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Home , Emmaus Nicopolis, Polemon of Laodicea

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13589-5 — Empire and Ideology in the Graeco-Roman World Benjamin Isaac Index More Information

365

Index

abstraction, 4 , 5 , 6 , 52 , 67 , 116n. 82 Hellenistic Egypt, 286 – 8 Acco, 152 , see also Ptolemais Hellenistic, non- Egyptian, 288 – 91 Ad Dianam, 339 , 340 Roman, 291 Aela (Eilat, Aqaba), 337 social criticism, 291 – 7 Aelia Capitolina , see Jerusalem terminology, 285 – 6 Aeneas, origins of Rome, 254 – 5 Antoninus Pius Aeneas Tacticus, 86 and circumcision, 319 Aeschylus Apamea, 154 on barbarians, 201 – 2 Aphrodisias Persae , 57, 202 Sebasteion at, 64 – 6 aeterna urbs, 39 Aphrodite Ourania, 124 Aeternitas , 42 – 3 , 44 Apion, 176 , 288 , 289 Agatharchides, 290 , 299 Apollonius Molon, 288 , 289 Agathias, 227 Apollonius of Tyana, 166 , 177 Airs, Waters, Places, 181 , 184 , 245 Appian, 101 , 102, 103 , 130, 141 Ala I h racum, 278 Apuleius, 77–9 , 170 – 3, 189 Alans, 236 aquila , see eagle Alcman, 198 Ara Pacis , 66 Alemanni, 231 Arab, 13 Alexandria, 50 , 70 , 93 , 149 Arabah, 27 – 8 , 335 – 44 museum, 85 Arabah, survey of, 335 Allegories, 45 – 68 Arabia, 131 , 147 allegory province of, 348 dei nition of, 53 Arabians , see Arabs Allport, G.W., 187 Arabs, 144 – 7 Alt, Albrecht, 335 archers, 348 Ambraciots, 204 Arados, 159 , 160 , 280 Ammianus Marcellinus, 17 – 18 , 39 , 222 Arbuthnot, John, 181 on Arabia, 226 Arch of Titus, 59 on Gauls, 225 – 6 Archimedes, 88 on nomads, 228 – 41 archisynagogus , 133 , 174 on the Huns, 233 – 4 Ardashir, 29 , 350 on the Roman Empire, 222 siege of Hatra, 349 saw Hatra abandoned, 350 Arelate, 175 Anacharsis, 169 , 171 , 204 Aricia, 150 Anacreon, 198 Aristides, 103 , 107 , 108 animal comparisons, 18 , 231 Aristophanes, 208 Antioch, 70 , 75 , 346 Aristotle, 93 , 101 , 134 , 182 , 190 , Antiochus Sidetes, 288 , 304 191 , 192 anti- semitism, 23 – 4 , 286 – 8 on Nomads, 236

365

366

366 Index

Arrian, 86 , 91 , 169 Biqa , see Beqa Artabanus III, 350 blacks, 183 Artaxata, 353 blood libel, 24 , 304 Artemidorus papyrus, 90n. 29 blood, drinking of, 229 , 230 Ascalon, 124 , 131 , 152 Bodin, Jean, 98 , 181 temple of Celestial Aphrodite, 124 Book of Acts, 73 Asiatics, 24 , 255 Boscoreale cup, 62n. 68, 63 , 66 Asklepios, 163 Bosia/ Osia, 339 , 340 ass- worship, 299 , 304 Bossuet, 98 Assyria, 12 , 123 Bostra, 121, 263, 277, 283 Assyrians, 125 , 156 Boudicca, 194 Astarte , see Aphrodite Ourania bouleutes , 77 Atargatis , see Aphrodite Ourania Busiris, 244 atheism, 290 , 295 Byblos, 162 Athena Hygieia, 54 Byzantium, 346 Athena Nike, 54 Athenians Caecilius Secundus, L, 41 originally Pelasgians, 203 Caesar, 34 , 105 , 106 Augustus, 36 , 58 , 64 , 97 and the Jews, 312 and Egyptian religion in Rome, 310 on Gauls, 247 and the Jews, 313 Caesarea, 22 , 50 , 51 , 121 , 152 , 271 – 5 , 324 Aulus Gellius, 173 colonial status, 271 Aurelius Faustus, M., 278 Caesarea Philippi (Banias), 279 autochthony, 188 – 9 , 250 Callinicum, 353 Athenian, 252 Calpurnius Piso, L., 173 cannibalism, 23 , 229 , 237 , 237n. 72 , 238 , 238n. Bacchanalia, 308 75 , 287 , 290 , 303 , 304 Bacchius, 57 Jewish, 288 Bahasa Indonesia, 259 Caracalla, 70 ballistae, 87 Carians, 197 Bar Kokhba revolt, 25 – 6 , 288 , 301 , 306 – 23 Carmel, village of, 336 a religious war, 307 Carrhae, 350 barbaria , 214 , 218 Carthage, 20 , 33 , 170 , 246 barbarian, 197 – 220 Cassiodorus, 234 armour, 206 Cassius Dio, 25 , 103 , 142 , 194 cities, 215 on Jews, 295 – 6 barbaricum , 214 on the Bar Kokhba revolt, 306 barbarity Castrametation, 92 degrees of, 205 catapults, 87 barbarophonoi , 197 Cato, 255 barbaros , 16 – 17 , see also barbarian on Greek doctors, 212 barbarus Celsus, 289 , 292 in Latin authors, 211 – 18 Celts, 186 , 189 Barsemius, 29 , 346 centuriation, 272 baths, 155 , 240 centurions, 79 Batnae/ Batnai, 352 , 354 chains of wells, 338 Beer Sheva edict(s), 336 Charles V, 109 Beqa, 118 , 121 Chemnis Berytus, 22 , 121 , 263 , 268 – 70 games at, 253 Latin inscriptions from, 269 Christianity, prohibition of, 309 , 320 – 2 schools of Roman law at, 268 churches veterans settled at, 268 in rural settlements, 326 bilingualism, 260 Cicero, 34 – 5 , 44 , 85 , 105 , 150 , 173 , 193 , 212 , 213 in Rome, 247 and the term ‘barbarian’, 215 – 16 biological determinism, 178 hostile to Egyptian religion, 309

367

Index 367

on eternity, 35 diplomata , 78 on Jews, 293 , 297 distribution of Jews, pagans and Christians circumcision, 23 , 134 , 292 , 300 , 317 – 18 , 323 in Palestine, 326 ban on, 25 , 306 Domitian, 295 , 317 only Jews by origin allowed , 320 dress Cirta, 169 as mark of ethnicity, 12 , 204 , 206 , 207 Claudius Druidism and Britannia, at Aphrodisias, 65 banned by Rome, 311 and the Jews, 314 Dura Europos, 281 , 349 Clausewitz, 96 Dutch, in Indonesia, 259 Clementia, 62 Cleopatra, 130 , 140 eagle, 5 , 49 , 51 , 51n. 24 , 51n. 27 clothes, 201 e f eminacy, 16 , 201 , 209 , 300 Coele- Syria, 12 , 126 , 129 , 130 Egyptian religion coins animal cult, 309 representations of victory on, 54 – 5 in Rome, 309 – 11 colonia , 173 Egyptians, 184 Colonia Aelia Capitolina, 25 , 263 , 275 , 306 Eirene, 54 eastern cardo of, 306 Emesa, 264 Latin inscriptions from, 275 Emmaus (Motza), 272 Condorcet, N. de, 98 Emmaus- Nicopolis, 281 Constantine En Hazeva (h amara?), 339 hostile to Jews, 291 , 320 Enlightenment, 180 constitution, 187 environmental determinism, 98 , 100 , 101 , 181 – 4 , conversion, 25 , 26 , 31 , 143 , 293 , 307 , 315 , 315n. 52 , 238 – 40 , 251 316 , 319 , 320 , 323 , 326 Ephesus, 150 converts , see proselytes Epicureans, 85 Costia, 340 Epiphanius Crassus, 351 on church building, 330 cross, 61 equites singulares, of Hadrian, at Gerasa, 278 Ctesibius, 87 Eratosthenes, 89 customs Ethiopians, 183 , 204 , 250 as a mark of ethnicity, 204 ethnicity, 12, 13, 16, 25, 31, 122 , 142, 143, 149, 197, Cyrenaica, 121 203, 210 Cyrus, 171 , 190 ethnos , 14 , 122 , 141 , 158 eunuchs, 224 Damascus, 119 , 131 , 132 Euphrates of Tyre, 152n. 6 , 166 , 292 Damocritus, 287 Euripides, 16 Danaba, 132 , 153 , 283 on barbarians, 205 – 7 Dara, 353 Europeans, 349 Darwin, 180 Eusebius, 26 – 7 , 118 Dea Roma, 50 and categories of villages, 327 decadence, 155 Onomasticon of Biblical Place Names, Decapolis, 118 – 20 , 131 26 – 7 , 324 – 34 Decidius Saxa, L., 151 on the road- system, 336 degeneration, 193 – 4 Eutherius, 224 dependency theory, 10 , 110 Evander the Arcadian, 255 dietary laws, 292 Expositio Totius Mundi, 226 dietary restrictions, 23 , 24 , 291 , 299 Dio Chrysostom, 159 – 60 , 174 , 282 Favorinus, 174 – 6 Diocletian, 70 Felix, 74 Diocletianic castella, in the Arabah, 335 Feriale Duranum, 41 Diodorus, 289 i ctitious kinships, 251 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 193 l ag, meaning of, 4 , 49 Dionysius Periegetes, 92 Flavia Domitilla, 295 , 317

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368 Index

Flavia Joppa, 273 besieged by Trajan, 345 Flavia Neapolis, 273 caravan station at, 353 Flavius Boethus, 271 destroyed in 240, 350 Flavius Clemens, 295 , 317 location of, 351 Florus, 72 , 106 Roman troops there, 238- 240, 349 Flying Dutchman, 228 siege by Ardashir, 349 foreign cults, 297 , 298 , 308 siege by Septimius Severus, 346 , 348 foundation legends, 251 Hebraioi , 130 , 143 Frank, Fritz von, 27 , 335 Hecataeus of Abdera, 289 Franklin, Benjamin, 51 Hecataeus of Miletus French, in former Indochina, 259 on barbarians, 199 – 200 Frontinus, 39 , 87 , 91 , 92 , 96 Heliopolis- Baalbek, 264 – 7 Fronto, 169 – 70 , 213 inscriptions from elsewhere, 267 inscriptions from vicinity of, 266 – 7 Gadara, 118 , 120 , 127 , 131 , 156 Latin inscriptions from, 264 – 6 Galen Hellenes, 14 , 132 , 283 on Germans, 249 Hellenic, 153 , 159 Gallia, 6 , 55 Hellenic cities, 120 , 131 , 153 Gallogrecians, 186 Hellenic culture, 120 Gauls, 20 , 55, 174, 216 , 225–6, 247 Hellenicity, 204 , 208 Gaza, 131 , 152 Hellenism, 154 Geloni, 237 Hellenization, 22 , 258 Gemma Augustea, 62 Heraclitus general staf , 96 on barbarians, 200 genocide, considered, 288 , 304 heraldry, 5 , 49 genos , 141 Herder, J. G. von, 181 geography, ancient, 9 , 89 – 92 heredity of acquired characters, 184 – 5 Gerasa, 50n. 17 , 118 , 118n. 91 , 118n. 92 , 119 , 119n. Herodotus, 57 , 83 , 84 , 100 , 109 , 124 , 134 , 184 , 94 , 119n. 95 , 121 , 131 , 131n. 37 , 131n. 38 , 153 , 190 , 230 153n. 17 , 257n. 3 , 263 , 278n. 85 , 284 , 358 on barbarians, 203 – 4 Latin inscriptions at, 278 – 9 Hero of Alexandria, 87 Germania, 247 – 9 Hindi, 259 Germania, provinces of, 348 Historia Augusta, 25 , 214 , 301 Germans, 189 , 195 on barbarians, 218 of pure lineage, 248 on the Bar Kokhba revolt, 306 Grand Camée de France, 63 Homer, 193 Greek, 21 – 3 and barbarophonoi , 197 in military documents from Egypt, 261 Horace, 58 , 293 Greek identity, 176 human sacrii ce, 18 , 23 , 26 , 230 , 230n. 38 , 240 , Greek science 244 , 287 , 290 , 298 , 303 , 311n. 27 , 312 , 323 dei nition of, 84 practised by Britons, 311 Greeks, passim humour, sense of, 20 in the city of Rome, 168 Huns, 231 , 232 , 233 – 7 Roman attitudes towards, 223 – 4 group scenes, 62 – 3 Iamblichus, 158 Gruen, Erich, 19 – 21 , 242 – 56 Ilium, 149 guerrilla tactics, 18 , 232 imperial expansion gypsies, 228 justii cation of, 182 Imperium Romanum, 4 , 47 Hadrian intellectuals, 13 – 14 , 92 statue of, at Hierapytna, 67 intermarriage, 188 Hadrianople, battle of, 229 internal police- duties, 71 Hasmonaeans, 135 , 138 Ioudaioi , 139 , 140 , 143 , 146 , 295 Hatra, 28 – 30 , 146 , 345 – 54 Isaurians, 18 , 214 , 231 , 232 archers from, 347 Isocrates, 187 , 246

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Index 369

Ituraeans, 145 , 268 Livy, 35 , 104 , 186 , 190 , 213 Iupiter Optimus Beelseddes, 266 on barbarians, 217 Iupiter Optimus Maximus Heliopolitanus, 265 Lucian of Samosata, 123 , 132 , 164 – 6 , 189

Jerusalem, 120 , see also Colonia Aelia Capitolina Maccabaean revolt, 25 , 304 polis Madaba Map, 336 territory of, 138 Madaurus, 170 , 171 Jewish population of Palestine, 326 Maecenas, 36 , 296 Jews , see Ioudaioi Malatha, 336 , 339 dual loyalty of, 295 Malchus, 158 Jews in Rome and provinces Mampsis, 336 , 339 status of, 312 – 14 Manilius, 105 Jews in the Roman Empire Manlius, Cn., 186 formal recognition of, 313 Marcus Aurelius, 62 , 85 John Bull, 46 Arch of, 62 John Chrysostom, 301 Column of, 6 , 56 , 59 , 62 John the Lydian., 262 Marianne, 46 Joppe , see Flavia Joppa markets for exchange between Rome and Joppe/ Jaf a Persia, 353 and Andromeda, 254 Martial, 300 Jordanes, Getica , 234 medical services, 10 , 93 Joseph, comes Meiners, C., 181 built churches, 330 Meleager of Gadara, 123 , 128, 131, Josephus, 71 , 212 156 –7 Contra Apionem, 163 , 298 , 308 Memmi, A., 180 Judaea, 123 , 134 , 135 , 137 – 43 Menippus, 156 Julian, 29 , 223 – 4 , 289 , 352 Michael, archangel, 47 justice micro regions, 117 depiction of, 4 micro- ecologies, 11 , 100 Justitia , 46 Mifsenus, 267 Juvenal, 74 , 213 , 295 migration, 190 on Egyptians, 245 milestones, 263 on Jews, 249 , 293 , 316 in the Arabah, 337 military academy, 96 Kefar Nahum military garrisons sectarian presence in, 330 listed by Eusebius, 326 Keith, Arthur, 187 Mithras, 53 mixed blood, 189 La Turbie disapproval of, 196 victory monument at, 60 , 63 mixed origin, 171 Lamarck, 184 , 185 Mo’ah (Moyet ‘Awad, ancient language, 16 Calgouia?), 339 as mark of ethnicity, 12 , 13 , 16 , 204 , 207 monotheism, 298 barbarian, 202 Montesquieu, 181 Latin, 21 – 3 Mossynoccians, 207 in the Roman army, 261 multiculturalism, 19 – 21 , 128 , 252 legio V Macedonica, 264 Legio VI Ferrata, 274 Nabataea, 348 legio VIII Augusta, 264 Nabataioi , 146 legio X Fretensis, 342 Nablus , see Neapolis at Aela, 337 narrative art, 6 , 55 – 7 Leptis, 172 , 173 natio , 14 , 122 , 158 Leptis Magna, 130 Naturalis Historia, 185 Libanius, 70 , 74 , 75 Neapolis, 152 , 281 , 346 , see also Nablus, Sichem , libertas , 248 Shekhem

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370 Index

Negev, 27 , 28 , 119 , 335 , 335n. 1 , 338n. 14 , 338n. 16 , Philistines, 134 342 Philo of Alexandria, 135 Nero, 71 Philo of Byblos, 161 – 3 and Armenia, at Aphrodisias, 65 Philo of Byzantium, 87 Niha, 266 philobarbaros , 244 Pagus Augustus at, 266 Philostratus, 48 , 163 , 174 , 292 Nisibis, 350 , 353 Phoenicia, 130 , 157 nomads, 13 , 17 – 19 , 145 , 170 , 173 , 227 – 41 , see also Phoenicians, 20 , 125 , 133 , 157 , 160 , 162 , 246 , 305 scenitae Phraates, 58 nomen Romanum, 4 , 7 , 47 physiognomy, 184 , 250 Notitia Dignitatum, 336 Pindar Numenius of Apamea, 298 on barbarians, 202 numina Caesaris, 36 Placentia, 173 Plato, 84 , 193 Odrysae, 230 Gorgias , 192 oikoumenē , 103 Plautus, 212 , 215 omphalos , 107 Pledge of Allegiance, 5n. 7 Onasander, 94 Pliny, the Elder, 38 , 135 , 185 , 190 orbis , 103 Pliny, the Younger, 38 orbis terrarum, 106 , 107 , see also oikoumene on Christians, 321 Orientals, 24 , 215 , 216 Plutarch, 88 , 93 , 140 , 299 Ovid, 36 , 37 , 213 hostile to Herodotus, 203 , 244 and barbarians, 214 , 216 , 218 Polemon of Laodicea, 176 owl, Athena, 5 , 49 Polyaenus, 86 , 87 , 91 Polybius, 33 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 104 Palaestina, 123 pomerium , 108 Palaestini , 123 , 158 Pompeius Trogus, 106 , 236 Palestine, 130 , 134 – 6 Pompey, 105 Palestinians, 134 Pomponius Mela, 92 , 135 Pallas Athena, 49 Pontius Pilate, 71 palm tree, 61 population, mixed, 26 – 7 Palmyra, 269 , 352 , 354 Posidonius, 154 – 6 , 169 Latin inscriptions from, 276 Praetorians, 71 Panhellenic League, 176 progress, idea of, 44 , 94 , 97 – 8 , 204 , 223 Parthenon frieze, 56 proselytes, 24 , 142n. 104 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 296 , Parthenon metopes , 56 297 , 303 , 315 , 316 , 318 , 318n. 69 , 318n. 70 , Paul, 73 319 , 322 Pausanias, 125 , 163 proselytism , see conversion Pelasgi , 203 proto- racism, 14 – 16 , 24 Pelasgians, 199 , 252 provincia , 158 Pella, 118 Prusa, 159 people of colour, 250 – 1 Ps. Aristotle, Problemata , 183 Pericles Pseudo- Scylax, 123 , 126 citizenship law, 188 , 252 Ptolemais (Acco), 270 – 1 periploi , 91 veterans settled at, 270 periplus , 102 Ptolemies, 85 Perseus, 253 – 4 Ptolemy of Alexandria, 90 , 160 – 1 Persians pure lineage, 188 – 9 , 195 , 248 , 250 Roman attitudes towards, 226 – 7 personii cation quacks, 167 dei nition of, 52 Quintilian, 94 personii cations, 45 – 68 Petra, 120 , 279 race Petronius, 76 , 300 dei nitions of, 179 Peutinger map , see Tabula Peutingeriana racism, 14 – 16 , 21 , 221 Philadelphia, 131 dei nitions of, 179 Philip II, 109 Ratzel, F., 186

371

Index 371

raw meat, consuming of, 233 on Jews, 291 , 295 , 316 religio , 297 Seneca the Elder, 94 religious wars, 25 , 307 Sepphoris, 325 river gods, 59 Septimius Severus, 29 , 172 Roma Aeterna, 1 grandfather of, 130 , 172 as divinity, 41 – 2 prohibited conversion, 320 Roman colonies in the East, 263 siege of Hatra, 346 , 347 Roman roads, 119 settlements Aelia– Elusa– Oboda– ad Dianam, 340 listed by Eusebius, 326 Aelia– Hebron, 336 Severus Alexander, 133 , 173 Antioch– Beroia– Hierapolis– Euphrates, 352 sexual customs, 292 Antioch– Ptolemais, 270 Shekhem , see Neapolis Arabah, 335 Sidonian, 163 Clysma–Phara– Haila, 340 Sintians, 198 Eusebius, Onomasticon on, 336 slavery Flavian milestones, 306 individual and collective, 191 – 4 Hebron– Mampsis– Aela, 336 justii cation of, 191 Heliopolis- Damascus road, 264 sociability, 290, 298 , 299 , 314 in Southern Palestine, 339 – 41 Sohaemus of Emesa, 265 listed by Eusebius, 326 Sosius, 58 Mampsis– Phaenon, 339 staf college, 95 , 96 Petra– Gaza, 339 Statius, 130 , 172 Romanization, 22 , 115n. 74 , 177 , 226 , 259 Strabo, 64 , 103 , 128 , 135 , 140 , 182 , 185 Rome, 149 Suetonius, 38 Romulus, 36 sun- god, 348 Romulus and Remus, 51 superstitio , 297 , 308 , 310 Rothenberg, Beno, 28 , 335 , 338 , 341 , 361 symbols, 45 – 68 Rutilius Namatianus, 106 , 293 , 296 , 300 synagogues in rural settlements, 326 , 330 Sabbath, 23 , 290 , 295 , 299 Synesius, 299 sacrilege, 49 Syria, 126 Saint- Evremond, 98 Syrian language, 158 Salamis, 348 Syrians, 126 , 130 , 132 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 164 – 6 , Samaria- Sebaste, 273 , 281 , 346 167 , 194 Samosata, 273 of Palestine, 134 Saracens, 228 – 9 Syria- Palaestina, 123 , 158 Sardinia Syria- Phoenice, 158 Jews and Egyptians sent to, 311 , 318 Sarmatians, 232 Tabula Peutingeriana, 90 Sassanians, 350 roads in Southern Palestine, 339 – 41 scenitae , 144 Tacitus, 20 , 39 , 141 science on barbarians, 216 , 217 branches of, in antiquity, 84 on Germans, 247 – 9 dei nition of, 83 on Jews, 249 – 50 , 291 – 2 , 314 – 15 , 316 institutionalized, 85 Talmudic literature scientia , see science villages mentioned in, 329 Scipio Africanus, 155 Tarsus, 159 , 282 Scipio Africanus the Younger, 33 – 4 Taylor, T.G., 187 Scordisci, 229 Tetrabiblos , 160 scorpions, 87 h ales Scythians, 204 , 230 , 236 on barbarians, 200 Scythopolis, 118 , 119 , 131 , 152 , 153 h amara, 336 Second Jewish revolt , see Bar Kokhba Revolt h emis, 53 Second Sophistic, 14 h eodosius, 70 Seleucia on the Tigris, 216 h racians, 18 , 205 , 213 , 229 Semple, E.C., 186 h ucydides, 83 , 191 , 192 , 205 Seneca, 106 on barbarians, 204

372

372 Index

Tiberias, 281 Velleius Paterculus, 37 , 105 Tiberius, 71 Vergil, 36 Tibullus, 35 , 36 veteran colonies, 263 Tigris, 12 Via Nova Traiana, 337 , 340 , 342 Timagenes, 224 Vidini, 237 titular colonies, 263 violence Tomi, 218 by soldiers and oi cials, 76 – 80 Total War, 210 in a judicial context, 73 – 6 totemism, 52 in cities, 70 – 2 Trachonitis, 118 virtual islands, 11 , 100 , 118 trade routes, 354 Vitruvius, 87 , 190 Trajan, 29 , 39 besieged Hatra, 345 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 10 , 99 , 110 – 17 Column of, 56 , 59 Wandering Jew, 24 , 228 , 304 great frieze, 63 warfare, theory of, 9 Tralles, 150 White Man’s Burden, 193 treaty of 562, between Rome and wolf Persia, 353 in Roman myth, 51 trophy, 6 , 54 , 60 – 1 world- system, 110 , 111 Tyche, 5 , 49 , 67 of Antioch, 50 Xenophon, 16, 188, 246 Tyre, 157 Cyropaedia , 188, 246 on barbarians, 207 – 10 Ulpian, 73 Xerxes, 348 Uncle Sam, 46 , 52 urbs aeterna, 42 Yahud, 137 Yotvata, 28 , 337 Valerius Maximus, 261 = ad Dianam?, 340 Vegetius, 87 , 91 , 190 , 239 inscription from, 338