Filogenia Dos Peixes-Agulha Da Família Belonidae (Atherinomorphae: Beloniformes)

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Filogenia Dos Peixes-Agulha Da Família Belonidae (Atherinomorphae: Beloniformes) PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA FILOGENIA DOS PEIXES-AGULHA DA FAMÍLIA BELONIDAE (ATHERINOMORPHAE: BELONIFORMES) Vivianne Bernardo de Sant’Anna Orientador: Dr. Roberto E. Reis Tese de Doutorado PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2011 AVISO Esta dissertação é parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de doutor, área de Zoologia, e como tal, não deve ser vista como uma publicação no senso do Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (apesar de disponível publicamente sem restrições). Dessa forma, quaisquer informações inéditas, opiniões e hipóteses, assim como nomes novos, não estão disponíveis na literatura zoológica. Pessoas interessadas devem estar cientes de que referências públicas ao conteúdo desse estudo, na sua presente forma, somente devem ser feitas com aprovação prévia do autor. NOTICE This dissertation is a partial requirement for the PhD. degree in Zoology and, as such, should not be considered as a publication in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (although it is available without restrictions). Therefore, any new information, opinions, and hypotheses, as well as new names are unavailable in the zoological literature. Interested people are advised that any public reference to this study, in its current form, should only be done after previous acceptance of the author. I II Sumário RELAÇÃO DE FIGURAS ..................................................................................................................... IV AGRADECIMENTOS ........................................................................................................................VII RESUMO ....................................................................................................................................... X ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... XI 1 INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................. 1 2 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: ................................................................................................ 10 2.1 MATERIAL EXAMINADO : ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2 DADOS MORFOLÓGICOS : ...................................................................................................... 12 2.3 DADOS MOLECULARES : ........................................................................................................ 13 2.4 DESCRIÇÃO DOS CARACTERES : ............................................................................................... 14 2.5 CONSTRUÇÃO DA MATRIZ : .................................................................................................... 16 2.6 ANÁLISE FILOGENÉTICA : ....................................................................................................... 16 3 RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 ANÁLISE FILOGENÉTICA ........................................................................................................ 18 3.2 DIAGNOSE DOS CLADOS : ...................................................................................................... 22 3.3 DESCRIÇÃO DOS CARACTERES ................................................................................................ 55 Neurocrânio: ....................................................................................................................... 55 Aparato mandibular: .......................................................................................................... 74 Suspensório mandibular: .................................................................................................... 85 Série opercular .................................................................................................................... 91 Arco Hioide.......................................................................................................................... 92 Arco Branquial .................................................................................................................... 95 Esqueleto axial .................................................................................................................. 102 Cintura peitoral ................................................................................................................. 104 Cintura pélvica .................................................................................................................. 106 Nadadeira dorsal .............................................................................................................. 107 Nadadeira caudal.............................................................................................................. 108 Linha lateral: ..................................................................................................................... 111 Morfologia externa: .......................................................................................................... 120 Reprodução e dimorfismo sexual ...................................................................................... 123 Bexiga natatória ............................................................................................................... 124 4 DISCUSSÃO ................................................................................................................. 125 5 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................... 137 6 FIGURAS...................................................................................................................... 148 7 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................... 192 III Relação de Figuras FIGURA 1 – OVOS E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TYLOSURUS ACUS . IMAGEM EDITADA A PARTIR DE COLLETTE (2003 B) .......... 149 FIGURA 2 – VISTA POSTERIOR DE UM BELONÍDEO NADANDO , MOSTRANDO A POSIÇÃO DAS NADADEIRAS . OS VALORES NA BASE DA FOTO A DIREITA É A VELOCIDADE ATINGIDA , SENDO L O VALOR DO COMPRIMENTO DO ESPÉCIME E S O TEMPO EM SEGUNDOS . AS SETAS SÓLIDAS INDICAM AS NADADEIRAS PEITORAIS , AS SETAS DUPLAS INDICAM A NADADEIRA CAUDAL E AS SETAS VAZADAS INDICAM AS NADADEIRAS DORSAL E ANAL . FONTE : LIAO (2002). ......................................... 150 FIGURA 3 – FERIMENTO CAUSADO POR EMPALAÇÃO DE UM TYLOSURUS CROCODILUS NUMA PRAIA NA CAROLINA DO NORTE . A- FERIMENTO EXTERNAMENTE ; B E C- RADIOGRAFIA MOSTRANDO A PROFUNDIDADE DO FERIMENTO EM VISTA VENTRAL E LATERAL . FONTE : LINK ET AL ., (1999). ..................................................................................... 151 FIGURA 4 – HIPÓTESES FILOGENÉTICAS PROPOSTAS POR COLLETTE ET AL . (1984) E LOVEJOY ET AL . (2004). ................. 152 FIGURA 5 – HIPÓTESE FILOGENÉTICA PROPOSTA POR NICHOLS E BREDER (1928). ..................................................... 153 FIGURA 6 - HIPÓTESE FILOGENÉTICA PROPOSTA POR BOUGHTON ET AL ., (1991). ...................................................... 154 FIGURA 7 - HIPÓTESE FILOGENÉTICA PROPOSTA POR LOVEJOY ET AL ., (2004). .......................................................... 155 FIGURA 8 - HIPÓTESE FILOGENÉTICA PROPOSTA POR ASCHLIMAN ET AL . (2005). ....................................................... 156 FIGURA 9 – CLADOGRAMA DE CONSENSO ESTRITO DAS RELAÇÕES FILOGENÁTICAS DE BELONIDAE . AS NUMERAÇÕES ACIMA DO RAMO INDICAM O CLADO E OS VALORES ABAIXO INDICAM OS ÍNDICES DE DECAIMENTO . ..................................... 157 FIGURA 10 – CRÂNIO DE TYLOSURUS ACUS , FMNH 48377, EM VISTA LATERAL . ABREVIATURAS : ECT- ECTOPTERIGOIDE ; END- ENDOPTERIGOIDE ; H- HIOMANDIBULAR ; M- METAPTERIGOIDE ; PRO- PROÓTICO ; S- SIMPLÉTICO . ESCALA = 5 MM . .................................................................................................................................................. 158 FIGURA 11 – CRÂNIO DE TYLOSURUS ACUS , FMNH 48377, EM VISTA DORSAL . ESCALA = 5 MM . ................................. 159 FIGURA 12 – VÔMER , A- ABLENNES HIANS , MZUSP 87767, EM VISTA VENTRAL ; B- SCOMBERESOX SAURUS , BMNH 1998.8.9.13064-67, EM VISTA DORSAL . ESCALA : 2 MM . .......................................................................... 160 FIGURA 13 – LACRIMAL : A- PLATYBELONE TRACHURA , USNM 267904; B- BELONE BELONE , USNM 10045; C- XENENTODON CANCILOIDES MEKONG , ANSP 179921; D- DORYBELONE FLUVIATILIS, USNM 291463; E- ORYZIAS LATIPES , FMNH 91403; F- HYPORHAMPHUS UNIFASCIATUS , AMNH 51444. ESCALA = 2 MM . ........................ 161 FIGURA 14 – VISTA LATERAL DO NEUROCRÂNIO : A- STRONGYLURA ANASTOMELLA , ROM 84400; B- BELONE BELONE , NRM 60737. ESCALA = 5 MM . ...................................................................................................................... 162 FIGURA 15 – CRÂNIO E CINTURA PEITORAL EM VISTA DORSAL : HIRUNDICHTHYS RONDELETTI , UF 148581. ESCALA = 5 MM . ........................................................................................................................................................ 163 FIGURA 16 – NEUROCRÂNIO DE TYLOSURUS FODIATOR , LACM 35492: A- VISTA LATERAL ; B- VISTA VENTRAL . ESCALA = 5 MM . .................................................................................................................................................
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