La Femme Grecque

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La Femme Grecque LA FEMME GRECQUE ÉTUDE DE LA VIE ANTIQUE TOME PREMIER PAR CLARISSE BADER. PARIS - DIDIER ET Cie - 1873 PRÉFACE CHAPITRE I . — DÉESSES ET PRÊTRESSES DES PÉLASGES ET DES PREMIERS HELLÈNES. CHAPITRE II . — VIE DOMESTIQUE DE LA FEMME DANS LA GRÈCE PRIMITIVE. CHAPITRE III . — LES FEMMES DES TEMPS LÉGENDAIRES. CHAPITRE IV . — LES HÉROÏNES DE L'ILIADE. CHAPITRE V . — LES HÉROÏNES DE L'ODYSSÉE. CHAPITRE VI . — L'ART GREC ET LES DÉESSES D'HOMÈRE. - RÔLE RELIGIEUX ET PHILOSOPHIQUE DE LA FEMME DANS LES TEMPS HISTORIQUES. PRÉFACE. Au début des études que nous consacrons à l'histoire de la femme, nous avions annoncé le dessein de retracer le rôle que remplit notre sexe dans l'antiquité orientale tout entière. En travaillant à l'exécution de ce plan, nous avons cru devoir le modifier, et nous avons jugé plus utile de suivre la femme chez ceux des peuples anciens qui ont exercé une action directe sur la civilisation moderne. La Femme dans l'Inde antique nous montrant aux temps védiques ce que fut notre sexe chez les Aryâs nos ancêtres, se rattachait à nos origines de race ; La Femme biblique rappelait nos origines religieuses. Quittant alors l'Orient, nous avons résolu d'écrire sur La Femme grecque et sur La Femme romaine , deux ouvrages qui se rapporteraient ainsi à nos origines sociales. Tous ces volumes formeront le préambule d'un livre où, s'il plaît à Dieu, nous étudierons l'histoire de notre sexe en France, depuis l'époque gauloise jusqu'à nos jours. Nous présentons aujourd'hui au public notre troisième essai : La Femme grecque . Ce n'est pas d'abord sans quelque malaise que nous avons quitté les sommets du Sinaï et du Calvaire pour les horizons plus limités de la Grèce. S'il nous est permis d'employer une expression mythologique que comporte notre sujet, nous dirons que l'ambroisie même des poètes helléniques ne nous suffisait plus après avoir reçu la manne céleste de la Bible. Mais, peu à peu, pénétrée par la ravissante harmonie de ce génie grec qui, dès sa naissance, joignit aux grâces radieuses et souriantes d'une immortelle jeunesse, la force et la majestueuse simplicité de l'âge mûr, nous avons senti que si ce n'était plus la grandeur divine, c'était la beauté humaine dans une inimitable perfection. Et remontant à la source de cette même beauté, nous avons encore trouvé l'inspiration du Dieu qui en est le Principe et le Type. Notre Dieu n'est pas le roi exclusif d'une nation. De tout temps il a été le Maître et le Père du monde qu'il a créé. Bien que, dans l'antiquité, il ait spécialement adopté la race qui gardait sa loi, il n'a pas délaissé le reste de ses enfants 1. S'il a donné à tous les hommes indistinctement la jouissance du soleil, il ne leur a pas refusé non plus sa lumière immatérielle qui est la vérité, et qui ; rayonnant souvent dans les œuvres des Hellènes, a produit cette beauté où le spiritualisme grec reconnaissait et la splendeur du vrai et la manifestation de Dieu. Depuis les prêtresses de Dodone jusqu'à Diotime, l'institutrice de Platon, les femmes, elles aussi, reçurent en Grèce d'admirables clartés. N'oublions pas toutefois les erreurs au milieu desquelles les Hellènes entrevirent la vérité, et rappelons-nous encore que si Platon ne sépare pas le beau du bien, ses compatriotes furent trop souvent moins fidèles au second de ces principes qu'au premier, et laissèrent subsister parmi eux des souillures telles, que, pour les effacer, il fallut le sang de l'Homme-Dieu. 1 Rappelons ici avec quelle éloquence l'illustre évêque d'Orléans et Monseigneur Landriot ont suivi les traditions des Pères et des Docteurs en soutenant la cause des classiques anciens. La situation de notre sexe en Grèce reproduira ces alternatives d'ombre et de lumière que nous remarquons dans la civilisation hellénique. Le but principal de notre œuvre est de démontrer la part qu'eut la femme au mouvement moral de la Grèce, et d'indiquer ce qui lui a manqué pour que cette part fût plus grande. Obligée par notre travail même, d'esquisser les principales productions du génie grec aussi bien dans le domaine des arts que dans celui des lettres, nous avons désiré que, tout en poursuivant notre but moral, nous pussions faire goûter aux femmes la beauté antique. La Femme grecque qui, plusieurs fois, nous a permis de rappeler les mœurs et les croyances de sa sœur, La Femme dans l'Inde antique , La Femme grecque est envisagée ici aux deux époques de son existence. Pénétrant d'abord dans la Grèce primitive, nous suivons les déesses et les prêtresses au sein du naturalisme pélasgique et du panthéon hellénique ; nous mêlons la femme à la vie de famille, et nous traçons les silhouettes des héroïnes légendaires et les types des héroïnes homériques. Abordant ensuite les temps historiques, nous plaçons les déesses d'Homère dans ces temples où l'art leur donna la seule immortalité qu'elles aient à nos yeux ; et nous étudions le rôle religieux et philosophique de la femme à cette époque 1. Nous examinons ensuite la condition sociale de notre sexe pendant cette dernière période ; et parmi les questions toujours actuelles que soulève ce sujet, nous nous arrêtons surtout à l'éducation des filles. La tragédie grecque étant le commentaire vivant des mœurs d'Athènes, nous y avons longuement suivi les femmes de cette ville ; et, autant que les limites de notre sujet nous le permettaient, nous avons indiqué la transformation que les meurs chrétiennes ont fait subir, sur la scène moderne, aux types créés par les poètes antiques. Après les héroïnes du théâtre, viennent les héroïnes de l'histoire. Enfin, notre dernier chapitre est consacré aux femmes qui se sont distinguées dans les lettres et dans les arts. Ici notre tâche devenait très-ardue. Jusqu'alors, tout en traduisant nous-même quelques morceaux de prédilection, nous avions généralement employé les meilleures versions de nos hellénistes. Ce secours nous manqua totalement dans une circonstance que nous allons rapporter. Les Grecs attribuaient aux Pythagoriciennes, des ouvrages intéressant les sciences morales. Ces livres étaient probablement apocryphes ; mais par le fin même que les anciens en reportaient l'honneur à notre sexe, nous ne pouvions les oublier dans l'histoire des femmes grecques. Quelques fragments de ces traités, quelques lettres même attribuées à la plus célèbre de nos prosatrices helléniques, nous sont parvenues 2. Outre de belles pensées philosophiques et 1 Les chapitres suivants forment un autre volume. 2 Avant de traduire ces morceaux, nous avons consulté sur leur authenticité, le maître illustre qui se plaît à ouvrir aux jeunes travailleurs les trésors d'une immense érudition et d'un goût attique. Voici ce que nous a répondu M. Egger : Au sujet des lettres des Pythagoriciennes, vos doutes ne sont que trop fondés. Toute cette littérature pseudo- orphique et morale des Pythagoriciens ne repose guère que sur des apocryphes, mais des apocryphes anciens, très-anciens peut-être. C'est déjà un fait intéressant que cette composition d'ouvrages qu'on ait pu attribuer sans trop d'invraisemblance, à des femmes de l'école de Pythagore. Je ne vous découragerai donc pas de traduire de tels morceaux et de les insérer dans votre ouvrage, sauf à exprimer, en les citant, les réserves d'une des sentiments élevés, on y trouve des détails d'une naïveté charmante. Le plus souvent, ce sont d'utiles conseils aux mères de famille sur leurs devoirs, sur l'éducation de leurs enfants et la direction de leurs servantes. Très-contraire à l'émancipation de notre sexe, mais non moins convaincue que la régénération intellectuelle de nos sœurs peut seule leur faire tenir à leur foyer leur véritable place, nous avons remarqué avec grand plaisir, une sage et spirituelle réponse adressée par une Pythagoricienne à ceux qui, alors déjà croyaient que la culture de l'esprit était incompatible avec les devoirs de la femme. Les attributions des deux sexes y sont nettement distinguées et définies. Malgré la valeur morale de ces morceaux, nous ne sachions pas qu'ils aient encore été traduits dans les langues modernes 1. Pour les rendre en français, nous n'avons donc pu nous appuyer sur la version d'un devancier. Aussi n'est-ce pas sans quelque crainte que nous osons appeler sur nos traductions l'indulgence des hellénistes 2. Nulle de nos œuvres ne nous a coûté autant de labeur que La Femme grecque , qui a absorbé cinq années de notre vie. Non-seulement il nous a fallu compulser les auteurs grecs, traduire quelquefois nous-même les documents qu'ils nous offraient, lire de savants ouvrages modernes concernant les mythes, les mœurs, l'histoire politique et littéraire des Hellènes ; mais pour demeurer fidèle à nos habitudes de composition et donner à nos tableaux quelque couleur locale, nous avons dû recourir aux travaux archéologiques dont la Grèce a été l'objet et qui sont surtout la gloire de notre siècle. Si les voyages de nos explorateurs nous ont été utiles, nous avons aussi consulté avec fruit les publications où sont décrits les monuments, les statues, les bas-reliefs, les peintures, les vases, les médailles, les intailles, les inscriptions, et enfin les objets usuels trouvés principalement à Herculanum et à Pompéi. Les musées aussi nous ont fourni d'intéressants sujets d'étude. Nous avons puisé dans ces recherches une connaissance moins imparfaite de la vie antique. Parmi les auteurs français, allemands, anglais et italiens que nous avons cités, mentionnons Christian Wolf, Winckelmann, l'abbé Barthélemy, Kruse, Robinson, Ottfried Müller, Creuzer et M.
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