© in This Web Service Cambridge University

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03995-7 - The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume III: Total War: Economy, Society and Culture Edited by Michael Geyer and Adam Tooze Index More information

Index

A4 rocket, 215 British manufacture pre-war, 33, 38 Abadan, 144 Great Britain, 103–5 ABC of Communism, 578 jet, 213–14 Abyssinia research and development, 201 Italian invasion, 30, 33, 395 Soviet Union, 97 British response, 492–3 United States, 106, 114 Acheson, Dean, 514–16, 518 Akihito, 444 Acker, Achille van, 558 Alcan, 119, 222 Adams, John, 220 Alcoa, 119 administrative governance, 454–62, 473 Aldrig mere Krig, 480–1 policy-making, 455 Algeria, 138 separation of powers, 455–6 All-India Kisan Sabha, 409 Adorno, Theodor, 621–9, 639, 641, 644–5 aluminium, 118–20, 203, 222–3 aerial photography, 728 environmental impact, 223 African-Americans, 367, 723 American Anthropological Association, Afrika Korps, 189 548–9 agriculture, 149–50, 411, see also food American Bar Association, 459, 535, 549 security American Declaration of the Rights and Belgium, 160 Duties of Man, 528, 540 China, 171–2, 405–7 American Jewish Committee, 533 Denmark, 160 American Law Institute, 532–3 Germany American Relief Administration for a inter-war, 151 Russian Famine, 510 wartime, 153–4, 156–60 Andere Deutschland, Das, 485 Great Britain, 165 Andreev, Daniil, 490 India, 407–11 Anglo-American Council on Production Japan, 100, 154–6, 390 (AACP), 317 Manchuria, 395–6 Anglo-Iranian, 125 modernization, 149–51, 387 animals, 229–34 post-war, 394 domestic, 233–4 Soviet Union, 169–70 anthracite, 126 United States, 163, 386–7 anthrax, 267 Ahonen, Pertti, 546 Anthropocene, 26 air defence, 210–12 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 612 aircraft Antwerp, 192

810

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03995-7 - The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume III: Total War: Economy, Society and Culture Edited by Michael Geyer and Adam Tooze Index More information

Index

Anzai Sadako, 426 BARBAROSSA, operation, 44–5, 399, 588 apologetic memory, 709–11, 716, 718 Barber, John, 588–9 Appia, Louis, 476 Barcero programme, 391 ARD, 687 Barraclough, Geoffrey, 248 Arendt, Hannah, 24, 630, 644–5 Bartov, Omer, 274, 372 Argentina, 167 BASF, 197 Ariès, Philippe, 671 Basra-Margil, 177 Arisawa Hiromi, 83 Batou system, 314 armoured vehicles Battle of Britain, 211, 333 Soviet union production, 31 Battle of Stalingrad (ﬁlm), 683 Arnold, Matthew, 220 Bauman, Zygmunt, 720 Aruba reﬁnery, 141, 144 bauxite, 118–20, 222–3 Asia Express, 99 Bayer, 197, 199 asocials, 365 bazooka, 207–8 AT&T, 197 Bedaux, Charles, 316, 321 Atatürk, Kemal, 702 Belarus, 399 Atlantic Charter, 49, 510, 526, 531–2 Belgium, 558 Attlee, Clement, 492, 596 agriculture, 160 Aung San, 608 economic policy Auschwitz, 113, 154 adherance to gold standard, 30 Adorno on, 645 post-war monetary reform, 49 chemicals complex, 44, 135 labour relations, 572 genocide at, 254, 630 persecution of Jews, 703 ghosts, 657–8 bellicist cultures, 416–17 photography, 737–40 Belorussia, 157 sexual slavery, 439–40 Bender, Hans, 671 survivors’ memories, 717–18 Bengal, 408–9 Austad, Torleiv, 481 Benjamin, Walter, 644 Australia, 167 Bennett, Judith A., 238 army, 228 Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 266 conscientious objection, 471–2 Berlin Sports Palace, 353 exports, 194 Berlin, Battle of industrial production, 315 casualties, 273–4 Australian Imperial Force, 227 Soviet memorial, 273, 673, 693 Austria, 36, 49, 93, 102, 135, 249, 259, 282, Berliner Illustrierte, 731 295–6, 324, 379, 436, 506, 517, 522, 572 Bethe, Hans, 204 currency reform, 49 Bethnal Green Underground Station autarky, 128–31, see also food security tragedy, 689 Avro Lancaster, 104 Betriebsführer, 300 Beveridge report, 337, 533, 553–6, 596 Backe, Herbert, 46, 153, 156, 158 international impact, 556–8 Baden-Württemberg, 114 Beveridge, William, 50, 467, 553 Baku, 123, 133, 141–3 Bevin, Ernest, 299–300, 492 Balbo, Italo, 395–6 Bill of Rights Committee, 460 ballistic missiles, 214–15 Bintan Island, 119 bancor, 51 biological warfare, 209, 236, 266–7, 542 Bandar Shahpur, 177 Birkhoff, Gary, 208 Bandera, Stepan, 676 Bismarck, Otto von, 561–2, 633 Bandung Conference, 613 bison meat, 232 Bank of England, 38 black markets Bank of France, 33 France, 47, 158 Bank of Japan, 61 Germany, 49 Barbarossa Decree, 441 Japan, 85

811

Index

Blair, Sir Ian, 675 CalTech, 114 Blanchot, Maurice, 652 Camus, Albert, 651 Blitzkrieg, 40, 350 Canada blockades, 393 conscientious objection, 470–1 Blomberg, Werner von, 30 conscription, 470–1 Blum, Léon, 34 industrial production, 315 Blyeh, Yayutz, 424–5 natural resources, timber, 226–40 Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 108–9, social policy, 557, 566–7 114, 180 Canadian Bar Association, 535 Bolivia, 281 cancroid, 427 Boll, Bernd, 727 cannibalism, 264–5 Bomber Command memorial, 694–6 Cap Arcona, 189 bond ﬁnance Carnegie Institution, 199, 205 bond drives, 22–3 Caron, George, 744 China, 68 Carta del Lavoro, 300 Germany, 36 Casablanca conference, 175 Japan, 62–3, 79 Cassin, René, 538 Bose, Subhas Chandra, 606 Castle Bromwich, 104 Bougainville, 163 cavity magnetron, 212 Bourne, Randolph, 582 Ceadel, Martin, 491 Braun, Eva, 668 cemeteries, 238, 663–4 Braun, Wernher von, 215, 219 censorship Bren machine gun, 105 British, 335 Bretton Woods conference, 52–3 central planning, 592–3 Bricker, John, 549 France, 594–6 Bridge over the River Kwai (ﬁlm), 681 Germany British Administration of Malaya, 608 First World War, 577–8 British Aluminium Company, 119 pre-war, 584–5 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Great Britain, 581 332–3 post-war, 596 British National Physical Laboratory, 198 shipping, 183 British Transportation Service, 183 India, 581–2, 597–8 Brittain, Vera, 383, 494 Indonesia, 597 Brock, Peter, 488 Japan, 586–8 Brokaw, Tom, 271 post-war, 593–8 Browning, Christopher, 720 research and development, 205 bubonic plague, 210 Soviet Union, 578–9 Buddhism, 483 wartime, 588–90 Budrass, Lutz, 114 United States, 582–4, 590–2 Buna Beach, 735–7 shipping, 183 Burgfrieden, 577 wartime, 585–93 Burma, 42, 87, 93, 144, 608–9 Central Reserve Bank (China), 66 food shortages, 162 Chain Home system, 211 Burma-Siam railway, 57, 257, 283, 542 Chamberlain, Neville, 332, 467 Burnham, James, 115 Appeasement policy, 33 Bush, George W., 675, 692 Chang, Iris, 710 Bush, Vannevar, 205, 211 Chang, P. C., 538 Butters, Ed, 232 Charter 77 movement, 551 Chartier, Émile, 479 Cagan, Philip, 57 Chelyabinsk, 110 Cairo conference, 619–20, 616 chemical warfare, 200 Calcutta, 605 chemists, 208–9 California, 114 Chen Bijun, 604

812

Index

Chen Yi, 614 labour relations, 570 Chertkov, Vladimir, 463–4 tank production, 116 Chetniks, 402 Churchill, Winston, 49, 103, 332, 359, 393, 467 Chiang Kai-shek, 59, 89, 170, 599, 611, on human rights, 531–2 619–20 on Korea, 616 Chickering, Roger, 220 on Lend-Lease, 42 Children’s Fund, 525 on loss of Empire, 606–7 Chile on post-war relief, 507 copper production, 118 on post-war treatment of Nazi leaders, 541 nitrate production, 118 Citroen, André, 317–18 Chil-sung Yang, 702–3 Civil Rights movement, 477 China, 618 Civilian Public Service camps, 470 agriculture, 171–2 civilians, see population displacement land reform, 405–7 Clark, Grenville, 459–62, 465 casualties, 172 Clark, William, 465 at hands of Chinese troops, 255–6 Clinton, Bill, 691 civilian, 254 coal, 135–8 military, 254 iron ore and, 125 civil war, 604–5, 611 transportation, 127 Daioyu islands, 620, 676 Ukraine, 136 displaced persons, 280–1, 296 world production, 126 economy coal production bond ﬁnance, 68 Great Britain, 224 communist controlled, 77–80 Soviet Union, 96–7 compulsory borrowing, 57 Cohen, Daniel, 545, 550 currency, 87–90 Cold War, 54 inﬂation, 68–72, 78, 90–3, 171 collaboration, 718 Japanese-occupied, 75–7 Denmark, 480–1 monetary regimes, 63–6 colonialism money-printing, 92 genocide, 719–21 nationalist, 66–78, 87–93 Combined Food Boards, 165 post-war, 87–93 Combined Raw Materials Board, 134 taxation, 79–80 comfort women, 429, 432, 629, 698–9, food security, 170–3 707–10, 715, 724 humanitarian aid, 513, 520–1 apologies to, 715 medical care, 271 commemorative events, 690–6 military spending, 67–9 Commissariat général du Plan (CGP), 594–6 nationalist, 66–78, 87–93, 170–2, 601–2, Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB), 619–20 510 natural resources Committee for the Defence of coal, 137 Conscientious Objection (France), partisans, 400–7 464–5 post-war settlement, 600–5, 610–11, Committee of Imperial Defence, 185–6 612–13 Communist Party (Chinese), 405–7, 602 revisionism, 619 Communist Party (Polish), 705 social policy, 603 Communist Party (Soviet), 342–3 Soviet Union and, 611 compensation payments United States and, 601, 610–11, 621 timber requisitions, 227 cholera, 210 concentration camps Chongqing, 254–5 German Christianity, 646 disease, 266 chrome ore, 135 Mittelbau-Dora, 313 Chrysler, 107 condoms, 427–8

813

Index

Congress of Racial Equality, 497 Dakus family, 293 Congress Party (India), 605–6 Dam Busters, The (film), 681 conscientious objection, 447–8, 462–74, Danzig, 729–30 490–1, see also pacifism D’Aragona Commission, 558 Australia, 471–2 Dawson, Graham, 680 Canada, 470–1 D-Day, 52, 144, 192, 271, 347, 357, 691 Denmark, 451–2 D-day landings, 691 France, 453, 464–5 DDT, 230, 241 Germany, 462–3, 488–9 de Havilland Mosquito, 224 Great Britain, 467–9 death, 172, see also ghosts Japan, 464 attitudes to New Zealand, 451, 471–2 Soviet, 343 Norway, 450 commemoration, 271–2 pre-war, 449–54 disease, 266–7 Soviet Union, 448, 463–4 expectations of, 252–4 United States, 461–2, 468–70 famine, 264–6 conscription industrial accidents, 108 Canada, 470–1 photographic representation, 736–7 Germany, 462–3, 487–8 social and cultural impact, 671–2 Great Britain, 467–8 starvation, 163, 172 Prussian model, 449 suicide, 267–74 United States, 465–6 total war dead, 252 Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 106 Deladier, Édouard, 38 Conti, Leonardo, 152, 370 Demmin, 267 contract manufacturing, 95 Democratic Party (US), 458 Controlled Materials Plan, 591–2 Deng Xiaoping, 406 Cooper, William, 723 Denmark copper, 118 agriculture, 160, 392–3 Councell, Clara, 266 collaboration, 480–1 courts-martial, 344 conscientious objection, 451–2 Craig, Gordon, 636 pacifism, 480–1 Crane, Susan, 739 post-war monetary reform, 49 Cranes are Flying, The (film), 684–5 Deterding, Henry, 125 Crimean War, 728 Detroit tank arsenal, 116 crimes against humanity, 541 Detroit, Treaty of, 570 crimes against the peace, 541 Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF), 302–3, 306, Cruel Sea, The (film), 681–2 321–2, 324, 326 Cruel Sea, The (book), 188–9 Deutsche Friedengesellschaft, 485 Cuba, 533 Dibrophen, 375 cultural memory, 678–9 disabled people Curacao, 144 Germany war veterans, 378–9 Czarowski, Gabriele, 435–6 disease, 266–7, 291, 735, see also venereal Czechoslovakia disease economic policy, post-war, 49 Nazi total war and, 370 industrial production, 318 displaced persons, 277–90, see also military spending, 33 migration accommodation, 294 Dad’s Army (UK TV series), 690 British Empire, 282–3 Daikyo Oil, 113–14 China, 280–1 Daily Mail, 672 disease, 291 Daimler, 111 employment, 295 Daimler-Benz, 111 Europe, 279 Daioyu islands, 620 ethnic Germans, 522–3

814

Index

Far East, 282–3 Employment Act (1946, US), 567 forced repatriation, 522–3 engineering training, 198 German, 284–5, 663–4, 712 Epaney, 239 human rights, 550–2 European Convention on Human Rights, humanitarian aid, 503, 505 530, 547 UNRRA, 521–3 Evans, Walker, 386 Japanese, 710–11 Jewish, 281–2 fabi, 68–73 life as, 293–7 factories, 95 Poland, 282 Falaise, 238 Polish farmers, 154 Falklands-Malvinas War, 675 refugee camps, 290–4 Fall of Berlin (film), 683–4 resettlement, 288, 573 fascism, 532, 642 Spanish Civil War, 280–1 Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 433–4 Doctor Faustus, 637–41, 650, 652–3 Federal Agency for Water and Air Quality doctors, 369 (German), 240–1 Dodge Line, 85 Federal Reserve Bank (China), 66 Dodge, Joseph, 85 Feifel, Herman, 671 Dokutovich, Galina, 346 Feigel, Lara, 422 Donbass, 136 Fellowship of Reconciliation, 491, 495–7 Dorgelès, Roland, 660 Fiat (motor manufacturer), 317 Dorman-Smith, Reginald, 608 Fiji Doss, Elizabeth, 694 military land requisition, 237–8 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 638 timber, 227 Dowa Automobile Manufacturing film, 660–1 Company, 99 1950s, 679–85 Dower, John, 275, 484 German anti-Semitic, 368 Dresden, 629, 696, 740–3 Germany Du Pont, 197 anti-Semitic, 357–8 Dubois, W. E. B., 723 Great Britain, 680–2 Dukhobors, 470 Italy, 679–80 Duranti, Marco, 547 Soviet Union, 682–5 dysentery, 378 United States, 679, 686 Finland, 232 Eastman, Lloyd, 91 First World War, 21, 367 Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 590 conscientious objection, 451 Economic Advisory Council, 581 ghosts, 658–61 Eden, Anthony, 553 natural resources, 122 education, 201 peasant conscripts, 387 Education Act (1944, UK), 558 photography, 728 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 344, 347 post-war humanitarian aid, 510–11 Eichmann, Adolf, 688, 716 rationing, 388 Einaudi, Luigi, 597 research and development, 200–2 Einsatzgruppen, 260–2, 368 resistance to, 417 psychological strain, 371 shipping, 174–6, 182, 184 Eisenhower, Dwight, 518 transportation, 174–6 Eisenman, Peter, 673 war economies, 27 Elizabeth II, 695 United States, 43 Elton, C. S., 231 Fischer, Fritz, 715 Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, Fish and Wildlife Service (United States), 397 240 Emergency Powers (Defence) Act (1941), fishing, 233 300 Five-Year Plans, 32, 95–7, 579

815

Index

flag salute ceremonies, 460–1 pacifism, 478–80 flamethrowers, 209 remilitarization, 36 Flex, Walter, 659 Revolutionary, 93 Foca, 402 shipping, 190–1 Focke-Wulf 190 fighter, 112 welfare state, 562–3 food security, 151, see also agriculture Frank, Anne, 266, 548 China, 170–3 Frankfurt School, 641–5 Germany Frankfurter, Felix, 456–8, 460 interwar, 150–2 French Resistance, 557 wartime, 152–4 Frick, Wilhelm, 365 Great Britain, 165–6 Friedman, Milton, 74 Japan, 154–6, 160–5 Fromm, Friedrich, 111 Soviet Union, 169–70 Fucke-Michels, Ilse, 668 forced labour fuels from timber, 227–8 Germany, 100, 111–12, 120–1, 282, 361, 372–3 Fuji Electric, 113–14 agriculture, 154 fund-raising, 56–7 Jews, 366–7 Funk, Walther, 40, 47 mining, 138 resistance of labourers, 373 Gällivare, 139 Soviet citizens, 399 Gance, Abel, 660 Japan, 57, 256, 283, 313–15, 367 Gandhi, Mohandas, 476, 702 mining, 137–8 Gaulle, Charles de, 675 Jews, 312 gazogène, 227–8 Koreans, 314–15 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade prisoners of war, 314–15, 367, 391 (GATT), 53 Soviet Union, 96, 138, 347, 367 General Dynamics, 116 United States, 391 General Electric, 197 Ford Motor Company, 115, 570 General Motors, 570 Willow Run plant, 107–8 Generalplan Ost, 397 Ford, Henry, 316, 322 Geneva Convention (1929), 367 forests, 224–9 Geneva Convention (1949), 444, 500, civilian use, 228 540–1, 545 Fort Detrick, 210 Geneva Protocol (1925), 200 Four-Year Plan (Germany), 101–2, 142, 203 genocide, 651, see also Holocaust France, see also Vichy government guilt and complicity, 719–21 black markets, 47, 158 Genocide Convention, 534 central planning, 594, 596 Gerlach, Helmut von, 485 collaborationism, 479–80 German Imperial Physical Technical conscientious objection, 453, 464–5 Institute, 198 economic policy Germany, 23 Blum reforms, 34 agriculture currency devaluation, 34–5 inter-war, 151 monetary inflation, 49 wartime, 153–4, 156–60 payments to Germany, 47 air force see Luftwaffe pre-war, 33–4, 38–9 Allied bombing of, 145, 337–8, 383, 652, food shortages, 158 676, 740–3 imperial possessions, 600, 608 army see Wehrmacht Jewish persecution, 703 attitudes toward other belligerents military production, 203 Soviet Union, 352–3, 360–1 military spending black markets, 49 post-war, 54 casualties, 258–9, 377–8 natural resources 1939, 259 timber, 225–6 civilian, 259

816

Index

demographic effects, 269 women, 307, 309–11 disabled veterans, 378–9 worker loyalty, 322–5 Eastern Front, 169 land requisition, 238–9 suicide, 267–8 medical care, 376–7 Wehrmacht, 169, 351 military actions central bank see Reichsbank invasion of Czechoslovakia, 38 central planning, 577–8 invasion of Norway, 139 civilian population invasion of Poland, 729–32 armed forces and, 360–1 invasion of Soviet Union, 109, 348 casualties, 259 military spending colonial genocide, 719–21 1930s, 30–1 colonization programme, 397 1943 level, 48 conscientious objection, 448, 462–3, 488–9 military strategy, 40 pre-Second World War, 452 avoidance of two-front war, 46 conscription, 462–3, 487–8 mobilization strategy, 361, 364–73 economic policy, 32 morale, 348–58 currency devaluation, 29 natural resources, 131, 133 exchange control imposition (1931), 29 animals, 229–30 fund-raising, 48–9 coal, 135–7 inflationary gap, 36–8 iron ore, 139 metals rationing, 36 manganese ore, 146 proposed early-war tax increases, 40 oil, 147 taxation, 48 preservation, 240–1 trade protectionism, 389–90 timber, 225 economy navy sanctions against, 133 Z program, 102 exclusionary policies, 365 pacifism, 484–9 Communists, 365 penal system, 372 disabled people, 378–80 propaganda, 331, 356–7 homosexuals, 380–1 railways, 102 Jews, 365 remilitarization, 30–1, 202 political dissidents, 381–3 research and development, 199–200, 203–4 food security, 150–2 nuclear weapons, 216–17 shortages, 157–8 rocketry, 215 wartime, 152–4, 156–60 sexuality French payments to, 47 homosexuality, 380–1, 436–8, 707 genocide programme, 260–2 post-war, 442–3 ghosts, 656–7, 659–60 prostitution, 438–41 human rights, 546 shipping, 189–90 industrial production, 44, 100–3 social policy, 558 1942, 111–13 Soviet non-aggression pact, 131–2 Four-Year Plan, 35, 101–2, 203 television, 686 geographical location, 114–15 victim status, 712–13, 743 Mittelstand firms, 117–18 war memorials, 273 post-war, 116 women, 324, 351 rubber, 203 women in, 309–11, 374–5 synthetic products, 124 gender and sexuality, 434–6 labour system, 300–1 labour conscription, 376 agrarian, 391–3 military service, 374 elimination of labour organizations, Gerstein, Kurt, 486 302–4, 324 ghosts, 655 forced labour, 351, 392 Auschwitz, 657–8 post-war, 571 First World War, 658–61

817

Index

ghosts, (cont.) borrowing, 42 Germany, 656–7, 659–60, 666–9 departure from gold standard, 29 Great Britain, 660–1, 668–9 Keynesian management, 42 Italy, 658 post-war, 50, 53–4 post-war, 669–70 welfare spending, 564 Soviet Union, 660 ﬁlm, 680–2 WWII, 656–7, 666–9 food security, 165–6 Vietnam, 656 colonial imports, 167 GI Bill (US), 567 US imports, 166 Giono, Jean, 479 ghosts, 661–72 Giovanni, Agnelli, 317 humanitarian aid, 507–9 Glasgow, 186 imperial possessions, 42, 165, 167, 600, Glennerster, Howard, 560 606–7 globalization, 121 industrial production, 103–5, 202 Gloster Meteor, 214 geographical location, 114–15 Gluck, Carol, 445 labour force God, 646–50 labour relations, 299–300 Goebbels, Joseph, 46, 159, 331–2, 358, women, 307–16, 334–5 361, 712 land requisition, 236–7 propaganda activities, 349, 353 military actions radio addresses, 353–4 bombing of German cities, 337–8, 383, Goethe-communities, 635 652 gold, 73–4 military spending gold bloc, 30 1941 level, 41 Gold Coast post-war, 54 forestry, 226 mining, 138 gold standard, 27 mobilization, 202, 359–60 Goldberg, Oskar, 640 employment rate and, 41 Goldsmith, Raymond, 86, 592 morale, 331–8, 359–60 Goltermann, Svenja, 667, 669 national service, 300 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 704 natural resources, 132–4 gonorrhoea, 427 coal, 135, 138 Gordon, Avery, 674 coal production, 224 Gorer, Geoffrey, 671 iron ore, 139 Göring, Edda, 687–8 oil, 127, 144 Göring, Hermann, 30, 32, 46, 139, 158, 204 timber, 226 industrial planning, 102 naval blockade, 149 Göring Institute, 381 paciﬁsm, 491–5 Gosplan, 578–81, 588 public opinion of Soviet Union, 336–7 Gottl-Ottililienfeld, Friedrich, 318 railways, 127 Grass, Günther, 711 remilitarization, 33 Great Britain resource scarcities, 223–4 agriculture, 165 schools, 560 tariffs, 389 shipping, 183–4 casualties total tonnage, 181 civilian, 262 social policy, 50, 554–6 censorship, 335 National Health Service, 559 central planning, 581 post-war reforms, 558–61 post-war, 596 spending, 564 conscientious objection, 467–9 television, 689–90 conscription, 467–8 war memorials, 694–6 economic policy Great Depression, 26, 28 10-year policy, 27 Great Leap Forward, 612

818

Index

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Himmler, Heinrich, 153, 381, 435, 439 Sphere, 425 Hindenburg, Paul von, 577 Greece Hindu Masabha, 295 economy Hirohito, 425, 444, 715 Nazi seigniorage, 73 Hiroshima famine, 47, 158, 265 atomic bombing, 218, 253–4, 314, 651, humanitarian aid, 521 664, 708–9 shipping, 194 photography, 743–7 grey wolves, 233 Peace Memorial Park, 273, 709–10 Grifﬁths, James, 553 Hirota Koki, 155 Gross, Jan, 714–15 Historikerstreit, 676 Grossman, Vassily, 341, 343–4 East European, 724 Groves, Leslie, 217 Historische Zeitschrift, 631 Gruinard Island, 243 Hitchcock, William, 518 Guangdong, 171 Hitler wave, 688 guerrilla warfare Hitler Youth, 377 Ukraine, 398–400 Hitler, Adolf, 131, 277, 662, 668 gulags, 96, 315–16 ’Four Year Plan’ memorandum, 35, 102 gunpyo, 63 interest in raw materials, 122 Gustavus Adolphus, 658 Meinecke on, 633–4 Guyana, 119 on food security, 152 on homosexuality, 437 Haber, Fritz, 200 on paciﬁsm, 484 Haber-Bosch process, 118, 200 on prostitution, 438–9 Habermas, Jürgen, 644–5, 689 Ho Chi Minh, 702 Hacker, Jacob, 570 Hobsbawm, Eric, 253 Haiphong, 186 Hodge, John R., 616 Halifax, Earl of (E.F.L Wood), 515 Hodgson, Vere, 333, 335, 337, 360 Hamburg, 253–4 Hoechst, 197 Hampl, Elise and Otto, 382 Höhn, Maria, 446 handicapped people, 365 Holmes, John Haynes, 496 Hanks, Tom, 693 Holocaust, 365, 664, see also Auschwitz; Hansen, Alvin, 44 Jews Haraguchi Kikuya, 708 Judaic conception of God and, 645–50 Harris, Arthur, 695 logistical cost, 371 Harrison, Mark, 588–9 memorials, 272–3, 673, 677–8, 692, 715 Hartmann, Helmut, 352 photography, 547–8, 737–40 Harwit, Martin, 746 Poland, 706 Hashimoto Toru, 444 Soviet Jews, 157, 159 Hauser, Monika, 434 strain on perpetrators, 371 Havel, Vaclav, 721 survivors, 665–6, 698–700 Hayek, Friedrich von, 32, 115, 583–4 memories, 717–18 Heidegger, Martin, 645 uniqueness, 722–3 Helsinki Accords, 551 Holocaust (US TV series), 688–9 Herbert, Zbigniew, 626 Homer, 643 herbicides, 393 homosexuality Herero people, 651 Germany, 380–1, 436–8, 707 Hersey, John, 746 United States, 438 Herzog, Dagmar, 434 Hoover, Herbert, 29, 499, 503, 517 Hewart, Gordon, 456–7 humanitarian aid programmes, 510 hibakusha, 665 Hope, Victor, 605 Hilberg, Raul, 717 Horkheimer, Max, 621–9, 641 Hilsenrath, 724 horses, 229–30

819

Index

housing, 573 Indian Ocean, 175 Howard, Elizabeth Jane, 167 Indochina, 80–1, 86 Hu Jintao, 618 Indonesia, 80, 86 Hu Shih, 515 central planning, 597 Hudson, James, 493 independence movement, 609, 702–3 Hughes, Thomas, 319 Indo-Pakistani War, 505 Hull, Cordell, 50, 515 industrial accidents, 108 human rights, 529–31 inflation, 49, 57–8 as subject of international law, 535–6 China, 68–72, 78, 171 minority rights, 534 food security and, 167–8 post-war, 539–47 Japan, 63–6, 82–7 South Africa, 537–8 inflationary gap, 41 United States, 543–5, 549–50 Inland Water Transport, 178 wartime deliberation, 532–7 Inner Mongolia, 66 humanitarian aid, 476–7, 500–7, 525–7 Institut Pasteur, 199 China, 513, 520–1 Institute for Social Research, 641 flaws, 504–5 internal financing, 23 Greece, 521 International Clearing Union, 51 Italy, 521 International Covenant on Human Japan, 518 Rights, 530 post-war, 510–11 opposition to, 549 post-war relief planning, 509–11 International Criminal Court, 445 Great Britain, 507–9 International Labour Organization, 504, scale of aid, 502–3 525, 534 Soviet Union, 511–13 international law, 535–6 voluntary organizations, 525 International Military Tribunal Hunan, 281 (Nuremberg), 541 hyperinflation, 57–8, 68, 80, 85 International Military Tribunal (Tokyo), China, 91, 93 542–3 Japan, 85 international monetary system post-war plans, 50–2 Ideal-X, 195 International Refugee Organization, 523 IG Farben, 102, 125, 202–3 International Stabilization Fund, 51–2 Ile de France, 184 International Trade Organization Ilyushin Il-2, 97 (ITO), 53 Imamura Hitoshi, 163 Iran, 125, 144 Imitation Game, The (TV series), 690 Iraq, 133, 144, 177 incendiary bombs, 209 Iraq War, 445–6, 743 income tax, 567–8 Ireland, 388 independence movements, 599 iron ore, 125, 134, 138–40 Burma, 608 Germany, 139 India, 605 Japan, 140 Indonesia, 609, 702–3 Ukraine, 138–9 Malaya, 607–8 world production, 126, 138 India, 42, 168 Ishihara Shintaro, 444 central planning, 581–2, 597–8 Italy, 396 food aid, 169 arms expenditure, 46 land reform, 407–11 coal imports, 135 nationalism, 409–11 D’Aragona Commission, 558 partisans, 407–11 economic policy post-war settlement, 605–7 currency devaluation, 29 Indian Army, 284 exchange controls, 34–5 Indian National Army, 606 monetary inflation, 49

820

Index

film, 679–80 labour systems, 304–6 ghosts, 658 forced labour, 57, 137–8, 256, 283, 313–15, humanitarian aid, 521 367 industrial production, 317 trade unions, 305–6 worker loyalty, 322–3 women, 307 invasion of Abyssinia, 30, 33, 395 worker loyalty, 325–6 labour system manufacturing, 97–100 trade unions, 302 medical care, 427 women, 307 military actions military spending invasion of Dutch Indonesia, 396–7 1940 level, 40 invasion of New Guinea, 735–7 1941 level, 41 Pearl Harbor attack, 156 shipping, 189–90 military spending It’s a Lovely Day Tomorrow (TV play), 689 1930s, 31 Ivan’s Childhood (film), 685 1940-44 period, 60 mobilization strategy, 23, 99–100 Jackson, Robert, 541, 543 war finance, 24 Jacoby, Annalee, 171 natural resources, 132 Jäger, Jens, 742 coal, 127, 132, 136–8 Jamaat Islami, 295 iron ore, 132, 140 Jamaica, 119 oil, 99, 143–5, 147 Japan rubber, 146 agriculture, 100, 390–406 timber, 225–6, 228 annexation of Manchuria, 29–30, 155, 388, transportation, 179 395–6, see also Manchuria/ navy Manchukuo construction, 98 Japanese settlers, 396–7 occupation of China, 75–7 as victim, 708–11 deaths caused, 254–5 casualties, 258 pacifism, 383, 482–4 civilian, 259 post-war constitution, 443–4 demographic effects, 269 post-war settlement, 613–15 disease, 266 prisoner of war camps, 264 starvation, 163 revisionism, 618 central planning, 586–8 science, 202 conscientious objection, 464 Senkaku islands, 620, 676 deaths caused, 255–8 sexuality, 424–33 economy, 92 mass rapes, 442 bond finance, 62–3 military brothels, 428–30 currency devaluation, 29 post-war, 442–3 government debt, 61–4 prophylaxis, 427–8 household expenditure, 60–1 prostitution, 425–7 inflation, 63–6, 82–7 sexual slavery, 424, 430–3, 698 occupation costs, 79–82 shipping, 179–81 sanctions against, 143–4 US naval blockade, 162, 164–5, 179–81 savings, 62 war crimes tribunals, 542–3 trade deficit, 99 war memorials, 673, 676 war finance, 59–67, 79–82, 92 women, 376 food security, 154–6, 160–5 Japanese Great Co-Prosperity Sphere, 128 humanitarian aid, 518 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 460, 463 industrial production, 97–100, 203 Japan, 483 aircraft, 113–14 jet aircraft, 25 post-war, 117 jet engine, 146, 213–14 role of state, 115 Jewish Museum, 692

821

Index

Jews Knudsen, Bill, 107 19th-century anti-Semitism, 633–4 kokumin debate, 701–2 exclusion from war memory, 703–5 Kolakowski, Leszek, 715 Poland, 705–6 Kollwitz, Käthe, 659 forced labour, 312, 366–7 Konoe Fumimaro, 155 Holocaust, 260–2, 365 Korea, 98, 140, 611–17 in Germany, 365 casualties Mann’s representation, 638–9 Japanese occupation, 256 persecution, 703 comfort women, 707 post-Auschwitz conception of God, 646–50 expulsion of Japanese, 710–11 refugees, 281–2 mass dictatorship, 721–2 scientiﬁc émigrés, 204 post-war, 615–18 Jiangsu, 281 victimhood, 714 Jim Crow laws, 694 Korean American Civic Empowerment, Johnson, Chalmers, 400–1 698 Jonas, Hans, 645–50, 653 Korean War, 54, 611 Joschkowitz, A., 287 Koselleck, Reinhart, 654 Jud Süss, 368 Kraft durch Freude (KdF), 303–4 Judt, Tony, 564, 593, 677 Krasnador, 142 Krauch, Karl, 203–4 K., Josef, 667 Kriegsrohstoffamt, 577–8 Kabbalah, 649 Kriegssonderstrafrechtsverordnung, 487–8 Kaiser Aluminum, 119 Kriegswirtschaftsverordnung, 301 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Metals Krivoy Rog, 139 Research, 203 Krupp, 199 Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG), 199–200, 209 Kruschev, Nikita, 684 Kaiser, Henry, 105 Krygier, Martin, 700 Kameradenschinder trials, 704 Kübler-Ross, Elizabeth, 671 Karun River, 178 Kung, H. H., 73, 91 Katyusha rockets, 121, 206–7 Kupferberg Holocaust Center, 698 Kaur, Ravinder, 294 Kurile Islands, 615 Kehr, Eckart, 632 Kurosawa, Akira, 383 Kehrl, Hans, 586 KV-1 tank, 97 Kellogg-Briand pact, 28, 477, 541 Kwon, Heonik, 654–5 Kenzo, Tange, 709–10 Kerk en Vrede, 482 La Guardia, Fiorello, 552 Kessler, Harry Graf, 485 Labour Discipline Law (Soviet), 301 Kettering, Charles, 107 Labour Inspector Bureaus (Japan), 304 Keynes, John Maynard, 41, 47, 50–2, 508, 581 Labour Party (British), 299–300, 492, 555 on inﬂation, 58, 73 central planning, 581 on money-printing, 56 in government, 558–61 Keynesianism, 23 labour systems, 299–302 Khaldei, Evgennyi, 733–5 Japan, 304–6 Khalkin Gol, Battle of, 94 land wars, 388 Kiev, 265 landscape, 726–7 Kim Hak-sun, 431 Lange, Gunter, 285 Kim Il-Sun, 616–17, 704 Lansbury, George, 491, 493 King, Mackenzie, 557 Laroque, Pierre, 552 Kiruna, 139 Laub, Dori, 717 Kishi Nobosuke, 586 Laudanski brothers, 713–14 Klemperer, Klemens von, 486 Lausanne, Treaty of, 289 Kluge, Alexander, 625 Lauterpacht, Hersch, 533, 535, 538 Klüger, Ruth, 665 Laval, Pierre, 478–9

822

Index

Lawson, Jim, 498 M4 Sherman tank, 106 League for Legal Recognition of MacArthur, Douglas, 230, 735 Conscientious Objection (France), Macauley, Rose, 493 464–5 Macdonald, Ramsay, 29 League of Nations, 476, 511 Madingley Hill, 238 afﬁliated humanitarian organizations, 504 Madras, 283 covenant, 529–30 Magnitogorsk, 96–7, 136, 138 invasion of Abyssinia and, 492–3 Maier, Charles, 731 Leahy, William, 478 Maikiop, 142 Lebensborn, 435 Maimonides, 647 Lebensraum, 100, 152 Majdanek, 154 Lehman, Herbert, 515 malaria, 230–1, 267, 394 Leith-Ross, Frederick, 508–9, 513, 515 Malaya, 59, 80, 132, 607–8 Lemkin, Raphael, 534 British anti-guerrilla campaign, 393 Lend-Lease Law, 42–3, 50, 109 casualties shipping, 183 Japanese occupation, 256 Soviet Union, 45, 118, 211 food shortages, 161 Lenin, Vladimir, 388, 578 Malik, Charles, 538 Leningrad, 2, 6, 110, 153, 265, 338–9, 342, 346, Malta, 189 767, 776 MAN, 111, 117 siege of, 342 managerial revolution, 115 Lepenies, Wolf, 635 Manchou Central Bank, 66, 75–6 Lerner, Paul, 743 Manchuria Arsenal Corporation, 99 Letch, Robert, 187 Manchuria Chemical Industry Company, 99 Levinas, Emmanuel, 645 Manchuria/Manchukuo, 98–9, 140, 388, Ley, Robert, 373 586, 719 liberty, 448–9 agriculture, 155, 395–6 Liberty Ships, 105 forced labour, 314 Libya, 395–6 Japanese annexation, 29–30 Licking Hitler (TV play), 690 Japanese settlers, 396–7 Life magazine, 736, 745–6 expulsion, 710–11 Lifton, Robert Jay, 665 post-war, 614–16 lignite, 126 refugees, 505 Linlithgow, Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of, manganese ore, 146 605 Manhattan Project, 215–18, 235 Lippmann, Walter, 583 Mann, Thomas, 636–52 literacy, 387 Mao Zedong, 401, 407, 605, 611, 617 Litvinov, Maxim, 513, 515 Maoism, 25 Liverpool, 186 maquisards, 232 Lockheed Vega, 108 Maritian, Jacques, 546 London, 185, 573 Marriage of Maria Brown, The (ﬁlm), 433–4 Long Branch Arsenal, 105 Marshall Plan, 54, 524 Lord Haw-Haw, 331–2 Masaaki, Noda, 720 Lowe, Rodney, 560 mass production, 316–22 Löwith, Karl, 652 Massing, Paul, 636 Lübke, Heinrich, 688 Mass-Observation, 332, 359 Ludendorff, Erich, 329, 577 Mauritius, 168–9 Luftwaffe, 209 Mazower, Mark, 697 expansion, 102 McKeown, Adam, 248 homosexuals in, 381 McNamara, Robert, 115 oil consumption, 145 medical care Lukács, George, 641 Great Britain Luxembourg, 135 National Health Service, 559

823

Index

medical care (cont.) Molotov, Vyacheslav, 512–13 Japan, 427 Molotov–Ribbentrop pact, 40 Nazi ideology and, 369–70, 376–7 money illusion, 72 post-war, 271 money-printing, 56–8, 92–3 research, 209 China, 67–8, 77–8, 92–3 Mein Kampf, 438–9, 484 puppet notes, 75–7 Meinecke, Friedrich, 631–6, 652–3 Monnet, Jean, 594–6 German Catastrophe, The, 632–6 Monte Casino, 393 Mellin, Maranja, 158 Moore, Barrington, 408 Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Moorehead, Caroline, 494–5 673 morale, 330 Mengcheng Bank, 66 Germany, 348–58 Mennonites, 452, 464, 470 Great Britain, 331–8 mentally ill people Soviet Union, 338–47 German extermination, 379–81 Morgenthau, Henry, 73–4 Messerschmitt Me-109, 112 Morrison, Herbert, 565 Messerschmitt Me-210, 113 Morrison, Toni, 674 Messerschmitt Me-262, 113, 120–1, 214 Mosley, Oswald, 581 Metallforschungsgesellschaft, 30 mosquitoes, 230–1 Mexico, 123, 533 Motherland Statue, 273 Micale, Mark S., 743 Mother’s Cross, 435 Michaud, Eric, 635–6 motorways Michnik, Adam, 722 Great Britain, 386 Middle East Relief and Refugee Moyn, Samuel, 547 Administration (MERRA), 509 Mucha, Stanislaw, 738–40 Middle East Supply Centre, 167 Mukden incident, 29 migration, 387–8 Mun, 430–1 British Empire, 283–4 Murmansk, 732–5 Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 705 Murray, Williamson, 262 military bases Musashi (ship), 98 United States, 235–40 Museum of Occupations, 722 military honours Muslim League, 409, 605 Soviet, 342 Mussert, Anton, 702 mlitary scrip, 79–80 Mussolini, Benito, 40, 323, 395 military service tribunals, 468–9 Muste, A. J., 496–8 Millett, Alan, 262 Milton, John, 384 Nagai Takashi, 708 Minami Iwao, 304–5 Nagasaki, 218, 253–4, 651 Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 460–1 Nagoya, 113 Ministry of Supply (British), 223–4 Naimark, Norman M., 442–3 Ministry of War Transport, 183 Nakajimi, 113 Minority Treaties, 511, 534–5 Namaqua people, 651 Mises, Ludwig von, 583 Nanjing massacre, 710, 717 Mittelstand, 117–18 Nansen International Ofﬁce for Refugees, 504 Mittelwerk, 215 Nansen, Fridtjof, 511 mobilization strategies, 22 Narayan, J. P., 605 Asia, 57 Nathan, Robert, 590 Germany, 353–4 National Assistance Act, 558 revolutionary, 24–5 National Association for the Advancement systemic, 23 of Colored People (NAACP), 538 United States, 590 National Council for Religious Model City, 235 Conscientious Objectors, 496 Molodowsky, Kadya, 665–6 National Defense Mediation Board, 299

824

Index

National Defense Research Committee, 205 New School for Social Research, 645 National Health Service, 559 New York Times, 745 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 299 New Yorker, 746 National Insurance Bill, 558 New Zealand, 167 National Labour Regulation Law conscientious objection, 451, 471–2 (Germany), 300 industrial production, 315 National Research Council, 201 Newfoundland, 140 National Resources Mobilization Act Nha-trang, 430 (1940), 470 Nicklich, Ernst, 304 National Service Act (1941), 300 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 640 National Service Board of Religious Nieuw Amsterdam, 184, 190 Objectors, 469 Nigeria, 168 National World War II Memorial, 272, 677, forestry, 226 693 Nippon Sheet Glass, 113–14 Nationals War Labor Board, 299 nitrates, 118 Nationalsozialisticher Führungsoffizier nitrogen, 150 (NSFO), 355 No More War movement, 491 nature protection, 239–42 Nobel Prizes, 198, 200 Naval Arms Control Conference (1930), 28 Nobel, Alfred, 198 Naxalist movement, 408 non-refoulement, 514 Nazi party/Nazism North Africa, 168, 175, 191 mass killings, 662–3 shipping, 192 mentally ill people, 379–81 North American P-51 Mustang, 105 psychological cost, 371 use by RAF, 106 Meinecke on, 633 North Asian History Internship, 698–9 racial ideology, 368–9 North Atlantic Treaty Organization gender and, 435–6 (NATO), 54 rise to power, 633–4 Norway, 47 sexuality and, 434–6 conscientious objection, 450 social Darwinism, 369 labour relations, 572 Nebelwerfer, 207 pacifism, 481–2 Needham, Isabel, 501–2 post-war monetary reform, 49 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 408, 581, 597–8, 605 shipping, 190 Nelson, Donald, 590 nuclear disarmament movement, 498 Neolithic Revolution, 26 nuclear fission, 216 neo-realism, 679–80 nuclear weapons, 25, 253–4, 651, 708–9 nerve agents, 208 bombing victims, 664–5 Netherlands photography, 743–7 agriculture, 160, 392–3 research and development, 215–18 economic policy testing grounds, 235–6 adherence to gold standard, 30 Trinity test, 218 famine, 265 Nuffield Organisation, 104 imperial possessions, 600 Nuremberg Principles, 530, 541–2 pacifism, 482 Nuremberg Trials, 541 persecution of Jews, 703 shipping, 190 Odyssey, 643 social policy, 557 Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Neumann, Franz Leopold, 324 Operations (OFRRO), 509 New Deal, 29, 509–10, 533 oil, 147 New Delhi, 296 cartel, 123 New Guinea, 163, 735–7 First World War, 123 forestry, 227 Germany, 147 ports, 188 global production, 140–1

825

Index

oil, (cont.) India, 407–11 Great Britain, 144 Yugoslavia, 400–3 Japan, 143–5, 147 Patriotic Women’s Association (Japan), 429 dependence on, 99 Patterson, Robert, 590 output per worker, 141 Patton, George, 423 Soviet Union, 142–3 Paul, Gerhard, 725, 730 transportation, 127–8, 144–5 Pavlova, Tatiana, 489 Ukraine, 142–3 Peace News, 493 Oradour-sur-Glane, 273 Peace Pledge Union, 491–3 Orthodox Church, 489 Pearl Harbor attack, 156 Orwell, George, 477, 479, 494 Peenemünde, 215 Osaka, 113 Persian Corridor, 177–8 Ossietzky, Carl von, 485 pest control, 230–1 Ostachowicz, Igor, 672 civilian, 231 Ostrów Mazowiecka, 259 Peter, Richard, 629, 741–3 Ottawa Conference, 50 petroleum outsourcing, 95 world production, 126 Owen, Wilfred, 660 Philippines, 59, 80, 87, 132 casualties Pacific belt, 113 Japanese occupation, 256 Pacific Ocean, 175 forestry, 225 pacificism, 491 phosphates, 150, 191 pacifism, 383, 447–8, 475–8, 497–502, see also photography, 725–7, 747–8 conscientious objection aerial, 728 Denmark, 480–1 Buna Beach, 735–7 France, 478–80 Dresden bombing, 740–3 Germany, 484–9 First World War, 728 Great Britain, 491–5 high-speed, 207 humanitarianism and, 476–7, 500–2 Holocaust, 547–8, 737–40 interwar period, 477 invasion of Poland, 729–32 Japan, 383, 482–4 manipulation, 729, 734 Netherlands, 482 Murmansk, 732–5 Norway, 481–2 pigeons, 230 occupied countries, 478–82 Piketty, Thomas, 24 sexuality and, 443 planned economies, 32 Soviet Union, 489–90 pleasure culture, 680–1 United States, 495–9 Ploiesti, 141 Packard company, 104 Plymouth, 185 painting, 728–9 poaching, 232–3 Pakistan, 287, 289 Poincaré, Raymond, 33 Pal, Rahabinod, 542 Poland, 47 Palestine, 286–7 anti-Semitism, 705–6 Jewish refugees to, 281–2 casualties, 259–60 refugees, 291, 505 displaced people, 282 palletization, 194 economic policy Panzerfaust, 207–8 adherence to gold standard, 30 Pao Chia, 404 post-war monetary reform, 49 Papon, Maurice, 720 ethnic minorities, 710 Parliamentary Powers of English Government rearmament, 34 Departments., 457 victimhood, 713–14 Parodi-Croizat-Laroque reforms, 557 political activism partisans dissidents in Germany, 381–3 China, 400–2 refugee camps, 294–5

826

Index

Pollard, Robert, 471 radar, 25, 211–12 Pollock, Friedrich, 642 radio, 200 Pontine Marshes, 393–4 railways Popular Front, 36 Germany, 102 population displacement, 277–90 Great Britain, 127 Port Emergency Committees, 187 Manchukuo, 98–9 Porton Down, 210, 236 Trans-Persian, 178 ports, 184–6, 193 rape, 440–1 Paciﬁc, 186–8 as war crime, 444–5 Potsdam Treaty, 289 Rapoport, Yehoshua, 279 PQ 17 convoy, 177 Rathenau, Walter, 577 Prague coup, 38 rationing Prague declaration, 722–3 First World War, 388 Prasad, Monica, 568 rationing of metals Prisoner No. 217, 683 Germany, 36 prisoners of war Rattigan, Neil, 682 American, 264 Ravensbrück concentration camp, 111 British, 264 Reconstruction Finance Corporation cultural memory and, 706 (Japan), 83 forced labour, 314–15, 367, 391 Red Army German, 263–4, 704, 712 Communist Party membership, 342–3 Germany defence of Murmansk, 733 Soviet, 156 discipline, 344–5 in Japan sexual conduct, 442–3 forced labour, 283 Red Cross, 476, 500, 503, 524, 540–1 medical experiments, 209 refugee camps, 290–4 Soviet, 262–3 Rehn-Meidner model, 572 repatriation, 347 Reich Military Court, 488–9 Production Requirements Plan, 591–2 Reichsbank, 35–6, 102 propaganda Reichsnährstand, 152 British, 331–5 Reinhart, Carmen, 57 German, 368, 727 Reinisch, Franz, 488–9 Britain, 331 relief, 503 in Germany, 348–52 Renault, Louis, 317–18 Germany, 331, 356–7 Republic of China, 612, 614 photography, 729 research and development (R&D), 196–7 Soviet, 340–3, 734 19th century, 197–9 Prost, Antoine, 529 air defence, 210–12 prostitution aircraft, 201 Germany, 438–41 ballistic missiles, 214–15 Japan, 425–7 chemical weapons, 208–9 proximity fuse, 212 First World War, 200–2 Psychology for the Fighting Man, 438 Germany, 199–200, 203–4, 216 Puppenjungen, 437 rocketry, 215 Purity, 429 jet aircraft, 213–14 Putin, Vladimir, 675 medicine, 209 pyrethrum, 146 organization, 204 Soviet Union, 202, 204 Quakers, 466, 491, 496 United States, 203, 205 Quit India campaign, 410, 605 weapons systems biological warfare, 209 rabbits, 232 chemical weapons, 208–9 Rabbits Order, 231 ﬂamethrowers, 209

827

Index

research and development (R&D), (cont.) Germany, 101 nuclear weapons, 215–18 ruinscapes, 741–2 rockets, 206–8 Rush, Irene, 170 Reveil des morts, Le, 660 Russell, Bertrand, 494, 716 Revenue Act (US), 568 Russia (pre-Soviet) Reynaud, Paul, 38 conscientious objection, 452 Reynolds Metals, 119 ghosts, 656 Rice, John, 544 Russo-Japanese war, 428–9 Richmond Shipyard, 105 Rustin, Bayard, 498 Richthofen, Wolfram Freiherr von, 712 Riga war memorial, 273 Sakai Naoki, 701 Rigby, Lee, 696 Sakharov, Andrei, 170 Riken, 199 Sands of Iwo Jima, The (ﬁlm), 686 Rittmeister, John, 486 Sanpo, 305, 326 Roberts, Mary Louise, 423 sarin, 208 rockets Sartre, Jean-Paul, 651, 706 artillery, 206–7 Sauckel, Fritz, 46, 313 ballistic missiles, 214–15 Save the Children, 291 Rockoff, Hugh, 92, 593 Schacht, Hjalmar, 30, 32, 584 Rogoff, Kenneth, 57 Reichsmark devaluation negotiations, 35–6 Röhm putsch, 437 Schicksalgemeinschaft, 357 Rolls-Royce Merlin, 104–5, 121 Schmitt, Jean-Claude, 654 Roma people, 706 Schneider, Michael, 687 Romania, 131, 141–2, 145 Schoenberg, Arnold, 639 military spending, 33 Scholem, Gershom, 649 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 538 Schulte-Sasse, Linda, 368 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 29, 49, 106, 184, Schulze-Boysen, Harro, 486 271, 458–9, 736 Schutzstaffung (SS) Chiang Kai-shek and, 599 Einsatzgruppen, 260–2 China and, 601, 615 homosexuals in, 380 Four Freedoms Address, 531, 533 mass rapes, 442 Korea and, 616 scorched earth, 124 State of the Union Address (1943), 554 scorched earth policy, 733–4 RoRo, 194–5 Seattle, 114 Rosenberg, Vida, 295 Sebald, W. G., 652 Rosenfeld, Netty, 703 Seidler, Franz, 488 Rosenthal, Peggy, 746 seigniorage, 57, 72, 80, 91, 92, see also Rosie the Riveter, 307 money-printing Roszkowski, Wojciech, 724 Selbstschutz, 260 Rothberg, Michael, 723 Selective Training and Service bill, 461 Royal Air Force, 211, see also Germany, Senkaku islands, 620 Allied bombing Service Cinématographique des Armées manufacturing for, 103–5 (France), 729 Pigeon Service, 230 Seungsook Moon, 446 use of P-51 Mustang, 106 sexuality, 441–2 Royal Dutch/Shell, 123, 143 Germany, 433–41 Royal Society, 199 Japan, 424–33 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds sexual violence as war crime, 444–6 (British), 241 United States, 438 Royden, Maude, 477–8 Shadow Scheme, 104 rubber, 146 Shanghai, Battle of, 254 synthetic, 203 shaped-charge weapons, 207–8 rubber production sharashkas, 204

828

Index

She Defends Her Motherland Snyder, Timothy, 443 (film), 683–4 So Weit die Füße Tragen, 686 Shennan, Andrew, 233 social insurance, 60–126 Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 425 Sodomei, 305–6 shipbuilding Solomon Islands United States, 106–7, 114 forestry, 227 shipping soman, 208 aerial bombing, 174 Sönnke, Hans, 730–2 Allied demand for, 181–2 Sook Ching massacre, 257–8 Allied strategy, 175–6 memorial, 273 final phase of war, 192–3 South Africa, 283 First World War, 174–6, 182, 184 industrial production, 315 France, 190–1 minority rights, 537–8 German and Italian, 189–90 South Korea, 54 Great Britain, 183–4 Southeast Asia, 607–10 central planning, 183 Soviet Union. see also Russia Japan, 179–81 agriculture, 169–70 logistical expertise, 187–8, 193–4 farm collectivization, 389 merchant fleets, 175, 193 aircraft, 97 France, 190–1 attitudes toward Allies, 346–7 Japan, 179 British opinion of, 336–7 losses, 188 casualties, 258–9, 261–2 naval convoys demographic effects, 269–70 Persian Corridor, 177–8 prisoners of war, 262–3 to Soviet Union, 177–9 central planning, 578–81 Netherlands, 190 wartime, 588–90 Norway, 190 China and, 611 palletization, 194 conscientious objectors, 448, 463–4 ports, 184–6, 193 displaced persons Pacific, 186–8 state surveillance, 288 post-war, 194 economic policy, 45 stowage, 184 New Economic Policy, 388 total tonnage, 176 refusal to join Bretton Woods troop transport, 184 conference, 53 United States, 182 film, 682–5, 696 central planning, 183 food security, 169–70 voyage times and distances, 182–3 forced labour, 96 Shlaim, Avi, 286 German invasion, 44–5 Showa Steel Works, 99 German non-aggression pact, 131–2 Siemens, 197 ghosts, 660–72 Sierra Leone, 140 humanitarian aid, 511–13 Simo Laakkonen, 224 UNRRA, 520–1 Singapore, 161 industrial production, 95–7, 203 deaths at Japanese hands, 257–8 1942, 109–11 Sino-Japanese war Fordist methods, 318–20 Japanese government debt and, 61 modernization, 202 Sinti people, 706 labour system, 301–2 Smith, Harry, 691 gulags, 315–16 Smithsonian Museum, 694, 746 Lend-Lease Law, 45, 118 Smoot-Hawley tariff, 128 Manchukuo, 615 Smuts, Jan, 537 militarization, 31, 40 Snowden, Philip, 493 military actions Snyder, David Raub, 437 counteroffensives, 46

829

Index

Soviet Union. (cont.) Sumitomo Steel Pipe, 99 military forces Summerfield, Penny, 681 total equipment levels, 94 Sun Yat-Sen, 702 military modernization, 31 Supermarine Spitfire, 104 mobilization strategy, 23, 45–6, 358–9 engine, 104 morale, 338–47 Süss, Winfried, 366 natural resources Sweden, 134 coal, 136 iron ore, 139 oil, 141 refugees, 281 pacifism, 489–90 social policy, 562, 572–3 propaganda, 339–43 Switzerland research and development, 204 adherence to gold standard, 30 nuclear weapons, 218 synthetic products, 124, 136, 203 war memorials, 273 fuels, 142 Spain, 134 syphilis, 427 civil war, 25, 388 oil embargo, 147 T-34 tank, 97 Spanish Civil War, 712 T4 Programme, 379–80 refugees, 280–1 tactical loading, 184 Speer, Albert, 46, 94–111, 215, 373, 378, 585–6 Taft, Robert, 570 Spiegel, Der, 688, 739–40 Taiwan, 98, 614, 620 Spielberg, Steven, 626 Tanganyika, 168 spiritualism, 655 Tankograd, 136 St. Louis Post-Despatch, 547 Tarkovsky, Andrei, 685 Stalin Tractor Factory, 110 Tax Reform Law (Japan), 62 Stalin, Josef, 40 taxation cult of personality, 683–4 Japan, 24 on Korea, 616 United States, 44 on Sudeten Germans, 289–90 Taylor, G. I., 208 public speaking, 340–2, 345–6 Taylor, Helen, 237 strategic commands, 94 Taylor, Telford, 543, 716 Stalingrad, Battle of, 266, 346, 352 Tebhaga struggle, 408 Standard Oil, 123, 143–4 television, 686–90 steel, 125, 203 Germany, 686–9 steel production Great Britain, 689–90 Germany, 102 Thailand, 80–1, 87, 93 Soviet Union, 96–7 Theses on the Philosophy of History, 644 Steinbach, Erika, 713 Thimm, Werner, 730 Stene, Helga, 481 Thirty Years War, 658 Stillwell, Joseph, 71 Thomas, Evan, 496 Stockholm declaration, 715 Thomas, General Georg, 40 Stöer, Helene, 485 Thomas, Julia, 747 Stone, Harlan Fiske, 461 Tigris River, 178 strategic materials, 124 Tillich, Paul, 644 Strock, George, 735–7 timber, 224–9 subcontracting, 108 Canada, 226–40 submarines, 174 Fiji, 227 Sudetenland, 285 France, 226 Suez, 186 Germany, 225 Suez Canal, 177 Japan, 225–6 suicide, 267–8, 708 depletion, 228 suicide bombing, 675 tin, 146 Sukarno, 609 Titmuss, Richard, 552

830

Index

Tito, Josip Broz, 400–2 United Malays National Organization, 608 Tizard Mission, 204, 212 United Nations, 499–500, 507 Todt, Fritz, 46, 111, 585 Charter, 526, 529, 536–7 Tojo Hideki, 586 draft, 532 Tokyo Convention Relating to the Status of Allied bombing, 253–4 Refugees, 530 Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, 444 Convention Relating to the Status of Tonkin, 162 Stateless Persons, 530 Tooze, Adam, 151 human rights, 540 total war, 4, 7, 39, 220, 329, 340, 353, 355, 360, United Nations Educational, Social and 363, 365, 383, 383, see also Cultural Organization (UNESCO), mobilization strategies 528–9 photographic depiction, 748 exhibition, 549 totalitarianism, 532 United Nations High Commissioner for Totenburgen, 662 Refugees (UNHCR), 523–4 Toyoda Spinning and Weaving, 113–14 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Toyota, 113, 117, 318 Agency (UNRRA), 290–1, 500–2, trade unions, 569–70 506–7, 545 Germany, 323 China, 601–3 Japan, 305–6 criticisms of, 519–20 United States, 299, 302 formation, 514–16 Trans-Persian railway, 178 legacy, 523–7 transportation, 174, see shipping operation, 516–23 First World War, 174–6 United States oil, 127–8, 144–5 administrative government, 458–60 Treptow Monument, 273, 673, 693 agriculture, 163, 386–7 Trinidad, 144 exports, 166 Trinity test, 218 modernization, 391 Tripartite Agreement, 34, 52 armoured vehicles, 107 Truman, Harry S., 544, 601, 744 casualties, 262 Tu Yu-ming, 59 central planning, 582–4, 590–2 tuberculosis, 292, 377 China and, 601, 610–11, 621 Tucholsky, Kurt, 485 conscientious objection, 461–2, 468–70 tungsten ore, 134, 147 pre-war, 454 Turner, Alf, 699 conscription, 465–6 Turner, Harald, 260 economic policy Tutt, Stan, 163 fund-raising, 48 Tyneham, 237 loans to allies, 42–3 typhus, 210, 230, 263, 267 post-war monetary system, 51–3 productivity increases, 43 U-boats, 25, 134, 149, 165, 188–9, 200 taxation, 44, 567–9 Uchimara Kanzo, 482 ﬁlm, 679, 686 Udet, Ernst, 110 human rights law, 543–5, 549–50 Ukraine, 397–8 humanitarian aid, 509–11 2014 uprising, 676 industrial production, 105–9, 114 agriculture, 159 military hardware, 105 iron ore, 138–9 rubber, 146 oil, 142–3 isolationism, 498–9 Ulbricht, Walter, 325, 713 labour force Ullstein Bilderdienst, 731 administration, 458 United Auto Workers, 570 labour relations, 299, 569–70 United Council of Religious Communities trade unions, 302, 569–70 and Groups (UCRCAG), 463–4, 489 working hours, 43

831

Index

United States (cont.) Vietnam, 611–17, 654–5 manufacturing casualties military vehicles, 95 Japanese occupation, 256 post-war, 53 ghosts, 656 military bases, 235–40 Vietnam War, 654–5, 716 military spending US atrocities, 716–17 Chinese inflation and, 73 Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 346 post-war, 54 Vladivostok, 177 pre-war, 39 Volkssturm, 377 mobilization, 43, 590 Voznesenskii, N.A., 588–9 natural resources coal, 137 Wajda, Adrzej, 722 preservation, 240–1 Walb, Lore, 351, 354–5, 358 naval blockade of Japan, 162, 164–5, Wallace, Henry, 499 180–1 Wang Jingwei, 603, 606 pacifism, 495–9 Wanping, 156 population movement, 283 War Communism, 578 racial segregation, 367 war crimes, 541 research and development, 203, 205 German, 344 nuclear weapons, 217–18 war memorials, 272–3, 663–4, 673–4 sexuality, 438 Germany, 673 shipping, 176 Great Britain, 694–6 total tonnage, 182 Holocaust, 272–3 social policy, 567–71 Japan, 673 space programme, 219 United States, 272, 693 Vietnam War atrocities, 716–17 War Production Board (US), 591–2 war memorials, 272, 693 War Resisters International, 480 United States Air Force Ward, Henry Baldwin, 227, 240 air bases, 385 Warsaw Ghetto, 672 United States Holocaust Memorial Washington Naval Conference (1921), 98 Museum, 272, 692 Washington Post, 736 United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Watkins, Kawashima, 710–11 147, 181 Wavell, Archibald, 168 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Wayne, John, 686 526, 528–9, 539 We Charge Genocide, 723 Universal Bren Gun Carrier, 105 weapons systems, 206–8 urbanization, 248 Wedemeyer, Albert, 590 US Army Wehrmacht, 169 Pigeon Service, 230 casualties, 351 Uzice Republic, 402 food supply, 392 homosexuality, 436–8 V-1 rocket, 215 horses, 229 V-2 rocket, 120–1, 215 mass rapes, 442 Vaccination Act (Great Britain Operation Silver Fox, 732–5 1898), 450 prostitution and sexual slavery, 440–1 van Creveld, Martin, 386 Soviet influence on, 355–6 Vandenberg, Arthur, 516 Weimar Republic, 199, 263, 267, 320, venereal disease, 426–7, 432, 434 455, 458, 485, 558, 634, 637, 768, Verdery, Katherine, 672–3 787, 804 Vereinigte Stahlwerke, 202 welfare state, 554 Versailles, Treaty of, 201, 368, 729 Canada, 566–7 Vichy government, 478–9, 562–3 France, 562–3 Victory Tax, 568 Germany, 558

832

Index

Great Britain, 558–61 Wuhan, 281 Sweden, 562 Wyndham, Joan, 422 United States, 567–71 Welles, Sumner, 499, 531 Yad Vashem, 272 Werner, Wilhelm, 320 Yalta conference, 615, 740 West, Bob, 689–90 Yamato (ship), 98, 100, 143 Westfall fortiﬁcations, 102 Yanaihara Tadai, 483 White Rose, 382 Yasukuni Shrine, 673, 676 White Sands Proving Grounds, 235 Yennan, 405–6 White, Harry Dexter, 51, 53 Yokkaichi, 113–14 White, Theodore, 171–2 Yokohama Museum of Art, 746–7 Wildenthal, Lora, 546 Yokohama Specie Bank, 80 Willis, John, 457 Young plan, 29 Willkie, Wendell, 499 Yugoslavia Wilson, Woodrow, 511, 516 genocide in, 651 Winant, John, 513 partisans, 400–3 Winter, Jay, 529, 655 war dead, 672–3 Wochenschau, 350–1 women, see also prostitution Zacharias, Ellis M., 236 Germany, 324 Zahra, Tara, 545 in labour force zaibatsu, 97–8, 119, 587–8 Germany, 307, 351, 373–5 Zaleski, Eugène, 589 Great Britain, 307–16, 334–5 Zaytsev, Vasily, 343–4 Japan, 376 ZDF, 687 Soviet Union, 375–6 Zegota, 705–6 wages, 309 Zelizer, Barbie, 548 military service Zemgor, 291 Iraq War, 445–6 Zentrale Planung, 585–6 Soviet Union, 376 Zhukov, Georgy, 94 Soviet Zimmering, Max, 741 as role model, 360 Zinn, Howard, 694 World Council of Churches, 291 Zoya, 683 World Health Organization, 524–5 Zwarte Zee, 190 Wright, Quincy, 627–8 Zyklon B, 208

833