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Contribution Des Stratégies De Réintroduction À La Conservation De La Biodiversité À Large Échelle

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Contribution Des Stratégies De Réintroduction À La Conservation De La Biodiversité À Large Échelle Contribution des stratégies de réintroduction à la conservation de la biodiversité à large échelle. Analyse des restaurations de populations d’oiseaux et de mammifères en Europe Charles Thevenin To cite this version: Charles Thevenin. Contribution des stratégies de réintroduction à la conservation de la biodiversité à large échelle. Analyse des restaurations de populations d’oiseaux et de mammifères en Europe. Biodiversity. Sorbonne Université, 2018. English. NNT : 2018SORUS523. tel-02944928 HAL Id: tel-02944928 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02944928 Submitted on 21 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Sorbonne Université Ecole doctorale Sciences de la Nature et de l’Homme : Ecologie & Evolution ED 227 Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation – CESCO Equipe Conservation et Restauration des Populations Contribution of reintroduction strategies to the conservation of biodiversity at large scale. Analysis of bird and mammal restorations in Europe Par Charles THÉVENIN Thèse de doctorat d’Ecologie Dirigée par François Sarrazin, Alexandre Robert et Christian Kerbiriou JURY : Ana S. L. Rodrigues Directrice de Recherche Rapporteuse John G. Ewen Senior Research Fellow Rapporteur Nicolas Loeuille Professeur Examinateur François Sarrazin Professeur Directeur de thèse Alexandre Robert Maître de conférences Co-directeur de thèse Christian Kerbiriou Maître de conférences Co-directeur de thèse Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier les membres de mon jury, Ana Rodrigues, John Ewen et Nicolas Loeuille, d’avoir accepté d’évaluer mes travaux de thèse. Merci également à Bruno Colas, Vincent Devictor et Sandrine Pavoine pour leur participation à mes comités de thèse. Merci à mes directeurs de thèse de m’avoir fait confiance à un moment où je pensais faire un trait sur la recherche, et de m’avoir soutenu ensuite pendant toutes ces années. Je suis vraiment tombé sur la crème de la crème de l’encadrement au labo (désolé les autres). Merci à toi Christian pour ta bonne humeur, pour avoir toujours été disponible pour les réunions et la correction des papiers, et pour tous tes commentaires qui permettent de réancrer ces travaux dans un contexte de science appliquée. François, tu m’as tout de suite intégré à tes projets de recherche, et c’était vraiment génial de se sentir considéré comme un chercheur à part entière. C’est vraiment un plaisir de travailler avec toi, tu m’as toujours laissé une liberté dans mes choix. Merci pour tous ces débats qu’on a pu avoir sur certains papiers, même si j’ai bien compris que tu es tellement diplomate qu’au final tu arrives toujours à tes fins. On m’avait prévenu au début de ma thèse que j’en arriverai à détester mon directeur pendant la dernière ligne droite. J’ai vraiment essayé mais j’ai pas réussi. On a bien travaillé (enfin je crois), mais on s’est aussi bien marré et c’est le principal. Merci Alexandre Robert, c’est grâce à toi, Céline et Stéphane que j’ai pu poser un pied dans ce labo en M2. Je pense que tu ne te rends pas compte de tout ce que tu as fait pour moi. Tu t’es toujours rendu disponible pendant cette thèse, et t’as toujours réussi à me rassurer pendant mes moments de stress. T’es vraiment le meilleur Alexos Robertos. Merci Théo et Martin pour avoir partagé ce bureau des barbus. Meilleure ambiance de tout le muséum, avec sa déco très verdoyante grâce aux efforts de Théophile. Ces années de thèse auraient pas été les mêmes sans vous, et même si ça me coûte de l’admettre, je me suis vraiment bien éclaté grâce à vous. Ça va faire bizarre de ne plus débarquer au labo le matin en sachant que je passe la journée avec mes potes dans la même pièce. Bien entendu je vous souhaite toutes les pires choses pour ces prochaines années, et que vos vies professionnelles et personnelles soient semées d’embuches. i Merci à tous les membres du CESCO de m’avoir accueilli dans cette ambiance de folie studieuse. Au CESCO on sait bien travailler, mais on sait surtout bien faire la fête il faut avouer. Merci aux frères Fontaine pour avoir jeté un coup d’œil à mes articles, et aussi pour les blagues. Merci Anne pour la charcuterie de fin de thèse, et aussi pour les blagues. Merci Fanny et Camila d’être la preuve qu’on peut avoir une tête de méchante mais être en fait super sympa. Merci Léo pour toute cette classe et ces petits vins nature. Merci à Gabi, la meilleure danseuse du Cesco. Merci Ergoire pour toute cette finesse. Merci Romain pour les championnats de squash. Merci Diane d’avoir investi tant d’énergie à créer tous ces mots inconnus, et pour ta logique implacable. Minh-Xuan, Léo M. et Rouly, mes compagnons de fin de thèse, c’était bien cool d’avoir quelqu’un avec qui se plaindre pendant la dernière ligne droite ! Merci au gros Léo Bacon de montrer qu’on peut faire de la recherche et avoir un humour bien gras. Merci Anya pour les bières qui m’ont donné l’impression d’avoir une vie sociale après mes journées de rédaction. Merci Maud, ma 4ème encadrante officieuse, j’ai appris beaucoup de choses avec toi et tu as contribué à une bonne partie de cette thèse. Merci Aïssa d’avoir été aussi efficace et motivée, une vraie stagiaire en or. Merci JB pour les clopes, les cafés et les discussions. Merci à Adrienne et Typhaine, les autres « Sarrazettes » de l’équipe TRANS, je vous laisse la tâche difficile de consoler François quand je serai parti. Merci Nathalie pour l’organisation des Fabuleuses Journées du Rocheton, je n’ai jamais eu à présenter mon travail le deuxième jour avec la gueule de bois, et c’est grâce à toi ! Merci Sainte Emmanuelle d’avoir bien joué le jeu niveau déguisement (et de m’avoir ensuite rappelé qu’il ne fallait pas non plus déconner, et que les déguisements ça suffit). Merci à Yves Bertheau, J- F Julien et Denis Couvet pour nous avoir inspiré tous ces photoshop de luxe avec Théo. Merci à tous pour ces discussions : Marine Robuchon (c’est un peu grâce à toi ce contrat d’ATER), Simon Véron, Victor Saito, MC Dubos, Elie Gaget, Pauline Conversy, François le M3, Emmanuel Charonnet, Clémentine Azam, Florent Mazel. Merci aussi aux « anciennes » du labo, Karine, Anne-Christine, Christie The Heart et Hortense. Bon courage aux angoissés de la thèse : Thibthib, Guigui, Olivier et Margaux. Détendez-vous tout va bien se passer. Merci à tous mes potes, Loukia, Massu, Ronan, Joffrey, Nono, Mounir... En fait merci à tous les gras et les grasses de Paname et d’ailleurs, je ne vais pas pouvoir faire toute la liste parce ii que vous êtes nombreux et que j’ai la flemme, mais je vous remercie. Sauf toi Merma. Big up à Chantal Meyer, Karlito et la Scarpette, ces merveilleuses trouvailles du master. Enfin j’aimerais remercier ma famille à qui je dédie cette thèse. Vous avez toujours été là, et m’avez supporté dans ces longues études et ce choix de carrière (enfin en espérant qu’il y en ait une !). Merci maman pour ces déguisements très classes qui m’ont permis de gagner le respect de mes collègues. Merci au chien(s), et au chat, même si le chat n’a clairement rien fait. Vous allez voir ça va être marrant d’être obligé de m’appeler Docteur à chaque repas de famille. iii iv Résumé L’impact néfaste des activités humaines sur la diversité biologique s’intensifie et de nombreuses études suggèrent que nous entrons dans une sixième crise d’extinction. Parmi les actions possibles pour enrayer l’érosion de la biodiversité, les déplacements d’organismes dans un but conservatoire, les « translocations de conservation », sont de plus en plus utilisées pour restaurer des populations. En particulier, les réintroductions visent à rétablir une population viable d’une espèce au sein de son aire d’indigénat, suite à l’extinction locale de populations. Ces actions répondent souvent à des besoins de conservation à l’échelle locale ou nationale, et leur contribution à la préservation de la biodiversité à large échelle reste encore à déterminer. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la cohérence des efforts de réintroduction à large échelle, en questionnant trois aspects. Le premier aspect se base sur un inventaire rétrospectif des efforts de réintroduction d’oiseaux et de mammifères afin de questionner la représentativité et l’originalité des espèces réintroduites. En effet les réintroductions sont souvent critiquées en raison de forts biais taxonomiques et du fait que les actions de conservation espèce-centrées se concentrent souvent sur des espèces charismatiques. Une partie de mes travaux a donc permis de réévaluer ces biais taxonomiques via un inventaire des efforts de réintroduction en Europe. J’ai ainsi pu explorer plus en détail la contribution des espèces réintroduites à la diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des oiseaux et mammifères en Europe. Dans le chapitre 1 nous montrons que les espèces réintroduites de mammifères et d’oiseaux ne sont pas représentatives de la diversité phylogénétique des assemblages Européens et Nord-Américains, mais que l’allocation des efforts de réintroduction semble se concentrer sur des espèces originales phylogénétiquement, c’est-à-dire des espèces « uniques » du point de vue évolutif et dont l’extinction entraînerait une perte disproportionnée de diversité biologique.
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