DOCSLIB.ORG

Coastal Erosion on Sydney's Southern Beaches Study Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coastal Erosion on Sydney's Southern Beaches Study Report Coastal Erosion on Sydney’s southern beaches Study Report at the Water Research Laboratory of the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia in association with the Bergische Universität Wuppertal Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Kaldenhoff by cand.-Ing. Marcus Dätig Sydney, January 2001 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Beaches in the coastal zone 2 3 The Beach System 5 4 Coastal erosion and beach processes 6 5 Human Response to Natural Coastal Hazards 9 5.1 The Establishment of Buffer Zones . 9 5.2 Beach Protection Systems . 9 5.2.1 Seawalls . 9 5.2.2 Groynes . 10 5.3 Sand Nourishment . 10 5.4 Dune Stabilization . 10 6 Three Southern Beaches of Sydney 13 6.1 Clovelly Beach . 14 6.2 Coogee Beach . 15 6.3 Maroubra Beach . 16 7 The Coastline Hazards of these beaches 20 7.1 Clovelly Bay . 20 7.1.1 Zone 1: hazard level: minor to moderate . 20 7.1.2 Zone 2: hazard level: minor to serious . 20 7.1.3 Zone 3: hazard level: minor . 21 7.1.4 Zone 4: hazard level: minor to serious . 22 7.1.5 Zone 5: hazard level: low . 22 i CONTENTS ii 7.2 Coogee Bay . 23 7.2.1 Zone 1: hazard level: minor . 23 7.2.2 Zone 2: hazard level: serious . 24 7.2.3 Zone 3: hazard level: minor . 25 7.2.4 Zone 4: hazard level: moderate to serious . 25 7.3 Maroubra Bay . 26 7.3.1 Zone 1: hazard level: moderate . 26 7.3.2 Zone 2: hazard level: serious . 27 7.3.3 Zone 3: hazard level: moderate to serious . 28 7.3.4 Zone 4: hazard level: minor to moderate . 28 7.3.5 Zone 5: hazard level: minor to moderate . 29 7.4 Final Statement . 29 Bibliography 31 List of Figures 2.1 Coastal Environment and processes . 2 2.2 Sediment gain and Sediment loss . 3 3.1 The Beach system . 5 4.1 Generation and Propagation of a wave . 6 4.2 Swell and Storm Profile . 7 5.1 Description of a Buffer Zone . 12 6.1 Location of the southern beaches . 13 6.2 Coogee beach subdivided in different areas . 16 6.3 Maroubra Beach, part of the ’Plan of Management’ . 19 7.1 Zones of the Clovelly Bay . 21 7.2 Clovelly Bay . 22 7.3 Clovelly Beach . 23 7.4 Zones of the Coogee Bay . 24 7.5 Coogee Beach, view from the south . 25 7.6 Coogee Bay, view from the north . 26 7.7 Zones of the Maroubra Beach . 27 7.8 Maroubra Beach . 28 7.9 Maroubra coast . 29 iii 1 Introduction This report about the 3 southern beaches of Sydney starts by giving a brief introduction about the coast of New South Wales. The state of NSW is located in the southeast of Australia and is one of the oldest and most populated states in Australia. Consisting of an area of 801.506 square kilometres, which can be regarded as only 10 % of the whole continent, approximately 30% of the Australian inhabitants live there. The New South Wales coast extends from Tweed Heads in the north to Cape Howe in the south, a distance of 1590 km. Sixty percent of the coast, or 975 km consists of 721 sandy beaches. The other 615 km can mostly be described as rocky coast. The beaches range from long sweeping beaches on the north coast, up to 26 km in length, to small often deeply embayed beaches, many only a few meters in lengths. The coastal region of Sydney north for example with a length of 45 km has got 20 sandy beaches with an average length of 625m, compared to the coastal region south of Sydney, being 46 km long, but showing just an average length of 359m within 19 sandy beaches (1). Coastal Protection and coastal management being neglected in the early years of our century, by the 1960s it was becoming evident that coastal erosion and its effects are a serious problem. Private homes, commercial buildings, public facilities and even roads were all endangered. The New South Wales government initiated an investigation in which a study had been made about the coastal processes regarding the coastal recession. This study revealed average rates of coastal recession of 0.5 to 1.0 meter a year, an amount of the coast to be lost in the ocean, which is quite threatening. This study has been one of several reasons why the New South Wales government introduced the Beach Improvement Programme in 1975 to assist local authorities in restoring and improving the recreational amenity of the state’s beaches. This program was based upon technical work carried out by the Public Work Department (nowadays changed to the Department of Land and Water Conservation) and was used also as a means for increasing public awareness of coastal problems (2). 1 2 Beaches in the coastal zone The coastal zone includes the underlying geology, the coastal hinterland, the inner continental shelf and the coastline including all coastal bays and beaches. The coastal environment is the most dynamic part of the earth surfaces. It contains elements of all spheres that make up earth namely the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, or ocean, the lithosphere, or geology and the biosphere. As the 4 spheres interact, (see figure 2.1) at the coast they produce a wide spectrum of coastal systems ranging from muddy tidal flats to rocky headlands to sandy beaches (2). Figure 2.1: Coastal Environment and processes (1) The atmosphere contributes the regional climate, the winds, rain and temperature and indirectly the ocean temperature. The hydrosphere determines sea level and due to this also the position of the shoreline, as well as contributing the major energy sources waves, tides and currents. Finally the biosphere includes the flora and fauna that inhabit either permanently, or in transit the coastal zone and contribute shell, coral and algal fragments that help to build the beaches. As this report will describe three of the sandy beaches of the southern beaches of Sydney, it first of all will show some facts about sandy beaches in general. 2 2 Beaches in the coastal zone 3 They consist of lithospheric elements namely sand lying ultimately on bedrock geology which is permanently been influenced by the interacting spheres mentioned above. Beaches form and change due to several processes that interact at the coast to produce beach systems. Two of those are to be regarded as climate and atmospheric processes. Climate interacting with the geology together with the physical forces of the rain let the part of the land surface runoff as well as rivers erode and transport sediment to the coast (2). Figure 2.2: Sediment gain and Sediment loss (9) At the coast it is also climate, particularly winds that interact with the ocean to generate waves and currents that are as already mentioned essential to build this sediment into beaches and dunes. Particularly on the coast of New South Wales the beaches are predominantly composed of quartz sand grains together with other rock fragments. These sediments originated in the coastal hin- terland. Over many millennia they have been delivered by rivers and streams, to the coast and continental shelf, and subsequently moved by waves on- or along-shore to be finally deposited as beaches and dunes (1). The regional geology therefore acts as a source for most of the sand on NSW beaches, the remainder being derived from shell and algal fragments. The rocks of the NSW coast that form the headlands and cliffs range in age from 500 million to 60 million years. As the coast is only 60 million years old, most of the rocks predate the coastline by many million years (1). Age of NSW coastal features: • Rocks: from 500 million years old • Beaches: from 12.000 years old • Most beaches: less then 6.500 years old The rock of the cliffs in the area that is going to be described in this report is known as the Hawkesbury Sandstone. It was laid down as sediment in a large river delta, which stretched 2 Beaches in the coastal zone 4 from north of the Hawkesbury River south almost to Nowra and west to lower Blue Mountains. This Sandstone was forming about 200 million years ago. The rock is made up mainly of sand and quartz in layers which vary according to what else the rivers brought down at different times and the way they were flowing. There is also an occasional band of shale, composed of more muddy material. Unlike the rock itself, the cliffs are very young regarding the geological time dimensions. During the last ice age the shoreline was about 12 km east, across the coastal plain. As the ice melted around the globe, sea level rose across the plain to plateaux of sandstone along the present shoreline. By the time it stopped rising about 6.000 years ago, the sea had flooded into a series of river valleys cut into this sandstone, creating bays and harbours along the new coast (1). 3 The Beach System Different types of beaches show different types of profiles, depending on the influence of the littoral zone. The figure below illustrates a typical NSW beach system Figure 3.1: The Beach system (2) On the left hand side of figure 3.1 you can see the subaerial beach which is a dry zone above the shoreline, only influenced by the sea through storm waves, or when there are high tides being exceptionally high. The sediment on the subaerial beach becomes dry quickly and creates a series of coastal sand dunes with the help of wind, presupposing the coastline is nearly flat.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Santa Cruz County Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Report
    Santa Cruz County Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Report JUNE 2017 CENTRAL COAST WETLANDS GROUP MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS | 8272 MOSS LANDING RD, MOSS LANDING, CA Santa Cruz County Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Report This page intentionally left blank Santa Cruz County Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Report i Prepared by Central Coast Wetlands Group at Moss Landing Marine Labs Technical assistance provided by: ESA Revell Coastal The Nature Conservancy Center for Ocean Solutions Prepared for The County of Santa Cruz Funding Provided by: The California Ocean Protection Council Grant number C0300700 Santa Cruz County Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Report ii Primary Authors: Central Coast Wetlands group Ross Clark Sarah Stoner-Duncan Jason Adelaars Sierra Tobin Kamille Hammerstrom Acknowledgements: California State Ocean Protection Council Abe Doherty Paige Berube Nick Sadrpour Santa Cruz County David Carlson City of Capitola Rich Grunow Coastal Conservation and Research Jim Oakden Science Team David Revell, Revell Coastal Bob Battalio, ESA James Gregory, ESA James Jackson, ESA GIS Layer support AMBAG Santa Cruz County Adapt Monterey Bay Kelly Leo, TNC Sarah Newkirk, TNC Eric Hartge, Center for Ocean Solution Santa Cruz County Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Report iii Contents Contents Summary of Findings ........................................................................................................................ viii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • International Symposium on Music Acoustics. Sydney and Katoomba, Some Local Knowledge
    International Symposium on Music Acoustics. Sydney and Katoomba, Some local knowledge Space and time Sydney is about 151° E and 34° S. So 10 hours ahead of Universal Time in August. The sun is North at its zenith, which can be disorientating for Laurasians. Money The Australian dollar is US$0.91 and Euro 0.70 at the time of writing Traffic Trains, road traffic and pedestrians keep left. Boats keep right. Weather www.bom.gov.au/nsw/ Say 10-20°C in Sydney, 0-15° in Katoomba. Ocean at 15°. Electricity 240 V @ 50 Hz but the plugs are unlike US, Europe or UK. Adaptors sold at the airport, hardware and tourist shops. Transport in and around Sydney There is a trip planner at www.131500.com.au Airport to conference centre: train to central (ticket at the station) and tram (ticket on board) from there to convention centre. Katoomba Trains leave Central to Katoomba appox every 30 mins on week days, every hour on Sunday. The trip normally takes 2 hours. However, there is work on the tracks on Saturday and Sunday 28-29 August, so a bus service replaces part of the train service and it will take longer. ISMA will run a bus from Central to Katoomba at 9:15 am on Sunday 29 August. Tram (aka light rail) goes from basement of Convention Centre to Central Station. Approx every 10 minutes Ferries A service runs from Darling Harbour to Circular Quay (main ferry terminal) approx every 30 minutes www.sydneyferries.info Monorail Runs a circuit including Convention Centre and City Centre approx every 5 minutes The ICA site has a list of possible ways (http://www.scec.com.au/location/directions.cfm) to get to the Convention Centre, including driving, which we don't recommend.
    [Show full text]
  • January 9, 2022 East Carolina University
    Australia: Sport & Social Change December 27 - January 9, 2022 East Carolina University Program Proudly Provided by Sports Travel Academy www.facebook.com/SportsTravelAcademy www.twitter.com/SportRavAcademy Contents Introduction 3 ECU Faculty Leaders 6 Program Director 8 Program Details & Costs 9 Program Package Includes 10 Sample Daily Itinerary 11 Who is the Sports Travel Academy? 28 Students from UNC Chapel Hill & University of California programs get up close and personal with Roos and Koala’s at Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary 2 Introduction This program includes an excellent mix of Australian Sport, History & Culture. Students will learn from university professors from three different schools and benefit from a number of industry professionals at the academic various sites that we visit. Australian Sport: To say that sport is a way of life in Australia is an enormous understatement! Such is the Australian population's devotion towards sport that it is sometimes humorously described as "Australia's national religion". The Aussie’s truly enjoy a very rich sporting history & culture. Australian athletes have excelled in a range of sports globally, and their government supported system has a lot to do with this success. The Australian government spends the most money in the world per capita on elite athlete development and fittingly the Aussie’s have led the three of the last four Summer Olympic Games in medals per capita. The Australian population also enjoys fabulous recreational facilities & programs for the non-elite as a part of the
    [Show full text]
  • Shelling of Bondi, 1942
    W A V E R L E Y C O U N C I L SHELLING OF BONDI A W a v e r l e y L i b r a r y L o c a l H i s t o r y F a c t S h e e t When World War II broke out in As part of the defence plan, a 1939, steps were taken to first-aid post was established at protect residents of Waverley Bondi Beach Public School. Municipality in the event of The main injuries of patients enemy attack Identified as a visiting the first aid room early potential invasion point for a in the season of 1942-43 Japanese attack on Sydney, related to cuts and bruises military fortifications in the form encountered with the beach’s of iron stakes, barbed newly built defences. Despite concertina wire, concrete tank such impediments, surf bathers traps and wire coils were still came to Bondi in droves. constructed along Bondi Beach The Bondi Surf Bathers’ and surrounds. Lifesaving Club continued to Bronze squads were forced to operate, although surf carnivals train in Bondi Park due to were cancelled for the duration space limitations, and any of the war. The club made activity on the beach required preparations for the possibility the permission of the army of enemy attack on 28 officer charged with the December 1941. defence of the beach. Committee minutes record: Bathers had to negotiate their "Resolved that a wooden rake way through a barbed wire and shovel be purchased for maze before they could reach use in event of air raid." the surf by one of two gates.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal and Ocean Engineering
    May 18, 2020 Coastal and Ocean Engineering John Fenton Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040 Vienna, Austria URL: http://johndfenton.com/ URL: mailto:[email protected] Abstract This course introduces maritime engineering, encompassing coastal and ocean engineering. It con- centrates on providing an understanding of the many processes at work when the tides, storms and waves interact with the natural and human environments. The course will be a mixture of descrip- tion and theory – it is hoped that by understanding the theory that the practicewillbemadeallthe easier. There is nothing quite so practical as a good theory. Table of Contents References ....................... 2 1. Introduction ..................... 6 1.1 Physical properties of seawater ............. 6 2. Introduction to Oceanography ............... 7 2.1 Ocean currents .................. 7 2.2 El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation ........10 2.3 Indian Ocean Dipole ................12 2.4 Continental shelf flow ................13 3. Tides .......................15 3.1 Introduction ...................15 3.2 Tide generating forces and equilibrium theory ........15 3.3 Dynamic model of tides ...............17 3.4 Harmonic analysis and prediction of tides ..........19 4. Surface gravity waves ..................21 4.1 The equations of fluid mechanics ............21 4.2 Boundary conditions ................28 4.3 The general problem of wave motion ...........29 4.4 Linear wave theory .................30 4.5 Shoaling, refraction and breaking ............44 4.6 Diffraction ...................50 4.7 Nonlinear wave theories ...............51 1 Coastal and Ocean Engineering John Fenton 5. The calculation of forces on ocean structures ...........54 5.1 Structural element much smaller than wavelength – drag and inertia forces .....................54 5.2 Structural element comparable with wavelength – diffraction forces ..56 6.
    [Show full text]
  • ATE Media Information: Infrastructure Update
    ATE MEDIA INFORMATION | INFRASTRUCTURE UPDATE INFRASTRUCTURE UPDATE Sydney is a big city on the move, with a long list of exciting infrastructure developments, more public space and a range of hotel styles in the pipeline. Australia’s largest exhibition and convention centre is underway at Darling Harbour while the major redevelopment of harbourside Barangaroo is already making an impact on the city’s skyline. THE TRANSFORMATION OF DARLING HARBOUR The NSW Government is partnering with Darling Harbour, Live and Lend Lease to deliver a 20-hectare, $3.4 billion transformation of Darling Harbour. The project includes Australia’s premier integrated convention, exhibition and events destination, the International Convention Centre Sydney (ICC Sydney), and includes expanded public space, a luxury hotel and a new city neighbourhood. The ICC Sydney is on track for completion in late 2016. It will be at the heart of a waterfront precinct, with restaurants, shops and a vibrant public domain generating about $200 million each year in economic benefit for NSW; a total of $5 billion to the state over 25 years. The new ICC Sydney facilities will include: ■ Convention facilities that will be capable of holding three separate, self-sufficient, concurrent events as well as an 8,000-seat plenary. ■ Australia’s largest ballroom, located on the top floor, will feature spectacular water and city views. The dramatic venue will host 2,000 in banquet mode and more than 3,500 for cocktail functions TOP: TUMBALONG PARK AT DARLING HARBOUR. BOTTOM: AERIAL VIEW OF DARLING HARBOUR. ■ A tiered theatre with a capacity of 8,000 will have the capacity to be scaled to seat 6,000, 5,000 or 3,500 people ■ An open-air event deck of 5,000sqm will include a bar and lounge featuring city skyline views ■ Total exhibition capacity will be 35,000sqm with 8,000sqm of meeting-room space across 70 rooms ■ An upgraded public domain with outdoor event space will cater for up to 27,000 people and include improved pedestrian access from Chinatown, Central Station, Ultimo, Pyrmont and the city centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Chesapeake Bay Cliff Erosion in Calvert County- and to Make Recommendations to the Board of County Commissioners on Issues Relating to Cliff Stabilization
    DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY PLANNING AND BUILDING INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: Board of County Commissioners VIA: Terry Shannon, County Admini VIA: Thomas Barnett, Director / FROM: Dave Brownlee, Principal Environmental Pla ner DATE: May 7, 2014 SUBJECT: Final Report of the Cliff Stabilization Advisory Committee Background: The Cliff Stabilization Advisory Committee was established by the Board of County Commissioners in November 2010. Virginia (Ginger) Haskell, PhD was appointed chairperson. The Committee was charged with responding to the State Steering Committee Report, "Chesapeake Bay Cliff Erosion in Calvert County- and to make recommendations to the Board of County Commissioners on issues relating to cliff stabilization. The Committee is made up of residents representing Chesapeake Bay shoreline communities. Discussion: The Committee held monthly public meetings between January 2011 and June 2013. In an effort to educate the Committee and the community, the Committee invited geologists, biologists, engineers, academics and government officials to give presentations at 9 of their meetings. The Committee's final report (attached) has 17 recommendations and includes the response to the State Steering Committee Report (Appendix E). The Committee continued to meet between June 2013 and April 2014 to complete the report. Dr. Haskell will present the report to the Board of County Commissioners on May 13, 2014 (see attached PowerPoint). A list of the Committee members is given on pages 15-16 of the Final Report and on the last slide of the PowerPoint. Conclusion/Recommendation: Recommend that the BOCC review the Final Report and submit the Final Report to Department Heads to get feedback on implementation of the recommendations within the report.
    [Show full text]
  • SYDNEY TRAVEL GUIDE This Travel Guide Is for Your General Information Only and Is Not Intended As Advice
    SYDNEY TRAVEL GUIDE This travel guide is for your general information only and is not intended as advice. You should make your own inquiries before making any decisions. Sydney Airport Corporation Limited does not in any way represent that we recommend or endorse the ratings, advertisers, products or services appearing in this guide. We do not represent or warrant that the material in the guide is reliable, accurate, complete or current, nor do we accept any responsibility arising in any way from errors or omissions. We will not be liable for loss resulting from any action or decision by you in reliance on the material in the guide. SYDNEY OVERVIEW Sydney is recognised as one of the most vibrant and exciting international cities in the world. Australia’s gateway for visitors, Sydney is home to three of the most potent symbols of Australia around the world: the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Harbour. But beyond the famous icons, there’s a lot more to uncover in this dynamic, cosmopolitan city. SYDNEY WHAT TO SEE The Sydney Centennial Park Surfing at Manly The Rocks Harbour Bridge Explore the Beach Visit the old centre Do the bridge climb Centennial Learn from the pros of Sydney and to step on Sydney’s Parklands on at beautiful Manly explore the cobbled most famous horseback or on Beach. laneways and cosy landmark and for bicycle. North Steyne, cafes. the best view of Eastern Suburbs Manly Central Sydney Sydney Harbour and the Opera House. Access via Cumberland St Cockatoo Island Barrenjoey The Powerhouse The Sydney Learn about Lighthouse Museum Observatory Australia’s convict Catch a glimpse This arts and Both an history while of the pristine sciences focused observatory and enjoying the Northern Beaches museum always has a museum, visit breathtaking views and take a stroll up new exhibits and is at night for a of Sydney Harbour.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxford & Spring Streets, Bondi Junction Introducing
    INTRODUCING BONDI JUNCTION’S LATEST ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARK OXFORD & SPRING STREETS, BONDI JUNCTION Take your life to new levels at Bondi Central. In the bustling heart of Bondi Junction, this exciting new development has a blue chip Eastern Suburbs location. From panoramic views of the city skyline, Sydney Harbour and Centennial Park to world class shopping, a multitude of fine cuisines and endless entertainment, Bondi Central is the place to be. Swift transport, magnificent parklands and the sparkling surf are all within your grasp, every day of the year. ENJOY THE SPARKLING LIGHTS OF THE CITY SKYLINE FROM A SUPERB LOCATION WITH GRANDSTAND VIEWS EXCEPTIONAL. ACCESSIBLE. CENTRAL. Bondi Central atrium mosaic glass facade of blue and aqua twinkles across a streamlined glass breezeway linking two towers, where the views just get better and better the higher you go up. Lobbies with chic textured tile work, wooden benched seating and luxurious black key lines transport you seamlessly to secure parking and street level, where a lively arcade filled with cafes, delis and shops will take you straight to all the action on Oxford and Spring Streets. On the rooftop a magical sky garden with barbecues and an open communal space gazes out to the city skyline, Sydney Harbour, Centennial Park and Botany Bay. Bondi Central will provide exceptional interior spaces, style and quality. Velvety black highlights and details are a signature statement in the kitchens and bathrooms, adding a chic contemporary aesthetic that carries throughout every apartment and external areas. Extra-spacious living areas seamlessly flow out to generous balconies, creating a relaxing indoor/outdoor ambiance.
    [Show full text]
  • Sydney Hikes the Best Hikes Sydney to Really Get 3 to Know This Nature-Filled City
    Sydney Sydney Hikes The best hikes Sydney to really get 3 to know this nature-filled City. Read more here http://theworldonmynecklace.com/ 2015/07/05/best-sydney-walks/ Oct 2017 5 9 Katie Bell jauntful.com/The-World-on-my- Necklace 8 7 11 4 2 1 6 10 12 ©OpenStreetMap contributors, ©Mapbox, ©Foursquare Rose Bay Beach 1 Centennial Park 2 Palm Beach Surf Club 3 Balmoral Beach 4 Beach Park Surf Spot Beach Rose Bay to Hornby Light Walk - 8km - Centennial Park Loop Walk - 4km - Easy - Barrenjoey Lighthouse Walk - 3km - Balmoral Beach to Cremorne Point Easy - Best for: Harbour beaches, Best for: A city parkland escape Easy/Intermediate - Best for: Pittwater Walking Trail - 12km - Intermediate - Upmarket suburbs and Sydney's best and Palm Beach views and a Sandstone Best for: Native bush and sparkling lighthouse lighthouse harbour and city views Grand Dr., Centennial Park Rose Bay, Sydney +61 2 9339 6699 centennialparklands.com.au The Esplanade, Sydney Ku-Ring-Gai Chase National Par... 5 Bondi Beach 6 Manly Beach 7 Dee Why Beach 8 Park Beach Beach Beach The Basin Trail - 5.6km - Bondi Beach to Watson's Bay Walk - Manly North Head Walk - 5.5km - Easy - Dee Why to Manly Walk - 7km - Easy - Intermediate/Difficult - Best for: 7.5km - Easy - Best for: Stunning views Best for: Secluded coves and ocean views Best for: Discovering Sydney's quieter Spotting wild walabies and Aboriginal of the city and coastline Northern Beaches rock art Queen Elizabeth Dr., Bondi Beach North Steyne, Manly Bobbin Head Rd. waverley.nsw.gov.au +61 2 9976 1500 manly.nsw.gov.au
    [Show full text]
  • Sydney Pre-Cruise Tour
    Sydney Pre-Cruise Tour 3 DAYS/2 NIGHTS | GROUP TRAVEL SUGGESTED ITINERARY | CAN BE CUSTOMIZED If you are traveling all the way to the South Pacific to take a once-in-a-lifetime cruise of INCLUSIONS Australia or New Zealand, why not give yourself, your family and friends a few extra days in Sydney to relaxingly take in all that this vibrant, beach-blessed capital of New South Wales has Accommodations: Sydney 2 nights to offer? Check out our 3-day, 2 night pre-cruise itinerary to Sydney to get your sightseeing Meals: Continental feet wet, visit an Aussie beach, attend a performance at Sydney’s famed Opera House, or enjoy breakfast daily, welcome Sydney’s wonderful restaurant scene. This way, you’ll also have a few days to adjust to the dinner and luncheon jetlag before officially embarking on your cruise. cruise as noted in itinerary DAY 1 • ARRIVAL TO adjust to the jet lag today. Depending on Air-conditioned, private SYDNEY your group’s preferences and flight coaching schedules, we would be happy to organize Admission tickets as Welcome to Australia. We outlined in the itinerary additional sightseeing activities for your know it was a long journey, arrival day! but now is when the fun begins! A local assistant will greet your group inside the This evening your group will dine in the HIGHLIGHTS airport terminal’s arrivals hall, and a private hotel’s restaurant; enjoy delicious local coach will then transfer it to the hotel in cuisine paired with Australian wines. Private transfers: airport to hotel, hotel to cruise Sydney; your wonderful base for the next DAY 2 • SYDNEY port two nights! SIGHTSEEING – LUNCH Sydney sightseeing tour Positioned on one of the most beautiful CRUISE Sydney Harbour harbors in the world, Sydney is the capital Luncheon Cruise After breakfast in the hotel, of New South Wales.
    [Show full text]
  • North Sheppey Erosion Study Volume 1: Coastal
    NORTH SHEPPEY EROSION STUDY VOLUME 1: COASTAL ADAPTATION STUDY Client: Consultant: Swale Borough Council Engineering Services Swale House, Canterbury City Council East Street, Military Road Sittingbourne, Canterbury, ME10 3HT CT1 1YW OCTOBER 2011 Canterbury City Council Engineering Services 0 LIST OF CONTENTS Page VOLUME 1: COASTAL ADAPTATION STUDY Executive Summary 3 1. Background 4 2. Description of site 6 3. Higher level plans 25 4. Historical and Coastal Evolution 31 5. Geology and Morphology 34 6. Aerial photography 36 7. Lidar Airborne laser scanning 37 8. Historic Ordnance Survey Records 39 9. Parameters 40 10. Management of Coastal Erosion Options 50 11. Do Nothing Scenario 62 12. Economic Appraisal 65 13. Environmental Assessment 67 14. Monitoring and Public Warning 69 15. Consultation 71 16. Recommendations and Implementation 72 References 75 List of Photographs Photo 1- The Leas looking west 7 Photo 2- East End of Minster 11 Photo 3- Minster cliffs and sea defences looking west 14 Photo 4- Fly tipping near Royal Oak Point, cliffs highly vegetated. 15 Photo 5- View from Redcot Caravan Park looking across to Lazy Days park 16 Photo 6- Redcot caravan park 16 Photo 7- Looking West from Ashcroft caravan park 17 Photo 8- Barrows Brook 18 Photo 9- Recent mud run at Ashcroft caravan park 19 Photo 10-Warden Point west of Warden Springs 20 Photo 11- Looking east towards Warden Point 20 Photo 12- Rock armour at Warden Bay revetment looking west 23 Photo 13- Rear scarp of recent slide Cliff Drive, Warden Bay 23 Photo 14- Land slide at Warden Point November 1971 43 Photo 15- Cliff warning sign 70 List of Tables 35 Table 1- Geological Details Table 2- Average Future Erosion for England and Wales 41 Table 3- Historic and predicted future erosion rates 42 Table 4- Recorded land slide history 44 Table 5- Relative sea level rise from UKCP09 47 Table 6- Recommended contingency allowances for net sea level rise PPS25 48 Table 7- Property adaptation, financial options 61 Table 8- Summary of impacts resulting from a do nothing scenario.
    [Show full text]