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Masarykova Univerzita V Brně Filozofická Fakulta

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Masarykova Univerzita V Brně Filozofická Fakulta MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Ústav religionistiky Tvář proroka Muhammada a její proměny Historie zobrazování proroka Muhammada (Magisterská diplomová práce) Tomáš Melichárek Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Attila Kovács, Ph.D. 2011 Prohlašuji, ţe jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně jen s vyuţitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………………… V Brně dne 14. prosince 2011 Podpis autora práce 2 Na tomto místě bych chtěl poděkovat svému vedoucímu doc. Mgr. Attilovi Kovácsovi, Ph.D. za jeho podporu a odbornou pomoc při psaní této práce. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Metoda výzkumu ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Předmět výzkumu .......................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Struktura práce .............................................................................................................. 12 2. Muhammad ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.1. Korán ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.2. Hadíth a sunna ............................................................................................................... 19 2.3. Ţivotopis Prorokův ........................................................................................................ 26 2.4. Jména Muhammada ....................................................................................................... 27 2.5. Mír a poţehnání s ním ................................................................................................... 30 2.6. Vizuální nosiče Muhammada v islámské kultuře .......................................................... 30 2.6.1. Kaligrafie ................................................................................................................ 32 2.6.2 Hilye ........................................................................................................................ 33 2.7. Dílčí závěry ................................................................................................................... 35 3. Islámské umění a vztah k figurálnímu zobrazování ............................................................. 37 3.1. Korán ............................................................................................................................. 37 3.2. Hadíth a sunna ............................................................................................................... 38 3.3. Fatwa: náboţensko – právní doporučení ....................................................................... 40 3.4. Sunna vs. Šíca ................................................................................................................ 42 3.5. Muhammad a vztah k zobrazování ................................................................................ 43 3.6. Figurální zobrazování v profánním prostoru: Umajjovci a jejich pouštní zámky ......... 44 3.7. Figurální zobrazování v sakrálním prostoru: Dračí dveře ............................................. 44 3.8. Dílčí závěry ................................................................................................................... 45 4. Zobrazení Muhammada v islámské kultuře ......................................................................... 47 4.1. Zobrazení Muhammada s odkrytou tváří ...................................................................... 48 4.2. Zobrazení Muhammada se zahalenou tváří ................................................................... 50 4.3. Dílčí závěr ..................................................................................................................... 51 5. Zobrazení Muhammada evropskou kulturou do pol. 20. st. ................................................. 53 5.1. Co utvářelo pohled Evropanů na islám a postavu Muhammada ................................... 53 5.1.1. Problém zjednodušujícího dichotonmího vnímání ................................................. 54 5.1.2. Koncept My a Oni .................................................................................................. 55 5.2. Evropské středověké a renesanční obrazy Muhammada ............................................... 56 4 5.2.1. Dílčí závěry ............................................................................................................ 58 5.2.2. Dante Aligieri: Boţská komedie: Peklo ................................................................. 59 5.2.1.1. Kniţní ilustrace a malba na motivy Dantova Pekla ........................................ 60 5.2.1.2. Filmy na motivy Dantova Pekla ...................................................................... 61 5.2.1.3. Dílčí závěry ..................................................................................................... 62 5.3. Zobrazení Muhammada v období okouzlení orientem.................................................. 62 5.3.1. Kolonialismus – časové vymezení ......................................................................... 62 5.3.2. Obrazový materiál .................................................................................................. 63 5.3.2.1. Obrazy obsaţené na titulních stranách knih a kniţních ilustrací .................... 63 5.3.2.2. Zobrazení Muhammada a ţivota věřících jako předloha pro umělce ............. 64 5.3.2.3. Obrazy Muhammada pro reklamní účely ........................................................ 64 5.3.3. Dílčí závěry ............................................................................................................ 65 5.4. Zobrazení Muhammada v českých zemích ................................................................... 66 6. Karikatury Muhammada v moderní době ............................................................................ 71 6.1. Kauza 12 karikatur proroka Muhammada v deníku Jyllands-Posten ............................ 72 6.1.1. Otištění karikatur a jejich popis ............................................................................. 72 6.1.2. Reakce Dánských muslimů .................................................................................... 75 6.1.3. Reakce na Karikatury v muslimských zemích ....................................................... 77 6.1.3.1. Reakce muslimů: výstava karikatur proti holocaustu v Íránu. ........................ 78 6.1.4. Protesty proti karikaturám v Evropě ...................................................................... 78 6.1.4.1. Karikatury v českém kontextu ......................................................................... 79 6.1.4.2. Muhammad: The „Banned“ Images ................................................................ 80 6.1.5. Kam se poděl Kåre Bluitgen? ................................................................................. 80 6.1.6. Byly karikatury příčinou konfliktu? ....................................................................... 80 6.2. Boom Muhammadových karikatur ................................................................................ 81 6.3. Dílčí závěry ................................................................................................................... 82 7. Nová média pro zobrazení .................................................................................................... 84 7.1. Filmy a seriály ............................................................................................................... 84 7.1.1. Poselství (1976) ...................................................................................................... 84 7.1.2. Muhammad: poslední prorok (2004) ...................................................................... 86 7.1.3. Byl jednou jeden člověk: Šíření islámu (8. epizoda) ............................................. 87 7.1.4. South Park .............................................................................................................. 88 7.1.5. Chytá se další film o Muhammadovi? .................................................................... 89 7.2. Komiks: spojení textové a obrazové sloţky .................................................................. 89 5 7.3. Počítačové hry ............................................................................................................... 91 7.4. Dílčí závěry ................................................................................................................... 92 8. Závěr ..................................................................................................................................... 93 9. Resumé ................................................................................................................................. 98 10. Seznam zkratek ................................................................................................................ 100 11. Transkripce ....................................................................................................................... 101 12. Pouţitá literatura .............................................................................................................. 102 6 1. Úvod Je-li „běţný“ obyvatel České republiky dotázán, jaké jsou obecné charakteristiky
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