Landscape at Heart: Resilience and Adaptation by Design

Landscape at heart: resilience and adaptation by design

Responsible and Resilient Architecture and Urbanism, 14 November 2020 Dr. Rob Roggema Director Cittaideale Office for Adaptive Design, Spatial Planning and Design Research by Design Professor of Spatial Transformations, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen www.cittaideale.eu [email protected] Cittaideale

Designing novel Executing Composing Design retreat spatial plans: design successful nature-driven charrettes: teams: urbanism:

Building Building Building Building creative adaptive futures engagement for innovative and knowledge for food-, local collaborative nature- and communities: teams climate landscapes Problems Nature-Based Urbanism

Climate: - 2-4m SLR, Sydney Barrier Reef: Ecology, SLR, - Heat, Fire and heat, storm surge Drought Moeder Zernike Groningen: SLR, Nature: - 50-80% Biodiversity Biodiversity, Food loss Landscape First in Western Sydney : Food: - security and safety design charrette for ecology, food, - pandemics heat, drought, fire - human health We need

Plans for Involve a mix of Collaborative New Research resilient, professionals, teams: team by Design adaptive and stakeholders building, design knowledge: regenerative and task forces future not futures: linking communities: based on facts, food, energy, design explorative, water and charrettes new solutions climate for unknown futures

DESIGN ENGAGE INVENT CREATE Sydney

Sydney Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef

Reef_Bleaching ‘East Australia Current’ and rising temperatures of the southern Pacific

Sydney Cyclone ‘Debbie’, 2017 Cyclone Debbie, Queensland Sea Level Rise = 0 Sydney: zeespiegelstijging = 0

Parramatta

Parramatta Sydney

Bankstown

Bankstown Marley Cliffs: Sydney’s East coast 2100 Sea Level2100 Rise zeespiegelstijging 2.7m 2.7m (bron: NOAA)

Parramatta

Sydney

Bankstown

(NOAA, 2018) When all landAls iceal meltshet landijs: Seasmelt: Level zeespiegelstijging Rise 70m. 70m

Parramatta

Sydney

Bankstown A new coastline? The edge of the Blue Mountains Bondi Beach, 2016 Abandoned oilrig Micro-colony fusion, David Vaughan Florida Keys New Coral and tropical fish, Manly Head

Booth, D.J. & J. Sear (2018) Coral expansion in Sydney and associated coral-reef fishes. Coral Reefs. Journal of the International Society for Reef Studies. DOI 10.1007/s00338-018- 1727-5

Moeder Zernike, Groningen, the Netherlands Climate change and food safety

APPROVED: 11 June 2020 doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1881

Climate change as a driver of emerging risks for food and feed safety, plant, animal health and nutritional quality

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Angelo Maggiore, Ana Afonso, Federica Barrucci, Giacomo De Sanctis

Abstract Climate change constitutes a relevant driver of emerging risks. While a broad range of forward-looking studies and reports examine the impact of climate change on food security, future challenges for food and feed safety, plant and animal health and nutritional quality are usually not investigated in depth. The CLimate change and Emerging risks for Food SAfety (CLEFSA) project has explored the possibility of: (a) using the specific driver, climate change, for long-term anticipation of multiple emerging risks, using scenarios of climate change; (b) using crowdsourcing and text mining to collect a broad range of signals from a variety of information sources; (c) using a knowledge network of experts from international organisations; (d) designing a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis tool for characterising signals through a participatory process, in which expert knowledge is used to identify relevant issues from the vast and often incomplete information; (e) developing methodologies and indicators for the analysis of the information available, addressing uncertainty. Climate change and its implications for food safety demand complex scientific study, given the number and diversity of hazards to be considered, the large uncertainties involved and the interconnections between the different areas. The effects of climate change are characterised by a multidisciplinary nature (humanplantanimal health and environmental sciences) and go beyond the recognition of specific emerging risks. CLEFSA has identified numerous issues that are driven by climate change and that may affect food safety in Europe. Climate change has the potential of causing, enhancing or modifying the occurrence and intensity of some food-borne diseases and the establishment of invasive alien species harmful to plant and animal health. It has an impact on the occurrence, intensity and toxicity of blooms of potentially toxic marine and freshwater algae and bacteria, on the dominance and persistence of various parasites, fungi, viruses, vectors and invasive species, harmful to plant and animal health. Climate change is likely to drive the (re)emergence of new hazards, increase the exposure or the susceptibility to known hazards and change the levels of micronutrients and macronutrients in food and feed items. By the very nature of the challenge, this list is inevitably incomplete, and undoubtedly unanticipated surprises await us in the future.

© 2020 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. Key words: climate change, emerging risks, identification, characterisation, uncertainty, impacts, likelihood of emergence Requestor: EFSA Question number: EFSA-Q-2020-00075 Correspondence: [email protected]

www.efsa.europa.eu/publications EFSA Supporting publication 2020:EN-1881

Amount of food needed, gram per person/day Lancet diet

Wholeweat Rice, weat, corn 232 g

Vegetable fats Sugar Potatoes 31 g & starchy tubers 50 g 50 g

Vegetables Nuts 300 g 50 g

Legumes Fruit Beans-lentils-soy 200 g 75 g Fish Dairy 28 g Milk, cheese Eggs 250 g 13 g Red meat Cow, pig, lamb Chicken/poultry 14 g 29 g Area needed to produce food (m2) The required amount of water for food production

Food type Water requirement liter/year Rice, wheat corn 382,752,720 Potatoes 23,692,654 All vegetable 111,446,550 All fruit 231,148,400 Whole melk 1,052,548,200 Meat 173,370,000 Chicken 517,706,825 Eggs 175,199,900 Fish 19,261,666 Legumes 371,487,600 Nuts 405,994,670 All sugars 16,890,720

Total in Liters 3,481,499,905

Total in Olympic swimming pool (Olympic pool= 2500000 Liter) 1393 Cumulative rainwater availability

4000

3500 Current Climate (1981-2010)

3000 Last years weather (2019) 2500

2085 Wl scenario based on climate 2000 data (+3.5 degrees/no changes in currents) 2085 Wl Scenario based on 2019 1500 weather (+3.5 degrees/no changes in currents) 1000 2085 Wh Scenario based on climate data (+3.5 degrees, +changes in currents) 500 2085 Wh Scenario based on 2019 weather (+3.5 degrees, +changes in currents) Water surplus/deficit in olympic swimming pools 0 Jan Feb Ma r Apr Ma y Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

-500 With TIDE comes LAND

With TIME comes PEAT Tide: land

Time: peat

THE ESTUARY THE ESTUARY THE ESTUARY

Historic changes in coastal dynamics

Resilient (before the dikes) Vulnerable by diking: inundation Human control, straightened water Straightened fresh

Historically saline 2121

Island

Island Island

Lauwerszee Opened up to the sea

Island Saline agriculture: shellfish, fish and saline crops A new agricultural economic reality

Transiting to saline agriculture by replacing 70% of current cropping provides famers the same income while only using 20% of the area (and 80% can be used for ecology, water etc). Or, if 50% is kept agriculture famers will be 2.5 times as rich…

Crop Existing area/land New nature (ha) 30% current crop Shellfish (20%) Saline crops use (ha) (50%) Potato 6875 2750 1203 859 2063 Sugar beet 2475 1980 186 62 248 Wheat 7500 6750 225 150 375 Milk cows 9975 8978 299 200 499 Grass 9975 8978 299 200 499 Carrots 1200 480 210 150 360 Maize 1860 1674 55.8 37.2 91 Barley 2060 1854 61.8 41.2 103 Total (ha) 41920 33444 2540 1700 4238 % 100% 80% 6% 4% 10%

Water

BRACKISH WATER

INFILTRATION OF BRACKISH WATER

INFRASTRUCTURE

W A S TE W A T E R F IL T R A T IO N R E E D S

RAIN WATER

STORAGE

ECOLOGY

S D

FRESH WATER

SPONGE

T EXTRA WATER TO

FEED THE EPAT W

FOOD

PEATLAND FRESH WATER SPONGE

WATER WASTE WATER TREATMENT

MOEDER ZERNIKE WATER SCALE 1:500 Ecology

TIDAL DYNAMICS

FOREST INFRASTRUCTURE

ANDS EDL RE

WETLAND

MANGROVES

ECOLOGY

ROCK BIOTOPE

FRESH WATER

FOOD

FRESH WATER

CANAL

PEATLAND FRESH WATER SPONGE

WATER

MOEDER ZERNIKE ECOLOGY SCALE 1:500 Food

FREE RANGE ANIMALS

DUCKWEED FISH AND LOBSTER FARMS

RIDGE ONG AL ES RE T S E VINES & SH T RD IBL URB U A ED S N H E- C C R A O R R E T

INFRASTRUCTURE

ECOLOGY

BULDING RELATED

CROPS

AQUAPONICS

FOOD

FOOD FOREST

WATER

MOEDER ZERNIKE FOOD SCALE 1:500 Infrastructure

INFRASTRUCTURE

ECOLOGY

FOOD

WATER

MOEDER ZERNIKE INFRASTRUCTURE SCALE 1:500 Campus as an living organism

09 10 ZERNIKE ADAPTATION (date: 08 - 10 - 2020) BUILDINGS ZERNIKE

12 11 07

26 25

14 23 24 16 22 27

17,18,19,20 21

15 17,18,19,20 42 17,18,19,20 30

31 41 communal fascilities 41 40 05

science 46 32 01

3D 50 33 44

41 .. ? 45 34-39 29 43 50 .. 15 04 15

02 science 46 40 05 3 49

47 50 46 recreation 51 51 45 48

05 sport 40 53 51 52 auditory 45 ? Education, education, education

Materials - Construction: (foundation, floors, innerlayer-facade) concrete. - Construction: (outer-layer) brick. - Windows: glass, wood and metal.

Mono functional - Education Living, farming, education Productive interiors

PLANT CURTAINS FOR SHADE AND IMPROVED INTERIOR AIR QUALITY EXAMPLES OF EARTHEN SPACES Experiments ZERNIKE ADAPTATION (date: 08 - 10 - 2020) HIGH TIDE

08 3

09 10

12 1 11 Refurbish ZP11 space 07

26 25

14 23 24 16 2 22 Food-façade Van Olst 27 28

17,18,19,20 21

15 17,18,19,20 42 17,18,19,20 30

31 3 Lobster farm 41 40

05 32 4 01 1 4 33 44 Duckweed plant ? 45 34-39 29 43

04 2 02 3 5 49 Peat bog pool 47 50 46

53 5 51 52

? Experiment :1 : multifunctional foodgrowing teaching space

EXAMPLES OF EARTHEN SPACES Experiment :2 : hanging food-façade Experiment 3 : lobster farm

Duckweed farm

Free range stock Fish & Lobster farm

Nut trees along dry ridge Wetlands Orchards

Terrace: Grapes, Shrubs, Berries

Building related Crop cultivation Peat nature

ZERNIKE ADAPTATION (date: 08 - 10 - 2020) HIGH TIDE

Food forest & park for Paddepoel inhabitants

09 10

12 MOEDER ZERNIKE FOOD 11 07 SCALE 1:500

26 25

14 23 24 16 22 27

17,18,19,20 21

15 17,18,19,20 42 17,18,19,20 30

31 41 40

05 32 01

33 44

? 45 34-39 29 43

02 3 49

47 50 46

53 51 52

? Experiment 44 : Duckweed pond

Duckweed farm

Free range stock Fish & Lobster farm

Nut trees along dry ridge Wetlands Orchards

Terrace: Grapes, Shrubs, Berries

Building related Crop cultivation Peat nature

Eendenkroos ZERNIKE ADAPTATION (date: 08 - 10 - 2020) Veen groei HIGH TIDE

Food forest & park for Paddepoel inhabitants

09 10

12 MOEDER ZERNIKE FOOD 11 07 SCALE 1:500

26 25

14 23 24 16 22 27

17,18,19,20 21

15 17,18,19,20 42 17,18,19,20 30

31 41 40

05 32 01

33 44

? 45 34-39 29 43

02 3 49

47 50 46

53 51 52

? Experiment 55 : Peatbog field

Duckweed farm

Free range stock Fish & Lobster farm

Nut trees along dry ridge Wetlands Orchards

Terrace: Grapes, Shrubs, Berries

Building related Crop cultivation Peat nature ZERNIKE ADAPTATION (date: 08 - 10 - 2020) HIGH TIDE

Food forest

06 & park for Paddepoel inhabitants

09 10

12 11 07

MOEDER ZERNIKE FOOD 26 25

14 23 24 16 SCALE 1:500 22 27

17,18,19,20 21

15 17,18,19,20 42 17,18,19,20 30

31 41 40

05 32 01

33 44

? 45 34-39 29 43

02 3 49

47 50 46

53 51 52

? Design-led Food Energy Water nexus Western Sydney Regional Vision

A Metropolis of Three Cities Reflects the settlement patterns, unique geography and growth pressures.

Western Parkland City Established on the strength of the new international Western Sydney Airport and Aerotropolis.

A 30-minute City Most residents can access their metropolitan centre or cluster within 30 minutes by public transport. Western Sydney Parklands Team composition Creating unknown futures Design principles

Closing loops so Engaging the Aboriginal Designed for its Remediation of city purifies custodians specific location soils

Circular Traditional knowledge Local Regenerative

Active Government, IoT for data engagement Alternative industry, higher collection, and co-design models of education and analysis and management civil society sharing

Community Governance Quadruple Helix Smart Urbanisation Design Principles

East-west split of green - urban - blue Existing motorway infrastructure and Concept for bridging green and blue landscapes of wider Sydney region. trunk routes in the greater Sydney landscapes - as ‘fingers’ - through the region. urban environment and puncturing the motorway trunk routes

Western Sydney concept of densifying Connecting new Western Sydney and Interlinking of green and blue landscape existing urban areas of Penrith and Aerotropolis with high speed rail loop to with mobility infrastructure for Western Liverpool. Density decreases towards the existing nodes in the city. Sydney and Aerotropolis. Aerotropolis green ‘finger’. Design charrette Creative collaboration Inventive team Design for unexpected changes: Forest First! + +

Forest Cooling Forest Timber + +

Forest Ecology Forest Housing + + Forest Emergent nature Forest Livestock

Building Building Building Building adaptive involved collaborative creative futures stakeholders teams knowledge

DESIGN ENGAGE INVENT CREATE Are you interested in resilient urbanism and want to discover more?

Come to the Netherlands in September 2021 and join a one week:

DESIGN RETREAT

Collaborative and creative learning to design your own project in a resilient and regenerative way

For more information: [email protected]