CERft COURIER INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

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USA United Kingdom Germany Italy Japan Alcatel Vacuum Products Alcatel Vacuum Technology UK Ltd Alcatel Hochvakuumtechnik GmbH Alcatel Vacuum Systems SpA Alcatel ITS Tel : (1)617 331 4200 Tel : (44)494 44 84 44 Tel : (49) 9342 96 100 Tel : (39)2 33 00 80 13 Tel : (81) 354 24 14 14 ISSN 0304-288X Advertising enquiries Europe Volume 35 No. 1 Micheline Falciola January/February Covering current developments in high energy Advertising Manager 1 CERN 995 physics and related fields worldwide CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Editor: Gordon Fraser (COURIER @ CERNVM)* Tel.: +41 (22) 767 4103 Production and Advertisements: Fax: +41 (22) 782 1906 Micheline Falciola (FAL @ CERNVM)* Advisory Board: E.J.N. Wilson (Chairman), E. Lillestol, Rest of the world H. Satz, D. Treille; with L. Foa, Laurie Daddona E.M. Rimmer Advertising Manager, USA *(Full electronic mail address... @ CERNVM. CERN. CH) Gordon and Breach Publishers 820 Town Center Drive LANGHORNE PA 19047 Tel.: (215) 750-2642 The ultimate birthday present Fax: (215) 750-6343 Approval for CERN's LHC machine

Distributed to Member State governments, institutes and laboratories affilliated with CERN, and to their personnel. Around the Laboratories General distribution CERN: Another leap at LEP Improved electron-positron performance Jacques Dallemagne CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland DESY: Luminous 1994 In certain countries, to request copies or to 8 Improved electron-proton performance make address changes contact : DARMSTADT: Heaviest of them ail China 8 Elements 110 and 111 synthesized Dr. Qian Ke-Qin Institute of High Energy Physics BEIJING: Green light for feasibility studies on tau-charm factory P.O. Box 918, Beijing, 10 Looking at new Chinese machine People's Republic of China TRIUMF: Technology transfer Germany 11 Canadian industrial spinoff Monika Stuckenberg or Kerstin Techritz DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg 52 INDIA: Photon multiplicity detector 14 Module for heavy ion physics Italy Mrs. Pieri or Mrs. Montanari ] 5 COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS: HEPiX news INFN, Casella Postale 56 00044 Frascati, Roma Physics monitor United Kingdom *| Q Muon colliders Su Lockley Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, *| Q Cosmic rays of the highest energies Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire 0X11 0QX

USA/Canada "I Q Antiprotonic heating of nuclei Cyndi Rathbun 20 DESY: Theory workshop looks at supersymmetry (cyndi [email protected]) Fermilab, P.O. Box 500, Batavia Illinois 60510 24 Books received

CERN COURIER is published monthly except January and August in English and, 23 People and things French editions. The views expressed in the Journal are not necessarily those of the CERN management. Printed by: Drukkerij Lannoo nv 8700 Tielt, Belgium Published by:

European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland tel.: +41 (22)767 61 11, telex: 419 000 CERN CH, telefax: +41 (22) 767 65 55

CERN COURIER only: Cover photograph: How the world's highest energies look. At the end of 1994, tel. +41 (22) 767 41 03, CERN supplied lead nuclei, accelerated to about 160 GeVper nucléon, represent­ ing over 30 TeV of beam energy for each nucleus, to a range of experiments. telefax+41 (22) 782 19 06 This shows what happens when lead meets lead in the Time Projection Chamber USA: Controlled Circulation of the NA49 experiment. With the quest to recreate the quark-gluon plasma which permeated the early hot Universe, definitive results from all these experiments are Second class postage paid at Batavia, Illinois eagerly awaited.

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n the final administrative hours I of CERN's eventful 40th anniver­ sary year came the unanimous approval on 16 December by CERN's governing body, Council, for the construction of the 14 TeV LHC collider in the 27-kilometre LEP tunnel. After the decision had hung in the balance until the last possible moment, CERN received the best 40th birthday present it could have wished for - a unique machine which will provide a world focus for basic physics research. Far from being relegated to a less productive middle age, CERN is now assured of a bright future. To allow LHC to be built within a tightly constrained budget contributed by CERN's 19 Member States, the new accelerator will be built in two Until the higgs mechanism is contributions. The decision has stages - the first aiming to reach two- explored, the Standard Model will be assured a great future for world thirds of the ultimate collision energy powerless to explain many physics particle physics and for CERN.' of 14 TeV (7 TeV per beam) and to features, notably the wide differences With CERN already a major world start experiments in 2004. in mass scale between the three focus for basic physics, several non- Collision energies of 9-10 TeV pairs of quarks and three pairs of Member States - including the USA, would open up a research pro­ leptons from which all known parti­ Japan, Canada, the Russian Federa­ gramme with both proton and with cles are made. tion, India and Israel - have ex­ heavy ion beams. After the December Council meet­ pressed interest in participating in the In this way the LHC would provide ing, CERN's proud Director General LHC programme. valuable 'front porch' physics before Chris Llewellyn Smith said The This interest is backed up by receiving its full complement of decision is a major step for the future resources and know-how, and many superconducting magnets to increase of high energy physics and CERN. of these countries had indicated a its energy to 14 TeV by 2008. It is Council's decision represents a 20- willingness in principle to join the only at this energy that the full year commitment to high energy LHC effort. However no firm commit­ potential of the physics is realized - physics research. I believe this to be ments could be given before the probing the behaviour of the quarks a unique commitment to fundamental project had been approved by CERN and gluons inside the colliding scientific research and I am hon­ Council itself. particles in the TeV energy range to oured by this vote of confidence. We The December Council meeting open up the mysterious electroweak can now proceed with the challeng­ decided on a comprehensive review symmetry breaking ('higgs') mecha­ ing task of building the LHC and, with of LHC progress before the end of nism. the continued support of CERN's 1997. If this reveals that sufficient This mechanism lies at the heart of outstanding staff, the Organization additional LHC support is forthcom­ the all-embracing Standard Model can look forward to taking further ing from non-Member States, then which so impressively describes important steps in the understanding the two-stage plan could be aban­ today's physics. Impressive as it is, of matter. We hope to welcome doned and the project could revert to the Standard Model has a long list of friends from other countries to its original direct route to 14 TeV. quantities which cannot be predicted participate in the LHC, not only for At the Council meeting, observers and can only be measured in experi­ financial participation but even more from the US and Japan immediately ment. for their very important intellectual welcomed the decision and indicated

CERN Courier, January/February 1995 1 The ultimate birthday present

This 35-metre string of LHC prototype superconducting magnets ran for 24 hours at 8.36 tesla, the magnetic field required to hold LHC s 7 TeV protons in orbit round the 27- kilometre ring.

that negotiations towards new coop­ eration with CERN can begin. However the decision was not taken lightly. In these cost-conscious times, previous attempts to push through LHC approval had run up against difficulties. In particular the June 1994 Council session (September, page 8) saw 17 Member States voting in favour of LHC, with Germa­ ny and the UK insisting on special LHC contributions from the Laborato­ ry's two host states, France and Switzerland. The unanimous vote emerging from the December meeting was contin­ gent on Member States' contributions to the CERN budget (918 million Swiss francs for 1995) being frozen until 1997. Planing will envisage an annual inflation rate of 2% and that Member State contributions will be indexed by 1%from 1998. As host states, France and Switzer­ magnets have to be specially aligned LHC magnet research and develop­ land will be liable to a 2% indexation. (the beam still has to be steered ment work began in 1986, and has Together they will ensure additional round a full circle) and subsequently been marked by a series of high field support amounting to some 200 realigned for the full magnet comple­ achievements with successively million Swiss francs. ment. more sophisticated prototypes. This option is very reminiscent of The latest success set the scene for the missing magnet scheme pro­ the Council decision. Missing magnet option posed to facilitate the building of LHC's superconducting bending CERN's '300 GeV proton synchro­ magnets, now planned to be 14.2 tron project in the late 1960s. metres long, will operate at a field of LHC's full 14 TeV energy requires This project went on to become the 8.36 tesla, the highest ever used in 1232 superconducting dipole mag­ SPS, commissioned as a 400 GeV an accelerator. This will be achieved nets to bend the beams, 1104 of machine in 1976, with the lower by cryogenics working at superfluid them arranged in triplets (half-cells) energy option unused. helium temperature, 1.8K. around the ring. The intermediate The manufacture of so many mag­ two-thirds energy option would use a nets to operate reliably is a major 'missing magnet' configuration, with Magnet progress challenge for both magnet designers only two bending magnets in each and for industry. half-cell, the central position remain­ In preparation for the test, the string ing as an empty cryostat. Underlining the already advanced (two dipole bending magnets togeth­ Installing only two-thirds of the big state of LHC development work, on er with a quadrupole of the type dipoles obviously makes for initial 6-7 December a 35-metre string of needed to focus the LHC beams) first cost saving, but this would have to be powerful LHC prototype supercon­ briefly attained the 12,350. A current offset against the effort in eventually ducting magnets ran for 24 hours at corresponding to the 8.36 T magnetic replacing empty cryostats by the 8.36 tesla, the magnetic field re­ field. A second test repeated the missing dipoles. In the missing quired to hold LHC's 7 TeV protons achievement, with the current holding magnet scenario, the installed in orbit round the 27-kilometre ring. steady for 24 hours before being

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 3 The ultimate birthday present

raised to a level corresponding to just installation purposes, although still a last year for the study of B particle above 8.9 T. few metres shorter than those which physics. Other experimental possibili­ The LHC design is under constant had been considered and prototyped ties were outlined at a special meet­ review to optimize cost and perform­ for the ill-fated US Superconducting ing at CERN on 29-30 November. ance. The beam bending power has Supercollider (SSC) project. The next major milestone in the been increased by packing in more Other design changes include a experimental programme is the magnets, lengthening both the revised injection scheme from the formal presentation of the ATLAS individual magnets and the modules neighbouring SPS synchrotron. LHC and CMS proposals in January. into which they are fitted. The latest thinking now also focuses on a 'four- The formal approval of LHC also version has 23 cell modules to each feed' plan for the vast accompanying means the dismantling of the LHC machine octant, with each half-cell cryogenics, with two octants being Detector Research and Development consisting of three 14.2 metre di­ supplied with liquid helium from each Committee (DRDC), which for the poles, one 3 m quadrupole and of four supply points. past four years has supervised accompanying corrector magnets. On the experimental front, the two development work for the technologi­ As a result, the nominal 7 TeV major projects - ATLAS and CMS - cal challenges facing LHC detectors. beam energy operating level has for detectors to study proton-proton This work now switches to the LHC been lowered from 8.65 to 8.36 T, collisions were identified in 1993 after Experiments Committee. An article providing a useful operating margin. a series of major meetings to study on the valuable groundwork accom­ At the maximum dipole field of 9T, experimental possibilities at the LHC. plished under the DRDC framework beam energy is boosted from 7.28 to For heavy ion work, ALICE has will appear in a forthcoming issue. 7.53 TeV. emerged as the main contender for a (For other Council news, see page The longer dipoles are considered dedicated experiment, while the 26.) close to the reasonable maximum for LHC-B collaboration was established

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Empty Cryostat For its full collision energy of 14 TeV, LHC will use half-cells containing three superconduct­ ing bending magnets (B) and focussing quadrupoles (Q). Attaining two-thirds of this Missing magnet " lattice energy needs only two dipoles in three, the central site in each half-cell containing an empty cryostat, which will later have to be replaced and the outer magnets realigned.

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 5 Steve Myers shows a LEP electrostatic Around the Laboratories separator to French Atomic Energy Authority High Commissioner Robert Dautray. These separators remove unwanted electron- positron collision points.

CERN Another leap at LEP

hen the 1994 physics run at W CERN's LEP electron-positron collider finished at the end of Novem­ ber, integrated luminosity reached 64.5 inverse picobarns (October 1994, page 1), more than one and a half times as much as collected in 1993, itself 40% more than the 1992 score. So far the four experiments have seen well over 12 million Z particles. During most of the year, eight- bunch 'pretzel' running (October 1992, page 17) was standard. After five years, the LEP team have few remaining tricks up their sleeves, and the main emphasis in 1994 was to go for optimal efficiency (maximum vertical beam-beam tune shift). This paid off and by late summer, the luminosity aggregate had already surpassed 60 inverse picobarns. In preparation for the higher energy LEP2 scheme, scheduled to begin operations in 1996, additional beam 1993, page 5) to within 1.5 MeV at delicate interaction of the contra- separators and superconducting the Z resonance. rotating electron and positron beams. radiofrequency accelerating cavities LEP has developed into such a More particles could in principle be were installed in late summer. To­ precision machine that it is making its pumped into the ring to increase the wards the end of the year another mark on geodesy. The effect of earth collision rate, but unwelcome beam- harbinger of LEP2 was the abandon­ tides on the beams, once hailed as a beam interactions would set in and ing of eight-bunch pretzel running in spectacular breakthrough in accuracy spoil the result. favour of 'trains' of bunches, fore­ (January 1993, page 4), is now For the higher energy LEP2, the seen as the standard scheme for considered unfortunate background, boot is on the other foot. Here the LEP2. with people grumbling about their beam-beam interaction will not be so During 1994, LEP operations inability to do anything about it. The severe, so more particles can be surpassed the magic figure of an behaviour of LEP beams is now injected. Following experience at inverse picobarn of integrated lumi­ limited by another factor nobody can Cornell's CESR ring, the idea is to go nosity in 24 hours, while peak lumi­ do anything about - rainfall! LEP can for several colliding 'trains' with nosity attained 2.2 x 1031 cm2 s~\ well now detect the height of the water carriages (bunches) of electrons and above the design figure of 1.3 x 1031. table in the nearby Jura mountains positrons. The number of trains and (In our November issue, we wrongly and the level of water in Lake Gene­ carriages is dictated by the ability of cited this design luminosity as 1.7 x va. the experiments to handle them, and 1031.) Polarization gives a precision For LEP1, the major recent per­ in preparation for higher energy fix on beam energy (September formance constraint has been the running, this year LEP will go for four

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 7 Around the Laboratories

DESY Director Bjorn Wiik enjoys the end of 1994 physics at DESY's unique HERA electron-proton collider, which supplied experiments with 20% more integrated luminosity than targeted.

positron beams were typically 25-30 milliamps. Switching from electron to positron beam running (sidestepping prob­ lems with impurity positive ions) in the middle of the run increased the beam lifetime to about 10 hours. For positron running, the polarity of the entire 'electron' chain - the DESY synchrotron, PETRA and the HERA electron ring - were all switched. HERA operations for 1995 are scheduled to begin on 3 April.

DARMSTADT Heaviest of them all (so far)

he heaviest nuclei yet, with electron and positron trains, each of January during the end-year shut­ T atomic numbers of 111 and 110, four bunches. down at the traditional performance have been synthesized at the GSI The increased collision rate given workshop in Chamonix in the French (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforsc- by this scheme will eventually be a Alps. A report of the workshop will hung) heavy ion Laboratory, Darm­ boon at LEP2, where the production feature in a forthcoming issue. stadt. rate of W pairs will be thousands of The breakthrough was made by an times less than the Z production rate international group (GSI/Dubna/ at LEP1. Bratislava/Jyvaeskylae) including In preparation for LEP2 commis­ Peter Armbruster and Sigurd sioning later in the year, delivery of DESY Hofmann using the SHIP separator superconducting niobium-coated Luminous 1994 for heavy reaction products. This cavities has been progressing well group has already discovered the after some initial acceptance prob­ elements 107, 108 and 109 at GSI. lems. Superconductivity is a very he 1994 physics run at DESY's The element 110 experiment initially delicate condition to have to pre­ T unique HERA electron-proton fused nickel 62 ions accelerated in serve, and many precautions have to collider supplied the H1 and Zeus the GSI UNILAC on a lead 208 be taken. The sophisticated surface experiments with 6.2 inverse pico- target. The resulting nuclei were treatments needed to ensure good barns (October 1994, page 1 ) of sorted by SHIP'S velocity filter and an cavity performance are being mas­ integrated luminosity, some 20% alpha-decay chain could be unambig­ tered and improved, troublesome more than the target figure. uously assigned to 269/110. In the heating in the surrounding radiofre- The luminosity increase was the Periodic Table, this new nucleus is a quency plumbing is being overcome, result of several factors. In 1994 the heavier cousin of nickel, palladium and unwelcome 'multipactoring' on proton beam was made up of up to and platinum. the niobium surfaces is being control­ 170 bunches (compared with 84 in Subsequently, irradiation of bismuth led. 1993 and 9 in 1992), giving average 209 with nickel 64 produced 272/111, LEP experience in 1994 and plans proton currents of 40 milliamps exactly on the 25th anniversary of for this year are being reviewed in (maximum 60), while electron/ GSI's founding on 17 December 1969.

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 9 Around the Laboratories

SHIP not at sea. The SHIP velocity filter/ separator for heavy reaction products at the GSI heavy ion Laboratory Darmstadt, has added another feather to its already well- adorned cap with the discovery of nuclei 110 and 111, the heaviest ever seen.

element 110 on the basis of delayed alpha-alpha coincidences. The accurately measured decay data of the daughter isotopes of the elements 108 to 102, obtained in the pre-experiments, were used. The isotope 269/110 decays with a half-life of (270+520-220) microsec­ onds. The SHIP group substituted nickel- 64 for nickel-62 and were rewarded by formation of the nucleus 271/110. For element 111, the nuclei decay by alpha emission into 268/109 and 264/107, the heaviest isotopes of these nuclei ever seen.

BEIJING Green light for feasibility studies on tau-charm factory

ince first collisions were achieved Sat the Beijing Institute of High Energy Physics BEPC electron- positron collider in October 1989, nine million J/psi and 1.4 million psi primes have been collected, as well as integrated luminosities of five and 23 inverse picobarns collected from respectively the tau threshold and a collision energy of 4.03 GeV. In addition, the BES spectrometer group has obtained several important tau results, including a precise measurement of the tau mass and precision studies of important tau decays. These results were a focus In a series of important pre-experi- allowed single neutron evaporation to of interest at major meetings last ments to tune the production of be studied - the nickel-62/lead-208 summer. nucleus 110, the production of fusion reaction produces the 269/110 With many physicists across the intermediate unstable superheavy supernucleus and a single neutron. world interested in the future of the nuclei (104 and 108) was examined A nickel beam energy of 311 MeV BEPC/BES complex, in October, in the fusion of titanium-50 and iron- produces a chain of 4 alpha decays. came the good news that the Chi­ 58 on lead. As well as finding the This can be assigned to the isotope nese leadership had promised to optimum projectile energies, this also with the mass number 269 of the support Beijing's feasibility study

10 CERN Courier, January/February 1995 Around the Laboratories

Cyclotron technology transferred to industry - the Ebco TR30 cyclotron installed for Nordion at the Canadian TRIUMF Laboratory in Vancouver is being upgraded from 500 microamps to 1 milliamp operation. (Photo Ebco)

project for a Tau-Charm Factory (tauCF) on the BEPC site. BEPC's working energy, in the range 3 - 5.6 GeV, covers a high density region of resonances includ­ ing charmonium, its excited states and production thresholds of many particles, such as the tau lepton pairs and charmed particles(mesons and baryons). The present experimental statistics and detection resolution at BEPC/ BES are not up to the task of testing the Standard Model to its limit and searching for new physics. The tauCF would be a logical contin­ uation of BEPC/BES. With a hundred times greater luminosity and tenfold detection accuracy, tauCF could play a decisive role in ongoing physics goals. A SLAC (Stanford) workshop last summer on tauCF in the B-Factory though the primary funding from the work leading to two important initia­ Era underlined the importance of Canadian government is earmarked tives - the establishment of a com­ tauCF, with conclusion that a B- for support of basic research, the mercial radioisotope production factory cannot replace tauCF. Many laboratory has always fostered facility on site and the inauguration of scientists have observed that Beijing applications of the technologies a positron emission tomography is one of the best places for a tau- available, supporting them with funds (PET) program at the University of charm factory. from other sources. British Columbia nearby. At first this "applied programme" In 1979 Atomic Energy of Canada involved simply the provision of Ltd's isotope production division (now particle beams for other scientific, Nordion International Inc.) decided to TRIUMF medical and industrial uses - protons establish a western Canadian facility for the development of neutron- at TRIUMF, to produce the increas­ Technology transfer deficient radioisotopes, neutrons for ingly important neutron-deficient activation analysis, pions for cancer radioisotopes obtainable with accel­ n our occasional series highlighting therapy, and muons for chemistry erator beams, primarily for medical the increasingly important area of and condensed-matter physics. applications. This would complement technology transfer and industrial Twenty five years on, the technolo­ their production of neutron-rich spinoff from high energy physics, this gy transfer process has resulted not isotopes at nuclear reactors in month the CERN Courier focuses on only in a significantly expanded eastern Canada. To complement the TRIUMF in Vancouver, Canada's internal applied programme, with TRIUMF cyclotron beams, a 42 MeV major national facility for research in many areas of activity quite inde­ 200 microamp CP42 negative hydro­ subatomic physics, a particularly pendent of the big cyclotron, but also gen ion cyclotron was purchased and illustrative example of the rewards in a number of successful commer­ brought into operation in 1982. and challenges involved. cial operations in the Vancouver Increasing demand soon led to this TRIUMF is based on a 520 MeV area. machine working at full capacity, so negative hydrogen ion cyclotron Radioisotope production has been a in 1987, after an extensive market meson factory operated by a consor­ particularly fruitful source for technol­ search, Nordion decided to enter into tium of Canadian universities. Al­ ogy transfer, the early development a three-way agreement with TRIUMF

CERN Courier, January/February 1995 11 Around the Laboratories

and Ebco Industries, a local company were familiar with each other. Both This has led to the construction of which had played a major part in commercial companies had worked three more small cyclotrons, a TR30/ building the 520 MeV cyclotron, to with TRIUMF over a number of 15 in operation at INER Taiwan since design and construct a 30 MeV 500 years, and the three partners had mid-1993, providing 8-15 MeV microamp negative hydrogen ion built up a significant level of mutual negative deuteron beams in addition cyclotron - the TR30. trust. to negative hydrogen ions, and two This project was pivotal in determin­ Moreover, the importance of trans­ smaller TR13 cyclotrons. The latter ing TRIUMF's approach to major ferring technical knowledge to indus­ provide 100 microamp 8-13 MeV transfers of technology to industry. try was becoming increasingly negative hydrogen ion beams for The choice of a negative hydrogen recognized in Canada. Positron Emission Tomography ion cyclotron stemmed naturally from All levels of government were trying (PET) radioisotope production and the requirement for clean extraction to derive additional economic and are of a special compact design for of two beams simultaneously, varia­ social benefits from the extensive, direct installation in hospitals. ble in energy (15-30 MeV) and yet largely untapped, resource base The prototype is now in operation for intensity, and from TRIUMF's exten­ of science and technology being the University of British Columbia sive experience with such machines. developed in government-funded PET programme while the second A 4-sector magnet was used, with research centres, such as TRIUMF. TR13 is currently being commis­ two 45-degree dees. For good In the present instance this far- sioned in South Korea. maintenance access, negative sighted view led the British Columbia As with any new venture, there hydrogen ions were injected from an provincial government to accelerate have been some routine start-up external source and the 74 MHz the project by lending a significant hurdles and issues for both parties, radiofrequency amplifier was mount­ fraction of the construction costs. but Ebco has now received the ed outside the vault. A very tight schedule was estab­ TRIUMF cyclotron technology and is The project was a bold move for lished, calling for the completion of an internationally recognized manu­ each of the participants: the cyclotron design in early 1989 facturer of cyclotrons. Nordion was not only buying a and initial operation with two 250 Overall the TRIUMF and Ebco entry cyclotron that had yet to be designed microamp external beams by mid- into cyclotron design and manufac­ or tested, but also had to construct 1990. In fact, commissioning began turing has been quite successful. additional buildings and install on schedule and full-intensity beam The commercialization policy facilities around the new machine as was being delivered within three adopted by TRIUMF recognizes two it was being assembled and tested. months, a performance that was major goals for its commercial Ebco was making a policy decision agreed by all three parties to have activities: dissemination of technolo­ to build and market cyclotrons been very successful. The TR30 has gy opportunities to industry for the commercially, and although the now been in highly reliable operation long-term enhancement of Canadian company was quite experienced in for four years and is responsible for industry; and generation of additional the construction of complex electrical the majority of Nordion's almost $15 revenues that can be used to fund and mechanical equipment to cus­ million annual revenue from its research activities peripheral to tomers' orders, this was a new Vancouver operations; royalty pay­ TRIUMF's primary mandate for basic corporate direction. ments to TRIUMF amount to research. TRIUMF was embarking on a whole $370,000 per year. Among the procedures adopted for new role of transferring and commer­ One of the fruits of the TR30 project new commercialization proposals, cializing technology in a major way, was the establishment of a technolo­ the most important is the requirement requiring the development of new gy transfer office to establish policies for a formal review process to evalu­ policies and procedures as the and procedures and to negotiate ate the costs and benefits to project progressed through the licence agreements with commercial TRIUMF. inevitable sequence of demands and partners. One of its first duties was to This review must ascertain whether deadlines. finalize an agreement with Ebco for the prospective commercial associ­ Fortunately, some of the inherent the construction and marketing of ate has a reasonable prospect of challenges of such a venture were further machines, with provision for making an appropriate return on the mitigated, because all the parties consulting assistance from TRIUMF. investment, and whether TRIUMF

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OUTSTANDING TITLES from World Scientific World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics - Vol. 9 EUROPEAN PARTICLE ACCELERATOR Lecture Notes in Physics - Vol. 55 QUANTUM MECHANICS, HIGH ENERGY CONFERENCE (EPAC !94) LECTURES IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND ACCELERATORS: (In 3 Volumes) PHYSICS SELECTED PAPERS OF JOHN S BELL London, UK 27 June -1 July 1994 by Dan Green (Fermilab) (WITH COMMENTARY) edited by V Suller (Daresbury) & C Petit-Jean-Genaz (CERN) The aim of this book on particle physics is to present These proceedings aim to provide a comprehensive overview the theory in a simple way. The style and organi­ edited by M Bell (CERN), K Gottfried (Cornell Univ.) & M Veltman zation of the material is unique in that intuition (Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor) of research, technology and applications in the field of accel­ is employed, not formal theory or the Monte Carlo This book comprises an impressive collection of outstanding erators. Contributions from the entire field of accelerators are method. This volume attempts to be more scientific work of one of the greatest scientists of the recent presented, including low and high energy machines, and medical physical and less abstract than other texts without past, and it will remain important and influential for a long and industrial accelerators. degenerating into a presentation of data without time to come. Vol.1980 pp / Vol.2 960pp / Vol. 31008pp /1994 / 981-02-1928-8(set) £317 interpretation. lOOOpp H / May 1995 / 981-02-2115-0 £60 World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics - Vol. 8 484pp/1994/981-02-1682-3 £63 981-02-1683-l(pbk) £35 Series in 20th Century Physics - Vol. 5 LEPT0N PHYSICS AT CERN AND FRASCATI SELECTED PAPERS OF ABDUS SALAM edited by Nicola Cabibbo (Univ. Rome) This volume is in honour of one of the leaders of Italian high- Series in 20th Century Physics - Vol. 6 (WITH COMMENTARY) energy physics, Antonino Zichichi. The volume includes articles RESEARCH ON PARTICLE edited by A Ali (DESY), C Isham, T Kibble (Imperial College) & and laboratory reports, documenting the extraordinary constancy Riazuddm (KFUPM) of Zichichi in a scientific programme which spanned more than IMAGING DETECTORS edited by Georges Charpak (CERN) "Abdus Salam's scientific work spans much of the history a decade. This book commemorates the groundbreaking of particle physics, from early days of quantum field 350pp («) / Mar 1995 / 981-02-2078-2 £47 theory to the present. He contributed to what are now basic research leading to the evolution of such detectors ideas about functional determinants, symmetries in phys­ B Decays (Revised 2nd Edition) carried out at CERN by Georges Charpak, Nobel ics, the construction of the standard model, superspace Prizewinner for Physics in 1992. Besides collect­ edited by Sheldon Stone ( Syracuse Univ.) constructions of supersymmetric theories, and more. This ing his key papers, the book also includes original This 2nd edition is an extensive update of "2? Decays". The revisions collection contains many papers that are still fresh after linking commentary which sets his work in the are necessary because of the extensive amount of new data and the passing of time." context of other worldwide research. new theoretical ideas. This book reviews what is known about b- Edward Witten, 1994 450pp («) / Jul 1995 / 981-02-1902-4 £56 quark decays and also looks at what can be learned in the future. 981-02-1903-2(pbk) £35 696pp 71994/981-02-1662-9 £64 / 981-02-1663-7(pbk) £31 672pp/1994/981-02-1836-2 £64 / 981-02-1897-4(pbk) £25

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 13 Around the Laboratories

can expect a net benefit, without ways to make technology transfer the relative production of photons negative net financial or personnel work. and charged particles in the phase impacts. transition of hadronic matter to quark- The TR30 experience also taught gluon plasma and its subsequent TRIUMF a number of practical hadronization. lessons in effective collaboration: INDIA The photon multiplicity detector Technology transfer must be Photon multiplicity consists of a matrix of scintillator viewed as a body contact exercise - pads placed in light-tight boxes and knowledge is only transferred effec­ detector mounted behind the lead converter tively through direct meetings be­ plates. The light from the scintillator tween the scientists and the industry he team of Indian scientists from pads is transported to the readout representatives; T Calcutta's Variable Energy system using wavelength shifting Technology transfer is usually a Cyclotron Centre, Bhubaneswar (WLS) fibres. Developing on the much more lengthy process than is Institute of Physics, Panjab (Chandi­ team's earlier experience with a originally anticipated by either party; garh), Rajasthan (Jaipur) and Jammu smaller version for the WA93 experi­ Technology transfer requires in collaboration with GSI Darmstadt ment (September 1991, page 16), committed individuals on both sides have contributed a large and highly several modifications were incorpo­ to ride through the inevitable rough granular preshower photon multiplici­ rated to improve light collection and spots; ty detector (PMD) for the WA98 transport. Use of improved WLS The staff working on both sides experiment at the CERN SPS proton fibres, short WLS pieces to minimize must feel that they are being treated synchrotron. self-absorption, and thermal splicing reasonably and equitably. Commit­ This experiment studies high with long clear fibres were some of ments must be kept, and any special energy collisions of lead ions and will the important changes incorporated. rewards must be agreed to by both measure both charged particle and Tests showed signficantly improved parties, including representatives of photon multiplicity in a large overlap light collection. non-participating staff. region. In recent years, technology transfer The motivation for measuring from government-funded research photon multiplicity in ultra-relativistic The boxed modules of the Photon Multiplicity laboratories to industry has been an heavy ion collisions stems from Detector after final assembly in India before increasingly popular aim of govern­ theoretical predictions of changes in despatch to CERN. ments. TRIUMF now has several years' experience with Ebco Indus­ tries in transferring cyclotron technol­ ogy to the marketplace, and both parties have found that although there are invariably unexpected hurdles, these can be overcome with goodwill and effort on both sides. For TRIUMF it has been a benefi­ cial experience, although not without its challenges. TRIUMF staff have responded well to the new demands and requirements of commercial activity, although for some it has meant learning new processes for maintaining confidentiality and meeting rigid external deadlines. If there has been one key to success, it has been the commitment by senior management on both sides to find

14 CERN Courier, January/February 1995 Around the Laboratories

The scintillator pads were fabricated In September came a suggestion at all the five collaborating centres in COMPUTER that both Chapters should merge to India and the complicated assembly better share experiences and pool in the detector box modules carried OPERATING resources into specific working out at the Variable Energy Cyclotron SYSTEMS groups. This was discussed and Centre, Calcutta. More than 400 lead agreed. Now a single HEPiX organi­ converter plates were machined in HEPiX news zation exists, with conferences Calcutta to rigorous tolerances of alternating between Europe and 0.2 mm. The assembled detector box n October the North American and North America, interspersed with modules and lead plates were European Chapters of HEPiX (the meetings to coincide with the Com­ shipped to CERN in spring 1994 for HEP UNIX group established to puting in HEP (CHEP) series, where tests and installation. share worldwide high energy physics meetings are held every 18 months. The WA98 PMD consists of over experience in using the UNIX operat­ The schedule for the next two years 50,000 scintillator pads of sizes ing system - March 1994, page 18), is Prague (May 31 to June 2), Rio de varying from 15 to 25 mm square and held meetings at Fermilab and Janeiro (September 25 - 27), US or are assembled in 26 light-tight box Saclay. Canada in Spring 1996 and Europe modules. Each fibre matrix of 38 The two-day Fermilab meeting in Autumn 1996. rows and 50 columns is read out attracted over 30 attendees from It was also agreed to set up some using an image intensifier and CCD some 12 sites in the US, as well as working groups, the first devoted to camera system. At present the PMD representation from CERN. AFS-related matters. Others will be uses 26 readout cameras from the The three-day European meeting two announced in the HEPiX newsgroup. old UA2 experiment, including 20 weeks later was attended by some A Steering Committee is being units on loan from CERN. 70 people from 30 sites in Europe, formed, and a call for more volun­ The detector covers an area of 21 the US and Japan. teers for it and for the working groups square metres in the forward region. Both meetings featured some will also appear in the newsgroup Its total weight with the stand and common themes such as the growth shortly. lead converter plates is about 6 tons. in the use of AFS (the Andrew File A central hole about 1 metre square System) for distributed access to Alan Silverman avoids problems with overlapping central filebases, and the continuing showers. The detector took its first trend away from mainframes towards data during the lead ion run late last farms of UNIX workstations and/or year (December 1994, page 15). servers. Other topics of interest included an update of the POSIX standards efforts, an online presentation of an experimental graphics interface, first impressions of new utility for batch job control in UNIX, the latest news on the spread of the HEPiX login scripts and a review of trends in magnetic tape technology. Detailed minutes are in preparation and will be published in the HEPNET.HEPiX news group in due course. In the meantime, the trans­ parencies presented in many of the sessions at both conferences can be consulted via the World-Wide Web at URL http://wwwcn.cern.ch/hepix/ meetings.html

CERN Courier, January/February 1995 15 Collision course. Delegates at the second workshop on the Physics Potential and Physics monitor Development of Muon Colliders, held in Sausalito, California, in November.

Muon colliders

he increasing interest in the T possibility of positive-negative muon colliders (October 1994, page 24) was reflected in the second workshop on the Physics Potential and Development of Muon Colliders, held in Sausalito, California, from 16-19 November, with some 60 attendees. It began with an overview of the particle physics goals, detector constraints, the muon collider and mu cooling, and source issues. The major issue confronting muon development is the possible luminosi­ ty achievable. Two collider energies were considered: 200 + 200 GeV and One interesting possibility is the cooling and acceleration in crystals 2 + 2 TeV. The major particle physics direct observation of the supersym­ at TRIUMF. goals are the detection of the higgs metric higgs. The detector back­ One major conclusion of the meet­ boson(s) for the lower energy collid­ grounds will be considerable due to ing is that muon colliders are comple­ er, together with WW scattering and high energy muon decays upstream, mentary to both proton-proton (LHC) supersymmetric particle discovery. however the working group conclud­ and electron-positron (NLC) colliders, At the first such workshop, held in ed that these backgrounds might be especially for the higgs Sector and Napa, California, in 1992, it was manageable. for the study of supersymmetric estimated that a luminosity of some One key to achieving a high lumi­ particles. 1030 and 3 x 1032 cm2s1 for the low nosity collider is the collection of a The third meeting in this series will and high energy collider might be maximum of muons from pion de­ be held in San Francisco, California, achieved (papers from this meeting cays. This is far from trivial and leads in December. Another workshop, were published in the October issue to conclusions from groups 2 and 3 addressing machine issues, will be of NIM). This was considered a that the present uncertainty in lumi­ held on Long Island in October. somewhat conservative estimate at nosity is of order 102±1 (these orders Proceedings of the Sausalito work­ the time. of magnitude unfortunately span the shop will be published by the Ameri­ At the Sausalito workshop the goal range from being uninteresting to can Institute of Physics. was to see if a luminosity of 1032 to being very interesting!). Hopefully 1034 for the two colliders might be this uncertainty can be reduced From David Cline UCLA achievable and usable by a detector. before the next meeting. There were five working groups - Perhaps the most interesting aspect physics, 200 + 200 GeV collider, of a muon collider is the need to cool 2 + 2 TeV collider, detector design the positive and negative muon Cosmic rays of the and backgrounds, and muon cooling beams over a very large dynamic and production methods. Considera­ range. highest energies ble progress was made in all these Three experimental programmes areas at the workshop. were discussed and are being ith the objective of designing a The muon collider has a powerful initiated to study muon cooling: W new detector to probe the physics reach, especially if muon at Brookhaven, Fermilab, and a behaviour of the highest energy polarization can be maintained. UCLA group is proposing to study cosmic rays, a Giant Airshower

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 17 Physics monitor

Detector Design Group is at Fermilab There is suggestive evidence from events to be recorded annually for six months (until end-July). a number of experiments that above above 1019 eV and, with the capabili­ The initial concept is for a 5000 1019 eV the cosmic rays are protons. ty of accurate energy and mass square-kilometre airshower array If so, an origin within our own galaxy determinations, provide data to with a fluorescence detector at the can be excluded as the protons confront conflicting ideas about the centre. would propagate rectilinearly and origin of the most energetic particles The group will produce a document sources within our galaxy would be in Nature. Preliminary cost estimates with a review of scientific justification, readily identified. By contrast the indicate that this will be a $60 - $100 a technical design, a survey of arrival direction distribution is isotrop­ M project which requires a detailed possible sites, and a cost estimate ic, within the limited statistics, even design study to bring to the proposal with options. beyond 1020 eV where only a handful stage. The construction of large detectors of events have been detected. This in both the northern and southern result is extremely paradoxical as hemispheres is an international sources at large distances (beyond undertaking. Hosted by Fermilab, the about 30 Mpc) are strongly excluded Design Group is also supported by by the existence of such events. Antiprotonic heating of the US National Science Foundation, The point is that above 4 x 1019 eV nuclei UNESCO and the Grainger Founda­ protons and heavier nuclei interact tion. with the primordial 2.7 K microwave Further information from Robin background radiation through well- he bulk properties of nuclear Ruschman, MS122, Fermilab, understood reactions of particle and T matter such as viscosity, elastici­ PO Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, nuclear physics and are rapidly ty, heat capacity, and phase transi­ e-mail degraded in energy. tions from a liquid-like to a gaseous [email protected] The existence of the most energetic state are not well known. Moreover The following statement from Alan event yet detected, 3 x 1020 eV, they can be studied for very small Watson of Leeds, UK, underlines the implies that it must have originated pieces of nuclear matter only. aims of the project: within 20 Mpc of the earth. However For this work nuclei have to be the arrival directions of this event and excited to the very limit of stability Cosmic rays are now known to others of similar energy do not point and their decay properties carefully span the energy range from 109 to to any unusually energetic objects registered. The specific excitation beyond 1020 eV and to be, predomi­ within our galaxy or elsewhere and process, however, may also stimu­ nantly, the nuclei of atoms from the lack of appropriate electromag­ late a decay with its own stability hydrogen to iron. Above 1014eV the netic acceleration processes has limit. The most common excitation particles are so rare that their detec­ even led to speculation that the method so far, heavy-ion reactions, is tion relies on measurements of the particles are created in the collapse indeed very effective in heating giant cascades or extensive air of massive cosmic strings which are nuclei thermally, but at the same time showers created in the atmosphere topological relics of the early uni­ introduces strong rotations, shape which may be observed with arrays verse. distortions and considerable com­ of particle and optical detectors at The results obtained so far derive pression in the nuclear complex. ground level. The flux of particles from the independent efforts of It seems difficult to disentangle these falls inversely as the square of the groups in four different nations and effects. energy until above 1019 eV only about are based on only a few hundred These ambiguities can be avoided one per km2 per year is collected. records above 1019 eV. To increase by a soft or radiation-like heating of The origin of these particles is this sample significantly requires an nuclei with pions of kinetic energies unknown and how Nature can accel­ international effort in which all the around 200 MeV. For these pions a erate them to energies, which repre­ nations historically involved, and nucleus is essentially a black disc. sent the most significant departures others, are eager to participate. Since a single pion does not transfer from thermal equilibrium found in the We propose to construct a device enough heat, several pions have to Universe, is a major astrophysical with an aperture of 5000 km2 sr. be absorbed simultaneously in the puzzle. Such an instrument would allow 5000 nucleus.

18 CERN Courier, January/February 1995 NEW ORTEC Catalog Features Modular Pulse-Processing Electronics and Semiconductor Radiation Detectors "This Isn't a Catalog. It's a Tutor!" The first recipient of EG&G ORTEC's new catalog, "Modular Pulse-Processing Electronics and Semi­ conductor Radiation Detectors," spoke those words. We thought they bore repeating. This "catalog" con­ tains more tutorial information, applications advice, BÙTTLER MARINE SA and instrument selection charts for the research Direction pour la Suisse scientist than anyone would expect. de la Branche Maritime et Transports Included are a myriad of new products for pulse processing, GENÈVE multichannel scaling, mass spectrometry, LIDAR, fluorescence lifetime, single-photon count­ ing, radiochemistry, picosecond timing, and gamma-ray or alpha-particle spectroscopy. Request the NEW catalog today - PHONE: 800-251-9750, FAX: 615-483-0396, or E-mail (MCI: 709-6992; Internet: [email protected]; CompuServe: MCIMAIL709-6992). 54, route des Acacias - Case postale 41 - 1211 Genève 24/Acacias n Téléphone 022/342 00 57-58-59 - EGzB ORTEC Telefax 022/342 00 26 - Télex 422 215buci

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 19 Physics monitor

Full solid angle detectors for the PS208 Close-up of the PS208 silicon ball, composed experiment at CERN's LEAR low energy of 158 pentagons and hexagons. antiproton ring - neutron ball (BNB) with silicon ball (BSIB).

DESY Theory Workshop 1994

or 1994, the traditional annual F DESY Theory Workshop was devoted to supersymmetry. This is a novel symmetry relating bosons (normally force-carrying particles) and fermions (which normally feel the forces). In supersymmetry, bosons could have fermion counterparts, and vice versa. Although this subject is still largely a theorist's playground, many of the particles and phenomena predicted by models of low energy supersym­ metry now seem within reach of present and planned future accelera­ This can be accomplished by the (BNB) and the Berlin Silicon Ball tor experiments, and this was one of annihilation of an antiproton with one (BSIB) installed at LEAR. the main reasons for choosing a nucléon in a nucleus, resulting in The neutron ball is a spherical shell more speculative theme after more about five pions. Antiprotons at low with an outer diameter 160 cm, filled phenomenological orientations in energies annihilate outside the with a liquid scintillator doped with recent DESY Theory Workshops. surface - in the nuclear 'strato­ gadolinium. This scintillator counts all After the welcome by DESY Direc­ sphere'. Thus only a small fraction of emitted neutrons by registering the tor General Bjorn Wiik, attention was the produced pions can be absorbed capture gamma-rays of delayed immediately focused on experimental by the nucleus. At high antiproton neutrons. Inside the shell 158 silicon aspects. P. Steffen (DESY) present­ energies of about 1 GeV the annihila­ detectors are arranged on the inside ed the latest results from HERA. tion site is much closer to or even of a 20 cm diameter sphere. The In the following talks, K. Honscheid inside the nuclear surface (an 'under­ silicon ball measures the energy, (Ohio), S. Lammel (Fermilab) and ground' explosion) with absorption of particle species and angular correla­ S. Komamiya (CERN and Tokyo) several pions and production of very tions of all charged nuclear particles. reviewed the experimental situation hot nuclei with excitation energies of The decay of hot nuclei with anti- at electron-proton, hadron and up to 1 GeV. This method of antiprot- protons is studied up to the maximum electron-positron colliders, respec­ onic heating is exploited at CERN's LEAR energy of 1.25 GeV. Initial tively. They discussed the most LEAR low energy antiproton ring by results show the expected highly recent limits for supersymmetric the PS208 collaboration: HMI-Berlin, efficient antiprotonic heating of particles (still none in sight!), as well GANIL-Caen, TU-Munich, Warsaw, nuclei. Ongoing analysis will reveal as precision experiments where FZ-Rossendorf, IPN-Orsay, IPN- decay characteristics near the critical deviations from the standard model Moscow, and CERN. point of the nuclear liquid-gas phase might show up. Studying the properties of these hot instability. The workshop was treated to a first nuclei needs measurement of all rate introduction to the MSSM ("mini­ nuclear decay products such as mal supersymmetric standard mod­ neutrons, protons, alphas and heav­ el") by F. Zwirner (CERN), who ier particles up to fission fragments. clearly explained the motivation for This is done with two full solid angle going supersymmetric and reviewed detectors: the Berlin Neutron Ball the basic structure of the MSSM, its

20 CERN Courier, January/February 1995 THE SEARCH for INFINITY solving the mysteries of the Universe

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The book tells the story of the search for the ultimately small, from the early days of atomic physics to modern particle accelerators, and how the conditions necessary to reveal quarks replicate those of the first moments of the Universe - elegantly linking particle physics and cosmology, while at the same time providing straight­ forward explanations of the basics of modern physics.

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 21 Physics monitor

DESY Director Bjom Wiik (left) with supersymmetry pioneer Julius Wess at the traditional annual DESY Theory Workshop, which for 1994 was devoted to supersymmetry.

particle content and couplings, as well as the soft breaking terms necessary to avoid immediate conflict with experiment. This was followed by a systematic discussion of the Higgs sector by H. Haber (Santa Cruz), where the first hints of new physics could appear. However, he also made clear that it may not be easy to distinguish standard and non-standard Higgs bosons. Symmetries beyond the standard model, and in particular supersymmetric grand unification were treated in detail by G. Ross (Oxford) and S. Raby (Ohio), who capitalized on the recent precision data from CERN showing that cou­ pling constant unification is compati­ ble with supersymmetric grand unification (the original non-super- symmetric unification already having thus advised to keep an open mind reviewed by H.P. Nilles (Munich); been ruled out). They also discussed for new and unconventional models despite a number of proposed more specific predictions of these while looking for supersymmetry. breaking mechanisms (spontaneous, models for gauge couplings and Next, A. Masiero (Padova) showed "soft", "stringy", or by gravitino fermion masses. the way beyond terrestrial experi­ condensates), no satisfactory solu­ The second day started with discus­ ments in his overview of supersym­ tion of this important problem has yet sions of "non-standard supersymmet­ metric astroparticle physics, stressing been found. ric standard models" by U. Ellwanger that supersymmetry provides plenty More theoretical aspects of super- (Orsay) and R-parity violating models of candidates for the invisible 'dark symmetry were discussed on the last by J. Bagger (Baltimore). R-parity matter' of cosmology, independently day, when attention turned to 'super- distinguishes, roughly speaking, of whether one prefers the hot or the strings' - supersymmetric versions of known particles from their (as yet cold dark matter scenario. a theory of one-dimensional extend­ unseen) superpartners. Conservation After this excursion into outer ed objects, the "strings". In a spirited of R-parity means that SUSY parti­ space, P. West (London) brought the review of superstring unification, cles can only be pair-produced, audience back down to earth in his L. Ibanez (Madrid) reviewed the state hence the lightest supersymmetric review of non-renormalization theo­ of the art in superstring model build­ particle ("LSP") is stable. rems (i.e. the most general state­ ing, a more demanding task than the These talks emphasized that, ments about cancellation of diver­ construction of "superstring inspired" although the MSSM is the simplest gences between boson and fermion field theory models that were once realization of supersymmetry in the loops in supersymmetric theories), fashionable. standard model, many other possibili­ reminding everyone that these still The replacement of point particles ties remain. Especially for models provide the main motivation for by strings as fundamental entities is where R-parity is broken, the relevant introducing supersymmetry, offering believed to be necessary in order to experimental signatures might be a possible resolution to the hierarchy cure the ultraviolet divergences of very different from the missing problem (explaining "unnaturally" perturbative quantum gravity. He energy signals commonly assumed large ratios such as that between top especially mentioned new possibili­ to be the most direct experimental and up quark masses). Finally, the ties for constructing 'stringy' grand manifestation of low energy super- status of and the difficulties with unified theories (necessitating the symmetry. Experimentalists were supersymmetry breaking were use of higher level representations of

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 23 Physics monitor

Kac Moody algebras). J. Louis 9810218974 SC £25), a collection of (Munich) presented the latest results Books received contributions; on how to compute gauge couplings from superstring theory (using such A Career in Theoretical Physics by advanced mathematical tools as the he CERN Courier has received Philip W. Anderson (ISBN theory of modular forms) as well as T an impressive consignment of 981021717XHC£58, 9810217188 new non-perturbative mechanisms of new books from World Scientific SC £28), a collection of articles and supersymmetry breaking. While Publishing, and hopes to include papers, Volume 7 in World Scientif­ superstring theory has greatly added reviews in coming months. ic's Series in 20th Century Physics; to our understanding of perturbative quantum gravity, key questions of a Lectures in Particle Physics by Dan Knots and Physics (2nd edition) by conceptual nature remain unresolved Green of Fermilab (ISBN Louis H. Kauffman of Illinois, Chicago (or are not even asked by many 9810216823 HC £63, 9810216831 (ISBN 9810218564 HC £64, superstring practitioners). SC £35), imaginatively presented, 9810216580 SC £40), fascinating. These issues were addressed by World Scientific Lecture Notes - E. Verlinde (CERN), who proposed to Vol.55; use black holes as a "probe" to investigate the fate of space and time Instantons in Gauge Theories, in a superstring theory of quantum edited by M. Shifman (ISBN gravity. He also turned attention to 9810216815 HC £62, 9810218265 the question of what the fundamental SC £35), a collection of reprinted gauge symmetry of superstring papers; theory might be, citing recent progress on "duality symmetries". Development of Perturbative QCD In the final talk and in lieu of a confer­ by Guido Altarelli of CERN (ISBN ence summary, supersymmetry 9810217021 HC£58, 981021703X pioneer J. Wess (Munich) opened SC £35), a collection of review new horizons beyond supersymme­ articles, talks, and lecture notes; try, introducing the notion of "quan­ tum space". These have coordinates Salam Festschrift edited by A. AH, which are not ordinary commuting J. Ellis and S. Randjbar-Daemi (ISBN (nor anti-commuting) numbers, but 9810214219 HC £80, 9810214227 more abstract mathematical entities SC £39), talks from a conference to called "q-numbers". honour Abdus Salam, held at ICTP, The workshop showed that there is Trieste, in March 1993, and Volume still quite a way to go until we know 4 in World Scientific's Series in 20th which is the correct (supersymmet­ Century Physics; ric?) model of particle physics. Nonetheless, even after 20 years of Selected Papers of Abdus Salam supersymmetry, theorists (and many (with commentary), edited by A. AH, experimentalists!) remain enthusias­ C. Isham, T Kibble and Riazuddin tic and convinced that supersymme­ (ISBN 9810216629 HC £64, try is too beautiful a concept not to be 9810216637 SC £31), a fine volume used by Nature. for Salam admirers, Volume 5 in World Scientific's Series in 20th H. Nicolai Century Physics;

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CERN Courier, January/February 1995 25 People and things

Michal Turala becomes Leader of CERN's Giorgio Goggi becomes Leader of CERN's Electronics and Computing for Physics (ECP) Particle Physics Experiments (PPE) Division, Division, succeeding Pier-Giorgio Innocenti. succeeding Jim Allaby.

CERN Council

At the December meeting of CERN's governing body, the Council (which approved the LHC machine, see page 1) Paul Levaux was elected Vice President of Council and Marcello Gigliarelli Fiumi Chairman of the Finance Committee, both for one year, while Jacques Lefrançois of Orsay was elected to the Scientific Policy Committee. Within CERN, Lyndon Evans was appointed LHC Project Leader and Maurice Robin In Berlin and subsequently at Head of Administration. Gôttingen (under Max Born) he continued this work, and introduced the concepts of parity (left-right reversal) and time reversal as a Eugene Paul Wigner 1902-95 special quantum mechanics opera­ tions, underlining the radical thinking this new physics required. One of the few remaining links with With Pascual Jordan, he invented a work in helping to understand atomic the birth of quantum mechanics was new quantum technique for describ­ and nuclear structure and nuclear severed with the death on 1 January ing field theory which, although not forces. His sister, Margit, was Paul of Eugene Paul Wigner at the age of fully relativistic, opened the door to Dirac's wife. 92. His work was characterized by Dirac's standard treatment the introduction of unusual concepts In the early 1930s he made major and esoteric but powerful mathemati­ efforts to understand the nature of On people cal techniques which went on to nuclear forces and in 1937 intro­ prove their worth in the hands of duced the idea of isotopic spin (now Vitaly Ginzburg of Moscow's other researchers, sometimes many called isospin) to describe the interre­ Lebedev Institute and Yoichiro years later. lation of proton and neutron forces in Nambu of Chicago share the prestig­ Born in Budapest (his Hungarian the nucleus. ious Wolf Physics Prize for 1994-5. name was Jeno Pal) in 1902, he first He left Europe in 1935 for a post at Ginzburg is cited for his important came to prominence as Erwin Princeton. Apart from a spell in contributions to elementary particle Schrôdinger's assistant in Berlin in Wisconsin from 1936-8, he remained physics, including recognition of the 1926-7 with his powerful treatment of at Princeton for the remainder of his role played by spontaneous symme­ quantum systems of many particles career. try breaking and its analogy with obeying the Paul! Exclusion Principle. In 1939, Wigner and Leo Szilard superconductivity, and the discovery Following a suggestion by his mathe­ drafted the famous letter to US of the colour symmetry of the strong matician friend John von Neumann, President Roosevelt, eventually interactions. Nambu explained the he introduced the idea of mathema­ signed by Wigner's friend Albert connection between symmetry tical group theory into quantum Einstein, pointing out the military breaking and the lightness of the mechanics, where it has played a potential of uranium fission. pion, and introduced SU3 as the powerful role ever since. Wigner Showered with honours, he was symmetry of the colour quantum applied the techniques to the classifi­ awarded (with Maria Gôppert Meyer number, as well as carrying out cation of atomic spectra and and Hans D. Jensen) the Nobel pioneer work on relativistic string to nuclear structure. Physics Prize in 1963 for his pioneer theory.

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Martha Krebs (left), Director of the Office of Maurice Jacob proudly signs the official Energy Research, US Department of Energy, acknowledgement of his Légion d'honneur at CERN on 30 November accompanied at the award after receiving his medal from CERN L3 experiment at LEP by (left to right) then Council President and former French Science PPE Division Head Jim Allaby, John O'Fallon, Minister Hubert Curien at CERN on 22 Novem­ Director of the Office's Division of High Energy ber. Physics, and L3 spokesman Sam Ting. (Photo CERN 23.11.94/21)

Chen Ning Yang of the State Univer­ operating at the national level. More antiprotons at Fermilab sity of New York at Stony Brook is Professor Cabibbo was a pupil and awarded the prestigious Bower collaborator of Edoardo Amaldi, and Science Prize for 1994. With Robert In December, Fermi lab's antiproton is now a member of the Science Mills, C.N. Yang developed in 1954 source set a series of records, Faculty at Rome University La the Yang-Mills' formalism which including a one hour antiproton Sapienza. President of the Pontifical 10 underpinned much subsequent stacking rate of 6.8 x 10 /hr and a Academy of Sciences, Nicola 10 development in our understanding of stack of 207 x 10 antiprotons. Cabibbo is also President of ENEA gauge field interactions. Several (the Italian National Agency for New years later, with T.D. Lee, he pointed Technologies, Energy and the out the possibility of parity violation in Edoardo Amaldi Foundation Environment) and a fellow of the weak interactions. In 1957 Yang and Accademia Nazionale del Lincei. Lee were awarded the Nobel Physics Nicola Cabibbo is the new President In almost two years of activity, the Prize. The Bower Science Prize was of the Fondazione Edoardo Amaldi Foundation has launched instituted in 1990. Amaldi. Founded in 1992 to com­ many initiatives. Among the more memorate one of Italy's leading significant can be counted the annual scientists and CERN founding father, Amaldi Lectures, held at the who died in 1989, the Foundation is Piacenza site of the Catholic Univer­ After the formal retirement of Gustav- based in Piacenza. It brings together sity and given, in 1992, by the Ameri­ Adolf Voss last year, Dieter Trines local government, private firms and can physicist Wolfgang Panofsky becomes head of machines at the national agencies. ("Management and disposition of DESY Laboratory in Hamburg. Voss With the new appointment, the excess weapons plutonium"), in 1993 remains at DESY as an adviser. Amaldi Foundation intends to rein­ by Nobel Laureate for Physics More details in our next issue. force its character as a cultural entity Georges Charpak ("Multiwire cham-

28 CERN Courier, January/February 1995 POSTDOCTORAL POSITION OPEN AT DEUX POSTES D'ENSEIGNANTS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

A postdoctoral position is currently open for recent or nearly-finished Ph.D.'s. Project involves the development and testing of novel resonant structure for possible future Le LPNHE est un laboratoire de recherche high energy linear accelerators. (See recent publications of expérimentale comptant environ 100 personnes dont D.R. Smith, N. Kroll, et al. on photonic band gap struc­ 40 physiciens. Il est engagé dans les expériences tures.) Candidate will be responsible for performing tests Delphi, Cat, H1, Nomad, Babar et le projet Atlas. on low energy beam line at national facilities. Experience Deux postes permanents sont susceptibles d'être in accelerator level microwaves, cryogenics, and beam ouverts aux concours pour la rentrée 1995 : parameters helpful. Competitive Postdoctoral Research Physicist salary level dependent on experience and cap­ - un poste de "Maître de Conférences de 1ère classe" de l'Université Paris 6, réservé au ability. Such salary is based on current University of renforcement du groupe Atlas LHC en instrumentation, California pay scales. In conformance with applicable law and University policy, - un poste de "Professeur de 2nde classe" de the University of California is an affirmative action/equal l'Université Paris 7. opportunity employer. Interested candidates should send resume, including refer­ Des informations complémentaires peuvent être ences, as soon as possible, bu no later than February 28, obtenues auprès de : 1995 to: Dr. Sheldon Schultz UCSD, Physics, 0319 Monsieur BANNER : 9500 Gilman Drive LPNHE IN2P3/CNRS Universités de Paris 6 et 7 La Jolla, California 92093-0319 4, Place Jussieu Tour 33 - RdC 619-534-4078 75252 Paris Cedex 05 Tél. : 44 27 41 79 Fax: 619-534-6301 e-mail: [email protected]

FACULTY POSITION Advertisements in CERN COURIER ACCELERATOR PHYSICS Format A4 Monthly publication Indiana University All advertisements are published in both English and French edi­ tions Second language versions accepted without extra The Department of Physics at Indiana University-Bloomington charge. invites applications for a tenure-track faculty position at the Cost per insertion (Swiss Francs) assistant professor level in accelerator physics, for an appoint­ Space Actual size (mm) ment to begin fall 1995, or later. The department has an estab­ (page) width by height 1 3 10 lished graduate program and is inviting applications from Ph.D. insertion insertions insertions insertions! physicists with experience in accelerator design who are interest­ 7i 185x265 2150 2040 1950 1840 ed in joining a strong academic and research program in acceler­ 185x130 1280 1200 1100 1020 ator physics. Responsibilities include teaching and supervising 90 x 265 graduate student research in accelerator physics at the Indiana 74 90 x 130 750 680 630 590 University Cyclotron Facility or other major facilities. Indiana University is a major research institution with strong programs in These prices include no entitlement to special placing. accelerator-based nuclear and high energy particle physics and a Supplement for: 50-year history of forefront accelerator development and con­ - one additional colour 1500 SwF struction. Present facilities include a 200 MeV separated-sector -1/2 page 800 SwF cyclotron and a 500 MeV storage ring/synchrotron with electron - Covers: cooling. A new injector system for the Cooler consisting of an Covers 2 and 3 (one colour) 2000 SwF RFQ and small synchrotron has recently been funded. Several Cover 4 (one colour) 2500 SwF senior faculty members in physics and IUCF staff members with Publication date 1 st of month of cover date experience in accelerator design also are involved in the acceler­ Closing date for ator physics program. positive films and copy 1st of month preceding cover date To apply please send a complete vita (including a description of The cost of making films and of research interests, accomplishments, and a list of publications), translation for advertisements are and arrange for a minimum of three letters of reference to be sent charged in addition. to: Screen offset 60 l/cm (150 English) Professor S.-Y. Lee Advertisements cancelled after Chair, Search Committee 1st of month preceding cover Department of Physics date will be invouced. Indiana University These rates are effective for the year 1995. Bloomington, IN 47405 Inquiries for Europe: Micheline FALCIOLA / CERN COURIER - CERN Applications must be received by the closing date of February 27, CH -1211 Genève 23 Suisse 1995. Indiana University is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Telephone: 022/767 41 03 Action Employer. Telefax 022/78219 06 Inquiries for the rest of the world: please see page III.

CERN Courier, January/February 1995 29 People and things

A symposium and subsequent proceedings at CERN on 7 December marked the 60th birthday of Ugo Amaldi. Chen Ning Yang - Bower Science Prize

bers") and, in November 1994, by the then European Commissioner for Research Antonio Ruberti ("Cooperation in education and training"). The Foundation is also co-promoter with the European Physical Society of the Amaldi Prize for the best school thesis in physics. The Prize will be presented in Piacenza in 1995 and has attracted 50 entries from 11 different countries. Foremost among the Foundation's 1995 commitments is the hosting in Piacenza of the Amaldi Confer­ ence, an international meeting of the world's scientific academies to discuss topics relating to disarma­ expected to be in Piacenza for the ment. next meeting. Edoardo Amaldi was the moving spirit of these annual meetings and, on his death, the Conferences Harald Fritzsch receives the German Physical Leading a UK industrial mission to CERN in Society's medal for science writing from November, Under-Secretary for Trade and adopted his name. More than 50 Society President H. G. Danielmeyer. technology Ian Taylor (right) is shown a UK- scientists from all over the world are (Photo G. Groote, Bad Honnef) designed and built trigger processor board for the Aleph experiment at LEP by Mike Green of London's Royal Holloway and Bedford College. (Photo CERN 18.11.94)

CERN Courier, January/February 1995 University of Copenhagen Niels Bohr Institute PROFESSOR - ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR for TENURE TRACK POSITIONS Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics Professorship in Theoretical Nuclear Physics

ECOLE DES MINES DE NANTES A professorship in theoretical nuclear physics at the Niels Bohr Institute will become available as of July 1, 1995. DEPARTEMENT de PHYSIQUE SUBATOMIQUE et des The new professor must have a broad theoretical background, and is expected to play a leading TECHNOLOGIES ASSOCIEES role in the development of nuclear physics. Nuclear physics is conceived as ranging from nuclear (SUBATECH) structure and reactions to hadronic physics and phenomenological QCD. The successful candi­ date must have contributed with original and outstanding research within these broad confines of nuclear physics and must have the ability to build a research group. The Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des The nuclear theory group at the Institute works in an integrated way with the NORDITA nuclear theory group. Together they cover the subjects nuclear structure, heavy ion physics near the Technologies Associées (SUBATECH) at Ecole des Mines Coulomb barrier, hadronic structure and QCD, hot and dense nuclear matter and high energy de Nantes, is searching for candidates with outstanding nucleus-nucleus collisions as well as atomic clusters. The general theme could be termed many- body systems under extreme conditions. There is an active international guest program, and ability and experience in Nuclear Physics, associated the Institute hosts centers in theoretical astrophysics and the physics of non-linear phenomena detectors and software developments for appointment at the and it has a very active group in theoretical high energy physics. Further there are experimental programs in nuclear structure and high energy heavy ion collisions. Professor / Associate Professor levels. The SUBATECH It is considered very important that the new professor in nuclear physics works in close contact Laboratory is a joint Laboratory of the University of Nantes, with the other theory groupsat the Institute and NORDITA and with the experimental nuclear Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche physics groups. The chosen candidate is expected to take part in the teaching activities of the Institute at all Scientifique (CNRS/IN2P3). It has developped experimental levels, including supervision of graduate students. It is expected that the new professor will programs in nuclear physics at GANIL, CERN-SPS and take the lead in creating a new course in nuclear theory at the graduate level. The language of instruction for undergraduate courses is Danish, but English will be accepted for the first two CERN-LHC as well as applied research for nuclear waste years of the appointment. and environment problems. The application must include a curriculum vitae and a complete list of publications with a special The candidate is expected to participate to a research indication of which publications are considered most relevant for this position. Information about teaching experience must also be enclosed. program as well as to implement a teaching program and The applicants' qualifications will be evaluated by a specially appointed Committee. The entire industrial relationships for engineering students. Basic report of the Evaluation Committee will be sent to all applicants and must be treated as con­ knowledge in french is required. fidential. The Evaluation Committee may ask for supplementary material, which the applicant then must provide in the requested number of copies. Applicants are requested to submit CV, research Information about research plans, facilities and staff may be obtained from the Director, Pro­ accomplishments and interests, as well as names of five fessor Ole Hansen, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark; telephone: +45 35325292, fax: +45 35431087, E-mail: referees to: [email protected]. The professorship is a tenured position under the Ministry of Education. The annual salary is Pr. Daniel ARDOUIN approximately 415,000 DKK after contributions to the pension scheme. The application, marked "211-45/94-5207" and written in English, must formally be made to Directeur du Laboratoire SUBATECH the Rector of the University of Copenhagen and mailed to the Faculty of Science, Blegdamsvej 3, ECOLE DES MINES DE NANTES DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Applications, in order to be considered, must have been 3, rue Marcel Sembat received by the Faculty of Science no later than March 15, 1995. Three copies of the application, and in addition three copies of a brief outline of proposed 44049 NANTES cedex 04 research, should be mailed to the Director of the Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics. No further material should be forwarded until requested.

DESY announces several Université de Genève ANNOUNCEMENT 'DESY Fellowships' The Group of Applied Physics announces an opening, for young scientists in experimental particle physics beginning October 1,1995 to participate in the research mainly with the HERA for a position of collider experiments H1 and ZEUS or with the fixed target experiments HERA-B and HERMES. These FULL PROFESSOR or ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR fellowships will be available in future twice a year. in APPLIED PHYSICS DESY fellowships in experimental particle physics are awarded for a duration of two years with the It concerns a full time appointment, comprising 6 hours of possibility for prolongation by one additional year. teaching in French of introductory physics and optics as well as Interested persons, who have recently completed research work in applied optics combining fundamental aspects their Ph.D. and who should be younger than 32 years, and the latest technological developments. are invited to send their application including a résumé The applicant should have a Ph.D. in physics, or an equivalent and the usual documents (curriculum vitae, list of degree, and experience in physics teaching and in leading a publications, copies of university degrees) until 31 research group in optics. March 1995 to DESY, Personalabteilung - V2 -, Applications, including a curriculum vitae and a list of publica­ Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg. They should also tions, should be sent by March 1,1995 to the Dean of the Faculty of Science, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, arrange for three letters of reference to be sent until Switzerland, where additional information on the job description the same date to the address given above. and working conditions may be obtained. As DESY has laboratories at two sites, in Hamburg N.B. In an effort to involve both men and women in teaching and and in Zeuthen near Berlin, applicants may indicate research, the University hopes to receive a greater number of at which location they would prefer to work. applications from women.

CERN Courier, January/February 1995 31 People and things

Rudolf Muradian (right) has been appointed a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Well known for contributions to particle, nuclear and mathematical physics as well as astrophysics, much of which has been done at the Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoreti­ cal Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, and the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Armenia. He is seen here with Mons. Renato Dardozzi, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences' Director of Chancellery, and the Pope.

Muons from Japanese investment in UK Laboratory

In November, first muons were produced from a new £10 million beamline at ISIS, the world's most powerful pulsed neutron and muon source at the UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. This is the outcome of a 1990 accord between RIKEN (the Japa­ nese Institute of Physical and Chemi­ cal Research) and the then SERC (UK Science and Engineering Re­ search Council) under which RIKEN funded construction of the muon facility at ISIS, built using Japanese and UK expertise and exploited equally by Japanese and UK scien­ tists. After evaluation and tests, Japa­ nese scientists will embark on a research programme including muon- catalysed fusion using negative muons, while UK researchers will concentrate on using positive muons in a range of experiments to probe the microscopic magnetism of a variety of materials, including high temperature superconductors.

German science writing award

Distinguished Munich theorist and physics author Harald Fritzsch was recently awarded the German Physi­ cal Society's medal for science writing. His books, translated into

Inside the FermiShelter' a prototype modular tornado shelter developed by Fermilab and a local firm, North Star Chicago Precast through a US Department of Energy Cooperative Research and Development Agreement.

32 CERN Courier, January/February 1995 People and things

many languages, have strengthened the awareness of the message of CERN Courier External basic scientific research. contributions correspondents

The Editor welcomes contribu­ Argonne National Laboratory, (USA) D. Ayres Meetings tions. These should be sent via electronic mail to Brookhaven, National Laboratory, (USA) P. Yamin [email protected] DAFNE 95, the second workshop on Plain text (ASCII) is preferred. CEBAF Laboratory, (USA) S. Corneliussen physics and detectors for the DAFNE Illustrations should follow by F-factory at Frascati will be held on mail (CERN Courier, 1211 Cornell University, (USA) April 4-7 1995, with the aim of re­ Geneva 23, Switzerland). D. G. Cassel viewing the status of theory and Contributors, particularly DESY Laboratory, (Germany) experiments. Topics will include: CP conference organizers, con­ P. Waloschek Violation, Kaon Interactions and templating lengthy efforts Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Decays, Low Energy Hadron (more than about 500 words) (USA) J. Cooper, J. Holt Spectroscopy and Tests of Quantum should contact the Editor (by Mechanics. The workshop will be e-mail, or fax +41 22 782 1906) GSI Darmstadt, (Germany) G. Siegert based on invited talks and roundtable beforehand. discussions. Attendance will be INFN, (Italy) around 150 persons. For information A. Pascolini Email DAFNE©IRMLNF. IHEP, Beijing, (China) Qi Nading

The Seventh Lomonosov Conference JINR Dubna, (Russia) on "Problems of Fundamental Phys­ B. Starchenko ics" organized by the Interregional KEK National Laboratory, (Japan) S. Iwata Centre for Advanced Studies (Mos­ cow), Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, (USA) Physics and the Faculty of Physics of B. Feinberg the Moscow State University, the Los Alamos National Laboratory, (USA) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research C Hoffmann (Dubna), the Institute for High Energy Novosibirsk, Institute, (Russia) Physics (Protvino) and the Institute S. Eidelman for Nuclear Research (Moscow) will Orsay Laboratory, (France) be held at the Moscow State Univer­ Anne-Marie Lutz sity, Moscow, Russia from 24 August PSI Laboratory, (Switzerland) to 30 August. The programme R. Frosch includes foundations of quantum Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, (UK) mechanics, theory of space-time and Jacky Hutchinson frontiers of particle physics. Further Saclay Laboratory, (France) information can be obtained from the Elisabeth Locci Organizing Committee: IHEP, Serpukhov, (Russia) studenik @ srdlan. npi. msu. su Yu. Ryabov

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, (USA) M. Riordan

TRIUMF Laboratory, (Canada) M. K. Craddock

CERN Courier, January/February 1995 33 A whole new generation of PMTs Hamamatsu Photonics is pleased to announce the birth of a whole new generation of Photomultiplier Tubes. The METAL PACKAGE PMT features all of the high sensitivity and fast response of its predecessors, but is only l/7th the size. With the development of miniature metal vacuum packages and ultra-thin dynodes, you now have a whole new world of PMTs to choose from. Hamamatsu Photonics first put the most modern technology available to work in designing the electrodes for the multiplier section, using computer simulations of electron trajectories, and then turned to our own original precision processing technology to make a new dynode to within l/lOth thickness its conventional size. With these breakthroughs, we are proud to bring you a new modular configuration with a built-in power supply and drive circuit. And what's more, it runs on a low voltage of only +12 V.

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