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War and Terror in Historical and Contemporary Perspective

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War and Terror in Historical and Contemporary Perspective Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program Series Volume 14 WAR AND TERROR IN HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE Edited by Michael Geyer University of Chicago American Institute for Contemporary German Studies The Johns Hopkins University Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program Series Volume 14 WAR AND TERROR IN HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Edited by Michael Geyer University of Chicago The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) is a center for nonpartisan, advanced research, study and discourse relating to the Federal Republic of Germany, its politics, economy, culture and society. Founded in 1983, AICGS has been a premier source of research and analysis for the policymaking and policy-advising communities in the public and private sectors. Drawing on an international network of scholars and specialists, the Institute has consistently generated in-depth, nonpartisan assessments of Germany’s policy choices and developments and their impact on the transatlantic dialogue. Affiliated with the Johns Hopkins University, AICGS provides a comprehensive program of public fora, policy studies, research reports, and study groups designed to enrich the political, corporate and scholarly constituencies it serves. Executive Director: Jackson Janes Board of Trustees, Cochair: Fred H. Langhammer Board of Trustees, Cochair: Dr. Eugene A. Sekulow The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. ©2003 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies ISBN 0-941441-75-X This Humanities Program Volume is made possible by the Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program. Additional copies are available for $5.00 to cover postage and handling from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Suite 420, 1400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-2217. Telephone 202/332-9312, Fax 202/265-9531, E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.aicgs.org [ii] AICGS Humanities Volume 14 · 2003 C O N T E N T S Foreword.................................................................................................v About the Authors....................................................................................ix RESTRAINTS ON VIOLENCE AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER AFTER 1945 Daniel Moran....................................................................................1 MILITANT DEMOCRACY, CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE, AND TERROR: POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND THE WEST GERMAN LEFT DURING THE “GERMAN AUTUMN,” 1977 Karrin Hanshew...............................................................................20 THE USES OF TERROR IN OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE WARFARE: THE GERMAN EXAMPLE Michael Geyer..................................................................................47 WHEN DEFEAT IS THE MOST LIKELY OUTCOME: THE FUTURE OF WAR IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Trutz von Trotha.............................................................................70 BEYOND TERRORISM: THE NEW TRANSATLANTIC DISENCHANTMENT Elizabeth Pond................................................................................95 WAR AND TERROR: U.S. PERSPECTIVES AND POLICIES Thomas A. Keaney.........................................................................112 WAR AND TERROR IN HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE: AN OUTLOOK Michael Geyer.................................................................................129 AICGS Humanities Volume 14 · 2003 [iii] [iv] AICGS Humanities Volume 14 · 2003 F O R E W O R D The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, have led to a proliferation of literature about war and terror that exceeds everything seen during the Cold War and its horrific aftermath in the Balkan wars of the 1990s. One of the immediate effects of President George W. Bush’s declaration of “war on terrorism” shortly after the terrorist attacks was an avalanche of position papers, strategy volumes, journalistic, and scholarly publications whose expansion has darkened the horizon no less than the clouds over New York and Washington. What fueled much of it was the notion that the attacks of September 11 created a fundamentally new state of world affairs. The symbolism of entering a new century with an attack against the United States on American soil gave this notion an historic ring. However, as the paper cloud thickened, the initial European-American solidarity crumbled. The notion of a new state of world affairs did not quite catch on in Europe where most nations had experienced their own brand of terror and terrorism. Much of the discord originated in the increasing determination of conservative American elites to reformulate domestic and international politics according to President Bush’s war on terrorism. Aside from the need to understand what this new determination of the sole superpower means to transatlantic relations, the practices of terror and warfare require careful rethinking, taking into account the different national traditions and conditions. This volume attempts to contribute to this rethinking by highlighting German and American experiences with terror and terrorism. It engages twentieth-century history in the hope of finding some guideposts for understanding war and terror in the new international predicament. This volume is based on the workshop, “War and Terror: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives,” which took place on October 25, 2002, roughly a year after the events of September 11, when the differences between the United States and Europe, especially Germany and France, had taken a dynamic on their own. Organized by Michael Geyer, one of the foremost scholars of modern German military history, with experts from a variety of backgrounds, the workshop confirmed the need for a long-term view of the connections of war and terror that engages the history of warfare in the twentieth century no less than that of the emergence of international legal and AICGS Humanities Volume 14 · 2003 [v] institutional constraints on such warfare. This long-term view includes wars of liberation and their uses of terror like the Algerian war of the 1950s, which proved to be illustrative for recent encounters with Islamic militancy.1 It also includes the West European experience with terrorism in the 1970s, which in West Germany became an unprecedented challenge to the newly created democracy and its civic institutions. Such a view distinguishes and links the origins of terror as part of the modern war machine in World War I, the emerging reality of what has been called “small wars” and is destined to determine future confrontations, and the consequences of the American strategy of fighting to complete victory and the demand for freedom of action in conducting warfare. The volume extends the assessment of the reactions to September 11 in the United States and Germany which constituted the focus of an AICGS study group in 2001/2002 under Daniel S. Hamilton2 and turned into a bone of contention in the debate on “Just War” in spring 2002. At an AICGS forum in May 2002, the manifesto of fifty-eight American intellectuals—among them Michael Walzer, Francis Fukuyama, and Samuel Huntington—in favor of the concept of a just war became, together with the critical reaction of German intellectuals, the catalyst of a lively debate about America’s unilateralism and Europe’s multilateralism. In the most historically based of the following essays Michael Geyer reaches back to the use of terror in German warfare in World War I. Originating in research on a long forgotten chapter of World War I history, Geyer argues that, following brutal colonial wars of suppression, German military decisions included terror as the kind of violence that deliberately aims at undermining the sense of safety and integrity of the land and its people. Concurrent with the definition of terror as an instrument which eliminates the distinction between soldiers and civilians, he lays open the emergence of a kind of warfare that Trutz von Trotha analyses as rampant in the “small wars” of recent decades where military battles are replaced by massacre of civilians. When the distinctions between aggression and self-defense evaporate, global small war, von Trotha avers in his keen overview of modern warfare, becomes a war of aggression in which “each warring party is at once aggressor and aggressee.” Terror becomes an option in a world, Geyer summarizes, “in which victors [vi] AICGS Humanities Volume 14 · 2003 cannot be certain about their victory and the defeated are never defeated enough to give up.” Or are they? Didn’t President George W. Bush conclude his declaration of war on terrorism with the promise to wipe it out from the face of the earth? In his discussion of the American conduct of war toward complete victory and resolution to take unilateral action, Thomas Keaney leaves no doubt about the determination to counter the trend toward open-ended warfare. Keaney’s stirring scenario which has hardly lost its significance since the occupation of Iraq, sheds light on the causes of the European-American discord. How deeply this discord has affected German-American relations in general is the topic of Elizabeth Pond’s reflections. Although the disaffection reached its high point— or rather low point—shortly before the American-British attack against Iraq, Pond illuminates the stages of estrangement in the preceding period. The negative fall-out of these stages still overshadows decades of mutual trust and understanding. Obviously it
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