Against Other Italians. Borghese Was Recognized As the Leader of The

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Against Other Italians. Borghese Was Recognized As the Leader of The against other Italians. Borghese was recognized as the Crocetta del Montello: Incidents of torture with whips leader of the corps. and gasoline and the summary executions of partisans. The Decima Flottiglia Mas, now purely a land based Other Xa MAS units earned a good combat reputation military unit, raised a force of 50,000 men, which fighting on the frontline against the Allies at Anzio eventually conducted anti-partisan warfare including Bridgehead and on the Gothic Line (Linea Gotica)9. In the systematic torture and execution of partisans, in particular last months of the warXa MASunits were also dispatched members of the Communist units.The main themes of to the North East Italian border and employed against the reconstituted Xa MAS ideology became honor in Marshall Tito’s Yugoslavian partisans. The history of the defending Italy fiom the betrayal of the Armistice with the Xa MAS from 1943 to 1945 remains tainted. Although Allies; deep anti-Semitism in the wake of stronger Nazi the valor of this unit was recognized by both the Allies influence, and a call to defend the territorial integrity of and the Gernaans, its actions against partisans notably its Italy against the Allies. This was quite ironic, since the participation in the massacres of civilians do not permit it Third Reich had already annexed northeastern Italian to be remembered as a completely honorable unit. territories and integrated them directly into the Reich On April 26, 1945 in what is now the Piazza della as the Pre-Alpine Operations Zone and Adriatic Coastal Repubblica in Milan, Borghese finally ordered the Operational Zone. Xa MAS to disband. James Jesus Angleton, who would later become the CIA’s controversial director Relationships between the Decima and the RSI were not of counterintelligence, was dispatched by United always cordial. Borghese refused to answer to Mussolini’s StatesAdmiral Ellery Wheeler Stone,~° then Acting RSI staff. On January 14, 1944, Mussolini had Borghese Chief Commissioner of the Allied Commission for Italy a~a’ested at Garniano in order to gain direct control over in occupied Italy, to rescue Borghese from the Italian the Xa MAS. Word of the anest reached the officers of the Resistance, which had sentenced him to death for war Decima, who considered marching on Mussolini’s capital crimes. Angleton disguised Borghese in an American at Salo to free Borghese. The confiontation was avoided uniform and drove him to Rome for interrogation. when the German high command used its influence to Borghese’s wife, who was employed by the Vatican, was have Borghese released, as they desperately needed the similarly protected. equipment, expertise and manpower of the Xa MAS as an anti-partisan force by this stage of the war. Post-War Anti-Partisan Actions The Italian government demanded that the Allies hand Borghese over for trial in Milan in late 1945, but his The Germans ultimately employed the Decima along trial was transferred to Rome, where the courts were with the SS8 primarily in anti-partisan actions, rather than much more conservative. After two years in prison, he against the Allies. Their anti-partisan actions usually took was finally found guilty in early 1949 of collaborating place in small villages, where the partisans had a strong with the Nazis (though not of committing war crimes) base of support. After losing its relative independence and sentenced to 12 years in prison. The court, through from RSI - German command, the Xa MAS became application of extenuating circumstances, pardons, and infamous for the numerous war crimes against partisans remissions, reduced the sentence. The judge then decided and the civilian population alike. Examples include: Borghese had served enough time, and released him. By then the Cold War had begun and the Americans were Forno: 68 persons, mostly civilians and some partisans, keenly interested in infiltrating the Italian Communist were killed by a combination of German and Xa MAS groups, something which Borghese had done successfully forces. during the final stages of the war. He was then enlisted to help create counterintelligence units for the Americans. Guadine: The ahnost total destruction of the village by fire to deter further support of the partisans. With his record as a war hero and his avid support of fascism, he became a figurehead for pro-fascist, anti- Borgo Ticino: In conjunction with SS troops, the murder communist groups in the immediate post-war period, of 12 civilians, and pillage and destruction of the village acquiring the nickmame, the Black Prince. Borghese wrote by fire to avenge the deaths of three German soldiers. a supportive introduction to right-wing theorist Julius Evola’s book, Men Among the Ruins. He was associated Castelletto Ticino: The public execution of five petty with the Movimento Sociale Italiano (MS1) the neo- criminals in front of a large crowd. Fascist Party formed in the post-World War II period by 26 JOMSA former supporters of the dictator Benito Mussolini. He later advocated an even harder line which the MSI was not able or willing to uphold. He subsequently broke from it to form an even stauncher neo-Fascist group in 1967, known as the Fronte Nazionale (National Front Party). Following an aborted coup d’~tat, referred to as the Golpe Borghese, u which fizzled out on December 8,1970 (the Feast of the Immaculate Conception), Borghese was forced to flee to Spain to avoid arrest and interrogation. He died in 1974 under mysterious circumstances while in exile in Cadiz, Spain. His body is buried in the Borghese Chapel inside Basilica of S. Maria Maggiore, one of the five great basilicas in Rome. Figure 4: Chinese-made copy Xa MAS metal The Xa MAS Insignia sleeve badge. Figure 3: Original Xa MAS metal sleeve badge. Figure 5: Original cloth Xa MAS sleeve badge. The famous Xa MAS shield was designed at the city of Lerici, Italy on the Italian Riviera near the Gulf of Poets by Salvatore Todaro. Its intent was to show the enemy that the brave Italians of the Decima were willing to die throwing a load of explosives against the side of an enemy ship. The original metallic badge was worn sewn on the left sleeve of the uniform jacket. The red Xa on a dark blue background is surmounted by a silver skull holding a red rose clenched in its mouth (Figure 3). The badge is outlined in a silver braid design. On the original badges, the lettering FLOTTIGLIAMAS is in gilt. The early shields measure 55mm by 50mm. Three holes are provided to facilitate the sewing of the badge to the uniform sleeve. I have observed three metal badges, all alleged originals, distinctly different in terms of coloration and size. Figure 4 illustrates a Chinese made copy of the metal badge. Figure 6: Two more original cloth Xa MAS sleeve badges. and inconsistent appearance. Fakes and copies abound Cloth examples also exist (Figures 5 and 6). Since the and they often appear to be far too perfect (Figure 7). originals were made during the last part of the war, when a lack of material and manpower affected every form of industrial production, many have a very ragged Vol. 62, No. 3 (May-June 2011) 27 form 28mm wide solid black ribbon. As with many such medals, it was more than likely issued without a ribbon and it was up to the recipient to add an appropriate ribbon. Endnotes: 1. The acronym ’MAS’ refers to various light torpedo boats used by the Italian Navy during World War I and World War II. 2. The Regia Marina is the Italian Royal Navy. 3. The pair rode a modified unexploded German torpedo propelled by compressed air and twin propellers at a speed of 3 kardh. 4. Borghese is the surname of a family of Italian noble and papal background, originating in Siena as the Borghese or Borghesi, where they came to prominence in the 13th century. 5. On August 22, 1940, in preparation for a human torpedo attack Figure 7: Copy cloth Xa MAS sleeve badge. on the Port of Alexandria, Egypt, Iride was performing tests in the Gulf of Bomba (Cyrenaica, Libya) with four human torpedoes when three Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers off The Xa MAS Commemorative Medal the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle hit the submarine in shallow water. Few crew members were rescued with the support of the The rare 35mm bronze Xa MAS Commemorative Medal human torpedo operators, but most were killed in the sinking. features a large red enamel Roman numeral X_~ on the 6. The Gold Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d’oro al Valore Militare) is an Italian medal originally established on May obverse (Figure 8). The reverse features a skull with the 21, 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia for deeds of red enamel rose clenched in its teeth, which surmounts a outstanding gallantry in war by junior officers and soldiers. The lower case script inscription, PER L’ONORE (for honor) "Savoia" version dates from March 26, 1833 to May 10, 1943. (Figure 9). It is suspended by a double ring suspension 7. Admiral Bergamini was awarded the Gold Medal of Valor, two Silver Medals (one in World War I and one in World War II), three War Crosses, the German Iron Cross, II Class and the Order of Savoy. 8. The Italian SS Legion, eventually designated the 29th Waffen Grenadier SS Division der SS Italianische Nr. 1 or La Brigata d’Assaulto, Miliza Armata, was used primarily as an anti-partisan force. 9. The last major line of defense in the final stages of World War II along the summits of the Apennines during the fighting retreat of Nazi Germany’s forces in Italy against the Allied Armies in Italy commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander.
Recommended publications
  • Coastal Warfare in World War II
    Coastal Warfare in World War II Christopher P. Carlson Cold Wars 2003 Admiralty Trilogy Seminar Introduction Coastal Warfare in WWII ♦ What is Coastal Warfare? ♦ Lioral/Coastal Environment ♦ Background ♦ Mighty Midgets - “Small Craft” ♦ Roles and Missions ♦ Tactics Overview ♦ National Development ♦ Post-WWII ♦ Coastal Warfare and CaS ♦ Some Good Books What is Coastal Warfare? Coastal Warfare in WWII ♦ “Lioral” or Coastal waters ♦ Shallow water, often sheltered waters • Sometimes too shallow for larger naval vessels ♦ Not seagoing ships • Can’t operate in Sea State 4-5, even then it’s unpleasant ♦ More than just PTs and other high-speed craft • Motor launches for minesweeping, ASW, rescue (e.g. British MLs) • Small minesweepers (e.g. German R-boats) • Barges for transporting cargo (e.g. Japanese Daihatsus) • Landing craft ♦ Common factor is small size • Limited endurance • Light armament • Low damage capacity !! Littoral/Coastal Environment Coastal Warfare in WWII ♦ Difficult environment due to the close proximity of land ♦ Detection Issue - Heavy clu1er ♦ Classification Issue - Many false contacts ♦ Reduced operation space - Restricted maneuverability ♦ All combine to reduce a ship’s reaction time Coastal waters Background Coastal Warfare in WWII ♦ WWI - These are distinct from the “Torpedo Boat” • Seagoing vessel intended for fleet action ♦ Who built coastal combatants? • Britain: Built a dozen Coastal Motor Boats (CMBs) ■ 40 ft long, single rearward launched torpedo & a few MGs ■ Several dozen motor launches, 76ft long, 3 pdr, general-purpose
    [Show full text]
  • Interrogato Daj Giudici L'ex Capo Del SID Grave Offensiva Contro L
    r Unità 7 venerdì 8 novembre 1974 PÀG. 5 / cronache u » t Otto nuovi provvedimenti firmati dal giudici che Indagano sul tentativo di Borghese Nuovi mandati di cattura per il golpe Tra gli arrestati esponenti del MSI Cinque sono finiti in carcere, tre sono riusciti a fuggire - Tra questi il consigliere regionale missino della Valle d'Aosta, Parisi - Manette a Zanelli dirigente provinciale alla Spezia del partito neofascista - Spiccati una ventina di avvisi di reato e oltre cinquanta comunicazioni giudiziarie Altri otto mandati di cattura, di cui cinque eseguiti Ieri mattina, una ventina di avvisi di reato e 50 comunicazioni giudiziarie sono il bilancio della nuova e tornata » di Indagini della magistratura romana sul golpe Borghese del dicembre 1970. Il • giudice istruttore Filippo Fiore, su richiesta del PM Claudio Vltalone, ha fatto arrestare dagli agenti del Processo al commando nero di Varese nucleo di polizia giudiziaria Benito Guadagni, romano, che fu uno dei più stretti collabo­ VARESE, 7 vanni, di 21 anni, esponente delle SAM, un ratori di Borghese, costruttore edile; Tommaso Adami Rock, fiorentino, ingegnere, già se- • Con la concessione di meno di ventlquat- • « sambabillno », colpito da mandato di cat­ ; ; . gretario provinciale e candi­ . tr'ore di tempo a favore della difesa, si è tura del giudice istruttore di Rieti «per in­ dato al consiglio comunale conclusa stamane, in poco più di un'ora e surrezione armata contro lo Stato, attentato per il MSI; Adriano Mon­ ' mezza, la prima udienza del procedimento alla Costituzione, associazione sovversiva e ti medico di Rieti, Giuseppe < per direttissima nel confronti del quattro Zanelli di La Spezia, dirigen­ • neofascisti arrestati a Varese il 27 ottobre ricostituzione del dlsclolto partito fascista ».
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Italy: Literature, Cinema, Politics and Culture SRISA Course Number: POLI 3102 Maryville Course Number: PSCI 370 Credits: 3, Contact Hours: 45
    Lecture Course Santa Reparata International School of Art Course Syllabus Semester Course Course Title: History of Contemporary Italy: Literature, Cinema, Politics and Culture SRISA Course Number: POLI 3102 Maryville Course Number: PSCI 370 Credits: 3, Contact Hours: 45 1. COURSE DESCRIPTION In this course students will study the history of Contemporary Italy from WWII (the 1940’s and the birth of the Italian Republic) and continue on through to the development and the radical change of the country during the 1960’s, the long Anni Settanta and the so called “years of lead”, contemporary Italian politics up through most recent historical events. Introduction to major literary, cinematographic and artistic movements are covered as well as social aspects of Italian life including topics such as the Italian political system; the development of the Italian educational system; the roots and influence of the Italian Mafia; and the changing role of women in Italian society. 2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION This course introduces students to the history and politics of contemporary Italy from the time of WWII to the present. The course is divided into five parts, with the first part focusing on the transformation of the country and its eventual industrialization. We will study the reconstruction and economic boom of the 1950s and 1960s, social post-war conflict, and the year 1968 - with the student and worker protests - and the final changing of Italian social geography. Great importance will be given to internal migration, from south to north and to the development of the Mafia. The second part of the course focuses on the history of the 1970s, later called the “Years of Lead”, because of terrorist escalation culminating with the assassination of MP Aldo Moro in May 1978 by the Red Brigades.
    [Show full text]
  • Why China Has Not Caught Up
    Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet Why China Has Not Andrea Gilli and Caught Up Yet Mauro Gilli Military-Technological Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage Can adversaries of the United States easily imitate its most advanced weapon systems and thus erode its military-technological superiority? Do reverse engineering, industrial espi- onage, and, in particular, cyber espionage facilitate and accelerate this process? China’s decades-long economic boom, military modernization program, mas- sive reliance on cyber espionage, and assertive foreign policy have made these questions increasingly salient. Yet, almost everything known about this topic draws from the past. As we explain in this article, the conclusions that the ex- isting literature has reached by studying prior eras have no applicability to the current day. Scholarship in international relations theory generally assumes that ris- ing states beneªt from the “advantage of backwardness,” as described by Andrea Gilli is a senior researcher at the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Defense College in Rome, Italy. Mauro Gilli is a senior researcher at the Center for Security Studies at the Swiss Federal Insti- tute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. The authors are listed in alphabetical order to reºect their equal contributions to this article. The views expressed in the article are those of the authors and do not represent the views of NATO, the NATO Defense College, or any other institution with which the authors are or have been
    [Show full text]
  • La Strategia Della Tensione E La Teoria Del Doppio Stato
    %*1"35*.&/50%*4$*&/;&10-*5*$)& $"55&%3"%*4503*"$0/5&.103"/&" -"453"5&(*"%&--"5&/4*0/&&-"5&03*"%&-%011*045"50 3&-"503& $"/%*%"50 1SPG'FEFSJDP/JHMJB "MFYBOEFS%J*BOOJ .BUSJDPMB "//0"$$"%&.*$0 Indice: Capitolo I: L’avvento degli anni di piombo 6 1.1 Il Sessantotto ed i movimenti studenteschi. 6 1.1.1 Le lotte operaie e l’«autunno caldo». 10 1.2 L’evoluzione degli scontri di piazza e gli attentati dinamitardi. 13 1.2.1 Piazza Fontana. 18 1.3 Il sogno del golpe e lo stragismo: Peteano, Brescia e la strage del treno Italicus. 20 1.4 La strage di Bologna e le verità inconfessate. 27 Capitolo II: Dibattito sullo Stato «parallelo» 30 2.1 La nascita del Sid e il suo ruolo nella Strategia della tensione. 30 2.2 I protocolli segreti dell’Alleanza Atlantica, il Sid «parallelo» e l’enigma di Capo Marrargiu. 39 2 Introduzione: Cos’è la Strategia della tensione? Davvero, il periodo della storia italiana, che va dal 1969 al 1975, caratterizzato da molteplici tentativi di golpe e dallo stragismo, è stato manovrato da determinati servizi segreti «paralleli»? I servizi segreti italiani, sono stati «deviati» ed inquinati da singoli elementi che hanno operato al loro interno? E fino a che punto, le superpotenze, come gli Stati Uniti d’America, hanno condizionato le scelte italiane in questo settore? Si può davvero dimostrare l’esistenza di uno Stato «parallelo», e di conseguenza confermare la cosiddetta Teoria del «Doppio» Stato? Queste, le ipotesi avanzate. L’elaborato, non pretende di dare una risposta alla miriade di interrogativi: fornisce piuttosto, una analisi storiografica ben dettagliata e rigorosa fino al possibile, affinché possa essere gettata un po' di luce, su questa «oscura pagina» della storia italiana.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations from 1941 to the Present
    CRM D0006297.A2/ Final July 2002 Charting the Pathway to OMFTS: A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations From 1941 to the Present Carter A. Malkasian 4825 Mark Center Drive • Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1850 Approved for distribution: July 2002 c.. Expedit'onaryyystems & Support Team Integrated Systems and Operations Division This document represents the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the Navy. Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N0014-00-D-0700. For copies of this document call: CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Copyright 0 2002 The CNA Corporation Contents Summary . 1 Introduction . 5 Methodology . 6 The U.S. Marine Corps’ new concept for forcible entry . 9 What is the purpose of amphibious warfare? . 15 Amphibious warfare and the strategic level of war . 15 Amphibious warfare and the operational level of war . 17 Historical changes in amphibious warfare . 19 Amphibious warfare in World War II . 19 The strategic environment . 19 Operational doctrine development and refinement . 21 World War II assault and area denial tactics. 26 Amphibious warfare during the Cold War . 28 Changes to the strategic context . 29 New operational approaches to amphibious warfare . 33 Cold war assault and area denial tactics . 35 Amphibious warfare, 1983–2002 . 42 Changes in the strategic, operational, and tactical context of warfare. 42 Post-cold war amphibious tactics . 44 Conclusion . 46 Key factors in the success of OMFTS. 49 Operational pause . 49 The causes of operational pause . 49 i Overcoming enemy resistance and the supply buildup.
    [Show full text]
  • Gli Anni Di Piombo Nella Letteratura E Nell'arte Degli Anni Duemila
    Facultad de Filología Departamento de Filología Moderna Área de Estudios italianos Gli anni di piombo nella letteratura e nell’arte degli anni Duemila TESIS DOCTORAL AUTORA: LILIA ZANELLI DIRECTORA: CELIA ARAMBURU SÁNCHEZ SALAMANCA 2018 II Esta Tesis Doctoral ha sido realizada bajo la dirección de la Profesora Celia Aramburu Sánchez Fdo. III IV Non posso terminare questo lavoro senza ringraziare, in primo luogo, la professoressa Celia Aramburu Sánchez, per gli insegnamenti ed il tempo che mi ha dedicato fin dall’inizio di questa ricerca, per la pazienza nel rispondere ai tanti dubbi che le sottoponevo, per la passione con la quale abbiamo condiviso questo tema, per avermi saputo orientare, consigliare, correggere, e non ultimo incoraggiare durante questi anni. Grazie anche a tutti i professori dell’Área de Estudios italianos dell’Università di Salamanca i cui insegnamenti spero di essere riuscita a plasmare nell’elaborazione di questa tesi. Un ringraziamento speciale anche alla professoressa Alessandra Zanobetti che è stata mia tutor durante il mio soggiorno presso l’università di Bologna e che ho ritrovato con piacere dopo tanti anni, senza la quale la ricerca riguardante la parte giuridica di questa tesi non sarebbe stata possibile. Grazie alla mia famiglia e poi agli amici più cari che hanno sopportato le assenze, le preoccupazioni ed incertezze e in particolare a mio cugino Maurizio Morini, testimone diretto degli “anni di piombo” e fonte di ispirazione. Grazie, Javier e Paola, per il vostro amore, per l’aiuto enorme che mi avete prestato e per avere sempre creduto in me. V VI Indice ABBREVIATURE IMPIEGATE XIII INTRODUZIONE 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Italy and Its Traumatic Past
    How to Transform a ‘Place of Violence’ into a ‘Space of Collective Remembering’: Italy and its Traumatic Past Anna Lisa Tota* Abstract: This paper seeks to analyse cultural trauma theories and their consequences as well as their potential applicability to cases of collective trauma where access to the legal arena in the rehabilitation process is not possible. When ‘state terror’ occurs, such as in Latin America, or, more arguably Italy, access to the legal arena is systematically denied through a variety of criminal strategies. In these cases, the cultural working through of trauma takes place on the aesthetic level. What are the consequences of this process both for the inscription of the crucial event in public discourse and for its relationship with justice? Moreover, how do aesthetic codes affect the public definition of justice and a collective understanding of what happened? Introduction1 A new wave of international terrorism has emerged in the wake of the attacks of September 11, March 11 and July 7 affecting our common perceptions of risk, justice and everyday life. These attacks challenged existing ideas about the state, war, torture, prison, human rights and presented a host of new questions for intellectuals, social scientists, artists, politicians and common citizens to consider. The question of how to locate terror in the public space is a complex question but it can be analysed by considering the nature itself of the aesthetic codes used to transform a place of violence into a space of collective remembering. This process of transforming place is shaped by the performative nature of the narratives used in the different national contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • La Violenza Politica Che L'italia Democratica Deve Affrontare A
    La violenza politica che l'Italia democratica deve affrontare a partire dagli anni Settanta, ha due punti di riferimento, seppure non sempre facilmente identificabili: il lascito psicologico, culturale e politico del fascismo repubblicano di Salò da un lato, e quello della Resistenza dall'altro. In ambedue i casi, I'irriducibilità di queste estreme minoranze muove da un presupposto mitico. Per gli eredi di Salò si tratta delI'onore della patria tradito dal re e da Badoglio. E’ per riscattare il disonore che tanti giovani, cresciuti nella scuola fascista, si impegnano nell’ultima disperata militanza a Salò. Dai ranghi della Repubblica Sociale viene il nucleo fondante della destra neofascista nel II dopoguerra; e agli ideali del fascismo di Salò vanno riportati mentalità e propositi di quella base missina movimentista in cui viene reclutata la manovalanza per golpe e stragi . A questa sempre più lontana e generica matrice fascista, si aggiungeranno, col passare del tempo altri miti, quelli dell'arianesimo e del nazionalsocialismo hitleriano o addirittura quelli della ritualità celtica come espressione di una Europa forte, pura, e superiore, da contrapporre all'Est comunista e al capitalismo occidentale, soprattutto americano. Proprio una Europa vista come terza potenza mondiale, ma vissuta come rivincita sulla guerra perduta dal nazifascismo darà il nome “Terza posizione” ad una delle più importanti organizzazioni dell'eversione nera che sarà poi il serbatoio di reclutamento dei gruppi di fuoco dei NAR. Prevalentemente di segno operaio e studentesco, con diffuso reclutamento nell'emarginazione, è invece lo spazio sociale delI'eversione rossa; essa si radicalizzerà con il crescere di quella nera fino a riempire la scena intorno alla metà degli anni Settanta, quando si scatenerà il terrorismo rosso.
    [Show full text]
  • PT-305 Fact Sheet
    PT-305 Fact Sheet Higgins “78” Specifications: • Length 78 feet • Beam 20 feet 1 inch • Draft 5 feet 3 inches • Weight 43-56 tons, depending on weapons • Engines 3 Packard V-12s • Speed 40 knots • Crew 2 officers, 11 men • Higgins designed boat (Mr. Sprauge) • More maneuverable than ELCO • Engines located mid-ship Weapons and Other Equipment: • .50-caliber twin machine guns, effective as an anti-aircraft and anti-personnel weapon • Oerlikon 20mm guns for use against both air- and surface craft • 4 Mark 13 torpedoes, mounted in roll-off launching racks, each weighing over a ton including a 600- pound warhead • Mark 6 anti-submarine depth charge • small 60mm mortar able to launch illuminating rounds, lay smoke screens, and bombard shore targets • stern-mounted canister of compressed gas for smoke screens • radar, especially useful at night (In the Med, radar-equipped American PT boats would often be paired up with British MTBs (motor torpedo boats), which had no radar, to hunt for German flak lighters at night. PT-305 restoration stats: • Volunteers: 202 all-time; 67 currently • Volunteer man-hours: 105,000 • Volunteer labor value: about $2 million • Monetary donations: about $400,000 • Donations from more than 100 companies • In-kind donations: nearly $3 million worth of supplies, materials, and parts including: • Approximately 300 gallons of paint • 120 gallons of Dolphinte bedding compound • 480 yard of #10 Cotton Duck • 10,000 board foot of mahogany • 3,000 board foot of cypress • 75 sheets marine plywood • 39,000 copper rivets • 3 miles of caulked seam (double that for masking tape) • 36,000 silicon bronze screws • 12,459 feet of cabling and wiring PT Boat Losses During the war: 69 of the 531 PT boats lost in service (source: PT Boats, Inc.) • Accident, friendly fire, sea conditions: 22 • Destroyed to prevent capture: 21 • Aircraft: 5 • Ship: 5 • Shore Battery: 5 • Mine: 4 • Rammed: 2 • Kamikaze: 2 • Other: 3 Postwar: • Burned off a beach at Samar, Philippines: 118 • Many were given to allies, including China, South Korea, and the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Countersea Operations
    COUNTERSEA OPERATIONS Air Force Doctrine Document 2-1.4 15 September 2005 This document complements related discussion found in Joint Publication 3-30, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations. BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE DOCTRINE DOCUMENT 2-1.4 SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 15 SEPTEMBER 2005 SUMMARY OF REVISIONS This document is substantially revised. This revision’s overarching changes are new chapter headings and sections, terminology progression to “air and space” from “aerospace,” expanded discussion on planning and employment factors, operational considerations when conducting countersea operations, and effects-based methodology and the emphasis on operations vice capabilities or platforms. Specific changes with this revision are the additions of the naval warfighter’s perspective to enhance understanding the environment, doctrine, and operations of the maritime forces on page 3; comparison between Air Force and Navy/Marine Corp terminology, on page 7, included to ensure Air Force forces are aware of the difference in terms or semantics; a terminology matrix added to simplify that awareness on page 9; amphibious operations organization, command and control, and planning are also included throughout the document. Supersedes: AFDD 2-1.4, 4 June 1999 OPR: HQ AFDC/DS (Lt Col Richard Hughey) Certified by: AFDC/DR (Lt Col Eric Schnitzer) Pages: 66 Distribution: F Approved by: Bentley B. Rayburn, Major General, USAF Commander, Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center FOREWORD Countersea Operations are about the use of Air Force capabilities in the maritime environment to accomplish the joint force commander’s objectives. This doctrine supports DOD Directive 5100.1 requirements for surface sea surveillance, anti-air warfare, anti-surface ship warfare, and anti-submarine warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Italy to California Italian Immigration
    CONTENTS Letter from Nancy Pelosi 2 Foreword by Mark D. Schiavenza 3 The Italians Who Shaped California by Alessandro Baccari 4 Introduction 6 THE FIRST WAVE: Working Life IN CERCA DI Agriculture & Food Processing 7 UNA NUOVA VITA Winemakers 7 ITALY TO CALIFORNIA Inventors & Entrepreneurs 8 Making A Living 8 ITALIAN IMMIGRATION: 1850 TO TODAY Story of a Sicilian Fisherman 10 Organized Labor 10 OCT. 16, 2009 – JAN. 17, 2010 Women Workers 10 Story of a Pioneer Woman 12 MUSEO ItaloAmericano Gold Country: The Miners 12 Fort Mason Center, Building C, San Francisco, CA 94123 Teresa’s Place 12 Gold Country: The Boardinghouses 13 THE FIRST WAVE: City Life The Italian District: North Beach 14 Italian Opera 14 Italian Language Press 16 Scavenging 16 Business & Banking 17 The Earthquake 17 THE FIRST WAVE: Social Life Family & Community 19 Church & School 19 THE SECOND WAVE: A Different Kind of Immigrant The Middle Class Immigration 20 Starting Over 20 Escaping Racial Laws 21 Displaced Persons 21 PHOTOS: FRONT COVER Photo: FIRST WAVE – Italian Immigrants THE THIRD Wave on Ferry from Ellis Island, 1905. Photo by Lewis W. Hine. Courtesy The Third Wave by Paolo Pontoniere 22 of George Eastman House Third Wave Immigrants: 22 THIS PAGE: SECOND WAVE – Papa Gianni Giotta (on the left) and Marco Vinella at opening day of Caffe Trieste, 1956. Courtesy A Global Tribe of Artists, Scientists, of the Giotta family Entrepreneurs, & Explorers INSIDE COVER Photo: THIRD WAVE – TWA’s First Flight from From Social Unrest to Technological 25 Fiumicino International Airport to JFK with a Boeing 747.
    [Show full text]