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Implications for the Adoption of Global Reference Geodesic System SIRGAS2000 on the Large Scale Cadastral Cartography in Brazil
Implications for the Adoption of Global Reference Geodesic System SIRGAS2000 on the Large Scale Cadastral Cartography in Brazil Vivian de Oliveira FERNANDES and Ruth Emilia NOGUEIRA, Brazil Key words: SIRGAS2000, SAD69, Global Geodesic System SUMMARY Since 2005 Brazil is going through a singular moment into Cartography. In January 2005, SIRGAS2000 began to be the geodetic official reference system for Geodesy and Cartography, with the concomitant use of SAD69. Since January 2015, only SIRGAS2000 will be official, and all cartographical products will have to be referenced into this Datum. The adoption of a geocentric reference system happens from the technological evolution that has favored an improvement of the Geodetic Reference System – SGR. Differently of a single alternative for the improvement of the SGR, the adoption of a new geocentric reference system is a basic necessity into the world-wide scenery to activities that depend on spatialized information. The technological advancements in the global positioning methods, specially in the satellite positioning systems. This change reaches more quickly the organs that need spatialized information in their infrastructure and planning activities, like town halls and services concessionaires like Telecommunications, Sanitation, Electric Energy among others, which need the real knowledge of the urban space: use and occupation of the soil, subsoil and air space, fiscal and housing technical register, generic plant of values, block plant, register reference plant, municipal master plan, among others that are derived from a cartographical basis of quality. Officially, were adopted these geodetic reference systems in Brazil: Córrego Alegre, Astro Datum Chuá, SAD69, and now SIRGAS2000. For legislation it is in transition for the SIRGAS2000. -
Reference Systems for Surveying and Mapping Lecture Notes
Delft University of Technology Reference Systems for Surveying and Mapping Lecture notes Hans van der Marel ii The front cover shows the NAP (Amsterdam Ordnance Datum) ”datum point” at the Stopera, Amsterdam (picture M.M.Minderhoud, Wikipedia/Michiel1972). H. van der Marel Lecture notes on Reference Systems for Surveying and Mapping: CTB3310 Surveying and Mapping CTB3425 Monitoring and Stability of Dikes and Embankments CIE4606 Geodesy and Remote Sensing CIE4614 Land Surveying and Civil Infrastructure February 2020 Publisher: Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Delft University of Technology P.O. Box 5048 Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft The Netherlands Copyright ©20142020 by H. van der Marel The content in these lecture notes, except for material credited to third parties, is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionsNonCommercialSharedAlike 4.0 International License (CC BYNCSA). Third party material is shared under its own license and attribution. The text has been type set using the MikTex 2.9 implementation of LATEX. Graphs and diagrams were produced, if not mentioned otherwise, with Matlab and Inkscape. Preface This reader on reference systems for surveying and mapping has been initially compiled for the course Surveying and Mapping (CTB3310) in the 3rd year of the BScprogram for Civil Engineering. The reader is aimed at students at the end of their BSc program or at the start of their MSc program, and is used in several courses at Delft University of Technology. With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in mobile (smart) phones and other navigational devices almost anyone, anywhere on Earth, and at any time, can determine a three–dimensional position accurate to a few meters. -
Sistemas De Coordendas Celestes
Prof. DR. Carlos Aurélio Nadal - Sistemas de Referência e Tempo em Geodésia – Aula 05 1.3 Posicionamento na Terra Elipsóidica Na cartografia utiliza-se como modelo matemático para a forma da Terra o elipsóide de revolução Posicionamento na Terra Elipsóidica Prof. DR. Carlos Aurélio Nadal - Sistemas de Referência e Tempo em Geodésia – Aula 05 O SISTEMA GPS EFETUA MEDIÇÕES GEODÉSICAS Posicionamento na Terra Elipsóidica Prof. DR. Carlos Aurélio Nadal - Sistemas de Referência e Tempo em Geodésia – Aula 05 Qual é a forma da Terra? Qual é a representação matemática da superfície de referência para a cartografia? A superfície topográfica da Terra apresenta uma forma muito irregular, com elevações e depressões. Posicionamento na Terra Elipsóidica Prof. DR. Carlos Aurélio Nadal - Sistemas de Referência e Tempo em Geodésia – Aula 05 Modelos utilizados para a Terra esfera elipsóide geóide PosicionamentoTerra na Terra Elipsóidica Prof. DR. Carlos Aurélio Nadal - Sistemas de Referência e Tempo em Geodésia – Aula 05 O GEÓIDE Geóide: superfície cuja normal coincide com a vertical do lugar V V´ Superfície equipotencial O geóide é uma superfície equipotencial coincidente com o nível médio dos mares g considerados em repouso. Posicionamento na Terra Elipsóidica Prof. DR. Carlos Aurélio Nadal - Sistemas de Referência e Tempo em Geodésia – Aula 05 Geóide tem uma superfície irregular, determinável ponto a ponto. Causas: crosta terrestre heterogenea. Isostasia |f| = k m1 m2 2 d12 Posicionamento na Terra Elipsóidica Prof. DR. Carlos Aurélio Nadal - Sistemas de Referência e Tempo em Geodésia – Aula 05 REPRESENTAÇÃO GEODÉSICA DA TERRA Elipsóide de revolução: elipse girando em torno do seu eixo menor (2b) Círculo máximo a= raio maior ou semi-eixo maior b= raio menor ou semi-eixo menor Prof .M A Zanetti Posicionamento na Terra Elipsóidica Prof. -
Advanced Positioning for Offshore Norway
Advanced Positioning for Offshore Norway Thomas Alexander Sahl Petroleum Geoscience and Engineering Submission date: June 2014 Supervisor: Sigbjørn Sangesland, IPT Co-supervisor: Bjørn Brechan, IPT Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Summary When most people hear the word coordinates, they think of latitude and longitude, variables that describe a location on a spherical Earth. Unfortunately, the reality of the situation is far more complex. The Earth is most accurately represented by an ellipsoid, the coordinates are three-dimensional, and can be found in various forms. The coordinates are also ambiguous. Without a proper reference system, a geodetic datum, they have little meaning. This field is what is known as "Geodesy", a science of exactly describing a position on the surface of the Earth. This Thesis aims to build the foundation required for the position part of a drilling software. This is accomplished by explaining, in detail, the field of geodesy and map projections, as well as their associated formulae. Special considerations is taken for the area offshore Norway. Once the guidelines for transformation and conversion have been established, the formulae are implemented in MATLAB. All implemented functions are then verified, for every conceivable method of opera- tion. After which, both the limitation and accuracy of the various functions are discussed. More specifically, the iterative steps required for the computation of geographic coordinates, the difference between the North Sea Formulae and the Bursa-Wolf transformation, and the accuracy of Thomas-UTM series for UTM projections. The conclusion is that the recommended guidelines have been established and implemented. -
Law of the Sea Bulletin
LAW OF THE SEA BULLETIN No. 61 2006 DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA OFFICE OF LEGAL AFFAIRS NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Furthermore, publication in the Bulletin of information concerning developments relating to the law of the sea emanating from actions and decisions taken by States does not imply recognition by the United Nations of the validity of the actions and decisions in question. IF ANY MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE BULLETIN IS REPRODUCED IN PART OR IN WHOLE, DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SHOULD BE GIVEN. Copyright © United Nations, 2006 CONTENTS Page I. UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA........................................................... 1 Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks ............................................................................................................. 1 1. Table recapitulating the status of the Convention and of the related Agreements, as at 31 July 2006............................................................................................................................. -
Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Datums Tell Us the Latitudes and Longi- Vertex, Node, Or Grid Cell in a Data Set, Con- Tudes of Features on an Ellipsoid
116 GIS Fundamentals Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Datums tell us the latitudes and longi- vertex, node, or grid cell in a data set, con- tudes of features on an ellipsoid. We need to verting the vector or raster data feature by transfer these from the curved ellipsoid to a feature from geographic to Mercator coordi- flat map. A map projection is a systematic nates. rendering of locations from the curved Earth Notice that there are parameters we surface onto a flat map surface. must specify for this projection, here R, the Nearly all projections are applied via Earth’s radius, and o, the longitudinal ori- exact or iterated mathematical formulas that gin. Different values for these parameters convert between geographic latitude and give different values for the coordinates, so longitude and projected X an Y (Easting and even though we may have the same kind of Northing) coordinates. Figure 3-30 shows projection (transverse Mercator), we have one of the simpler projection equations, different versions each time we specify dif- between Mercator and geographic coordi- ferent parameters. nates, assuming a spherical Earth. These Projection equations must also be speci- equations would be applied for every point, fied in the “backward” direction, from pro- jected coordinates to geographic coordinates, if they are to be useful. The pro- jection coordinates in this backward, or “inverse,” direction are often much more complicated that the forward direction, but are specified for every commonly used pro- jection. Most projection equations are much more complicated than the transverse Mer- cator, in part because most adopt an ellipsoi- dal Earth, and because the projections are onto curved surfaces rather than a plane, but thankfully, projection equations have long been standardized, documented, and made widely available through proven programing libraries and projection calculators. -
Geodetic Computations on Triaxial Ellipsoid
International Journal of Mining Science (IJMS) Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2015, PP 25-34 www.arcjournals.org Geodetic Computations on Triaxial Ellipsoid Sebahattin Bektaş Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Engineering, Geomatics Engineering, Samsun, [email protected] Abstract: Rotational ellipsoid generally used in geodetic computations. Triaxial ellipsoid surface although a more general so far has not been used in geodetic applications and , the reason for this is not provided as a practical benefit in the calculations. We think this traditional thoughts ought to be revised again. Today increasing GPS and satellite measurement precision will allow us to determine more realistic earth ellipsoid. Geodetic research has traditionally been motivated by the need to continually improve approximations of physical reality. Several studies have shown that the Earth, other planets, natural satellites,asteroids and comets can be modeled as triaxial ellipsoids. In this paper we study on the computational differences in results,fitting ellipsoid, use of biaxial ellipsoid instead of triaxial elipsoid, and transformation Cartesian ( Geocentric ,Rectangular) coordinates to Geodetic coodinates or vice versa on Triaxial ellipsoid. Keywords: Reference Surface, Triaxial ellipsoid, Coordinate transformation,Cartesian, Geodetic, Ellipsoidal coordinates 1. INTRODUCTION Although Triaxial ellipsoid equation is quite simple and smooth but geodetic computations are quite difficult on the Triaxial ellipsoid. The main reason for this difficulty is the lack of symmetry. Triaxial ellipsoid generally not used in geodetic applications. Rotational ellipsoid (ellipsoid revolution ,biaxial ellipsoid , spheroid) is frequently used in geodetic applications . Triaxial ellipsoid is although a more general surface so far but has not been used in geodetic applications. The reason for this is not provided as a practical benefit in the calculations. -
Supported Coordinate Systems and Geographic Transformations
Supported coordinate systems and geographic transformations This document contains information about the coordinate systems and geographic (datum) transformations supported in ArcGIS. The information is current as of version 8.1.2 of the Projection Engine. The tables include supported units of measure, spheroids, datums, and prime meridians. The supported map projections and their parameters are listed in one table. The geographic and projected coordinate system areas of interest are available. The geographic transformation tables include the method and parameters as well as the areas of interest. Earlier versions of the Projection Engine will not include all objects listed in these tables. Geographic (datum) transformations, three parameter Name Code Method dX dY dZ Abidjan_1987_To_WGS_1984 8414 Geocentric Translation -124.76 53.0 466.79 Accra_To_WGS_1972_BE 1570 Geocentric Translation -171.16 17.29 323.31 Accra_To_WGS_1984 1569 Geocentric Translation -199 32 322 Adindan_To_WGS_1984_1 8000 Geocentric Translation -166 -15 204 Adindan_To_WGS_1984_2 8001 Geocentric Translation -118 -14 218 Adindan_To_WGS_1984_3 8002 Geocentric Translation -134 -2 210 Adindan_To_WGS_1984_4 8003 Geocentric Translation -165 -11 206 Adindan_To_WGS_1984_5 8004 Geocentric Translation -123 -20 220 Adindan_To_WGS_1984_6 8005 Geocentric Translation -128 -18 224 Adindan_To_WGS_1984_7 8006 Geocentric Translation -161 -14 205 Afgooye_To_WGS_1984 8007 Geocentric Translation -43 -163 45 AGD_1966_To_GDA_1994 8189 Geocentric Translation -127.8 -52.3 152.9 AGD_1966_To_WGS_1984 -
The Transformation Package for the Adoption of SIRGAS2000 in Brazil
ProGriD: The Transformation Package for the Adoption of SIRGAS2000 in Brazil 109 Marcos F. Santos, Marcelo C. Santos, Leonardo C. Oliveira, Sonia A. Costa, Joa˜o B. Azevedo, and Maurı´cio Galo Abstract Brazil adopted SIRGAS2000 in 2005. This adoption called for the provision of the relationships between SIRGAS2000 and the previous reference frames used for positioning, mapping and GIS, namely, the Co´rrego Alegre (CA) and the South American Datum of 1969 (SAD 69). Two programs were designed for this purpose. The first one, TCGeo, provided the relationships based on three- translation Similarity Transformation parameters. TCGeo was replaced in December 2008, by ProGriD. ProGriD offers, besides the same similarity transformation as TCGeo, a set of transformations based on modelling the distortions of the networks used in the various realizations of CA and SAD 69. The distortion models are represented by a grid in which each node contains a transformation value in terms of difference in latitude and in longitude. The grid follows the same specifications of the NTv2 grid, which has been used in other countries, such as Canada, USA and Australia. This paper presents ProGriD and its main functionalities and capabilities. 109.1 Introduction Historically, two geodetic reference systems have been M.F. Santos S.A. Costa J.B. Azevedo officially and widely used in Brazil in support of Coordenacao de Geode´sia, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia surveying and mapping. By ‘officially’ it is meant that e Estatistica, Av Brasil 15671, Parada de Lucas, Rio de Janeiro 21241-051, Brazil they were regulated by specific legislation. The first one, the Co´rrego Alegre (CA), started to be developed M.C. -
China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000*
UNITED NATIONS E/CONF.100/CRP.16 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL Eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, 26-29 October 2009 Item 7(a) of the provisional agenda Country Reports China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000* * Prepared by Pengfei Cheng, Hanjiang Wen, Yingyan Cheng, Hua Wang, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 CHENG Pengfei,WEN Hanjiang,CHENG Yingyan, WANG Hua Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100039, China Abstract Two national geodetic coordinate systems have been used in China since 1950’s, i.e., the Beijing geodetic coordinate system 1954 and Xi’an geodetic coordinate system 1980. As non-geocentric and local systems, they were established based on national astro-geodetic network. Since 1990, several national GPS networks have been established for different applications in China, such as the GPS networks of order-A and order-B established by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping in 1997 were mainly used for the geodetic datum. A combined adjustment was carried out to unify the reference frame and the epoch of the control points of these GPS networks, and the national GPS control network 2000(GPS2000) was established afterwards. In order to establish the connection between CGCS2000 and the old coordinate systems and to get denser control points, so that the geo-information products can be transformed into the new system, the combined adjustment between the astro-geodetic network and GPS2000 network were also completed. China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000(CGCS2000) has been adopted as the new national geodetic reference system since July 2008,which will be used to replace the old systems. -
FIG Guide on the Development of a Vertical Reference Surface for Hydrography
International Federation of Surveyors Fédération Internationale des Géomètres Internationale Vereinigung der Vermessungsingenieure FIG Guide on the Development of a Vertical Reference Surface ISBN 87-90907-57-4 NO 37 for Hydrography September 2006 Pub37_cover.indd 1 5.9.2006 16:45:31 FIG Guide on the Development of a Vertical Reference Surface for Hydrography INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS FIG Commissions 4 and 5 Working Group 4.2 Published in English Copenhagen, Denmark ISBN 87-90907-57-4 Published by The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Lindevangs Allé 4 DK-2000 Frederiksberg DENMARK Tel: + 45 38 86 10 81 Fax: + 45 38 86 02 52 Email: [email protected] September 2006 Foreword Land mapping and ocean charting have traditionally gathered data for quite separate and distinct purposes. Where topographic mapping ends, bathymetric charting begins. For hundreds of years now, each surveying discipline has collected data independently for different purposes. This has been hugely successful and maps and charts now cover the world. They have adequately served our needs for many years. Until now that is. In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the fragile ecosystems that exist in our coastal zones and the requirement to manage our marine spaces in a more structured and sustainable manner. There is a myriad of overlapping and conflicting interests covering this unique environment. Recent natural disasters have demonstrated an urgent need to increase our understanding of the natural processes that threaten our coastal communities. The challenge is to provide seamless spatial data across the land /sea interface. A major impediment is that we do not have a consistent height datum across the land /sea interface. -
A Global Vertical Datum Defined by the Conventional Geoid Potential And
Journal of Geodesy (2019) 93:1943–1961 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01293-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A global vertical datum defined by the conventional geoid potential and the Earth ellipsoid parameters Hadi Amin1 · Lars E. Sjöberg1,2 · Mohammad Bagherbandi1,2 Received: 24 January 2019 / Accepted: 22 August 2019 / Published online: 12 September 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The geoid, according to the classical Gauss–Listing definition, is, among infinite equipotential surfaces of the Earth’s gravity field, the equipotential surface that in a least squares sense best fits the undisturbed mean sea level. This equipotential surface, except for its zero-degree harmonic, can be characterized using the Earth’s global gravity models (GGM). Although, nowadays, satellite altimetry technique provides the absolute geoid height over oceans that can be used to calibrate the unknown zero- degree harmonic of the gravimetric geoid models, this technique cannot be utilized to estimate the geometric parameters of the mean Earth ellipsoid (MEE). The main objective of this study is to perform a joint estimation of W 0, which defines the zero datum of vertical coordinates, and the MEE parameters relying on a new approach and on the newest gravity field, mean sea surface and mean dynamic topography models. As our approach utilizes both satellite altimetry observations and a GGM model, we consider different aspects of the input data to evaluate the sensitivity of our estimations to the input data. Unlike previous studies, our results show that it is not sufficient to use only the satellite-component of a quasi-stationary GGM to estimate W 0.