de¬ parted from its prewar liberal trade policy. The author believes that these changes will have a permanent effect on the postwar foreign trading system of the United States notwithstanding the out¬ School With come of the war. In his opinion the war will high¬ light the political importance of the control of ex¬ "Classrooms" All ports and imports and “post-war Americans may Over The World well deem it foolish to emasculate our national for¬ eign policy by restoring relatively uncontrolled Give Your Child a Broad, trade.” Useful Education Wherever Most analysts would agree that the controls aris¬ You May Be ing from the present emergency will have an impor¬ tant influence on international trade in the imme¬ For 31 years, Calvert Home Instruction Courses have been used by diate postwar period. Many of them, however, Foreign Service Officials, Army and Navy Officers, missionaries, and others traveling or living in foreign countries, to provide their children would undoubtedly disagree that the importance or education right in their own homes. More than 5 5,000 children have the permanency of this influence will be as great as been educated through these Courses, in 40 different countries. the author indicates in the foregoing quotation. As FROM KINDERGARTEN UP TO HIGH SCHOOL Calvert Home Instruction Courses give your child a superior education-— the author himself points out “the new controls do a sound foundation in fundamentals and a broad cultural education a* not necessarily imply that the United States has well. Calvert instruction keeps them well ahead, enabling them to enter the best American schools, without loss, on return to the States. abandoned liberalism as the dominant principle in The Courses are the same as used in the famous 4 3-year-old Calvert its commercial policy.” Day School at Baltimore, especially adapted for home instruction and used successfully the world over. Supplied complete, with guidance The study provides an excellent analytical account and grading by the school, instructions for the parent, all books and other materials, at very low cost. No previous teaching experience of the various important actions affecting the com¬ needed by parent. Write today for Catalog giving complete informa¬ mercial policy of the United States from the begin¬ tion. Give the age of your child and schooling up to present time. ning of the war to February. 1941. Certain interest¬ ing questions are raised regarding future actions. Some of these have now been answered but in the CALVERT SCHOOL main they are still of current importance. 1311 W. TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD„ U. S. A. CARL D. CORSE,

NOVEMBER, 1941 659 VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: September J. A. Gasque, La Paz 13 William F. Busser, Department of State 13 Lew B. Clark, Mexico City 15 Josefa Otten, Milan . 15 R. L. Smythe, Peiping—, 15 John L. Calnan, Belgrade 15 E. A. Bonnet, Amsterdam — 15 Edgar R. Burkland, Rio de Janeiro 15 C. Norman Frees, Mexico, D. F 16 H. Gardner Ainsworth, Winnipeg 16 Jay Walker, Para 17 Walter C. Dowling, Rome 17 Robert C. Burton, Department of Stale— 17 Herbert C. Olds, Buenos Aires 17 Morris Jackson, Lisbon 17 Clifford C. Taylor, Ottawa _ 17 Walton C. Ferris, London — 18 Leah C. Vaira, Guatemala 18 M. Williams Blake, Basel 18 E. B. Montgomery, San Luis Potosi - —J 18 James Parker Wilson, Santiago de Chile- — 19 Louis C. Beck, Moscow — 19 Arthur Bliss Lane, Belgrade 19 Lester L. Schnare, Department of State 22 Donald F. Bigelow, Bern 22 This trade-mark Laretto P. Camus _ — 23 Alvin T. Brown, Jr., Shanghai 23 Joseph M. Roland. Vienna .—_— 23 is a symbol of Bernard Gotlieb, Nuevo Laredo _ 23 S. Owen Lane, Department of State 23 W. H. Beach, Antwerp 24 quality petroleum H. A. Boucher, Geneva... 24 S. van Glaars, Oporto 24 Philip D. Snrouse, Hankow 24 products. There is Raymond Phelan. Agua Priela 25 Samuel Sokobin, Kobe 25 William H. Beck, Hamilton, Bermuda 25 a Texaco Product Leonard J. Cromie, Department of State .. 25 S. Reid Thompson, Halifax 25 Hiram Bingham, Jr., Buenos Aires 26 R. M. de Lambert, Tahiti _ 29 for every purpose. Frank H. Oram, Department of State 29 Sidney K. Lafoon, Chungking 29 A. E. Gray, Santiago de Chile 30 W. D. Borum, London 30 Bovis Pallucca. Milan ; 30 The Texas Company Ralph Miller, Habana 30 October William Duff. Department of State .. 1 Kenneth G. Boynton, London __ — 1 Manufacturers of Ralph A. Jones, Department of State 1 Victor C. Heck, Department of State 1 Thomas D. Bowman, Rome 1 TEXACO John D. Erwin, Tegucigalpa 1 Coert du Bois, Habana 1 Petroleum Products Charles F. Knox, Jr., Santiago de Chile.— 1 Winfield H. Scott, Tenerife 1 Gretchen Ahlsunde, Santiago de Chile — 1 Paul S. Guinn, Berlin — 1 C. Porter Kuykendall, Kiinigsberg 3 Richard Huestes, Cardiff — 3 Manson Gilbert. Port-au-Prince — 3 Andree Shattuck, London _— 3 Frederick H. Weaver, Rio de Janeiro — 4

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