Pola Populasi Kumbang Lucanid (Coleoptera:Lucanidae) Pada Berbagai Tipe Habitat Di Hutan Gunung Salak, Jawa Barat

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Pola Populasi Kumbang Lucanid (Coleoptera:Lucanidae) Pada Berbagai Tipe Habitat Di Hutan Gunung Salak, Jawa Barat POLA POPULASI KUMBANG LUCANID (COLEOPTERA:LUCANIDAE) PADA BERBAGAI TIPE HABITAT DI HUTAN GUNUNG SALAK, JAWA BARAT Roni Koneri 1) 1)Program Studi Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Jalan Kampus Unsrat, Manado 95115 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pola populasi kumbang lucanid di hutan Gunung Salak. Data populasi kumbang lucanid diperoleh dengan menggunakan perangkap lampu (light trap). Penelitian dilaksanakan di kawasan hutan Gunung Salak dan berlangsung dari bulan Mei 2004 sampai Desember 2005. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan populasi di alam mencapai puncaknya pada bulan April dan Mei. Spesies yang selalu muncul setiap bulan selama pengamatan adalah Cyclomatus canaliculatus, Prosopocoilus astocoides dan Hexarthrius buqueti. Kata kunci: Gunung Salak, kumbang lucanid, populasi. POPULATION PATTERN OF LUCANID BEETLE IN DIFFERENT HABITAT TYPE AT SALAK MOUNTAIN, WEST JAVA ABSRACT The objectives of the research were to study temporal dynamic pattern of Lucanid beetle in different habitat type. Research was conducted between May 2004 and December 2005. Beetles were surveyed by using light traps in three different forest types. Results have indicated that temporal dynamic pattern of Lucanid beetle was affected by forest disturbance level. Highest number of Lucanid beetles were recorded in April dan May. Species which always emerge each month during perception is Cyclomatus canaliculatus, Prosopocoilus astocoides and Hexarthrius buqueti. Keywords: Salak mountain, lucanids beetle, population. PENDAHULUAN fluktuasi serangga telah dilaporkan, seperti: pengaruh perangkap cahaya terhadap Populasi kumbang di alam fluktuasi kumbang permukaan tanah (ground dipengaruhi oleh dinamika lingkungannya. beetle) selama sepuluh tahun (Yahiro & Dinamika yang terjadi berupa perubahan Yano, 1997), hubungan antara iklim dengan fenologi tumbuhan hutan, kondisi fisik, fluktuasi kupu-kupu (Woong, 2003), iklim dari waktu ke waktu mempengaruhi hubungan antara teknik pengambilan sampel reproduksi, pertumbuhan dan mortalitasnya. dengan fluktuasi kelimpahan kumbang Perubahan ini secara langsung atau tidak (flying Coleoptera) (Hosking, 1979) dan akan menyebabkan perubahan jumlah fluktuasi curah hujan dengan komunitas serangga tersebut (Kahono & Amir, 2003). serangga di Taman Nasional Gunung Pola populasi kumbang lucanid di Halimun (Kahono & Noerdjito, 2001). hutan Gunung Salak sangat penting Bagaimana pola populasi kumbang dipelajari, karena dari informasi ini akan lucanid di hutan Gunung Salak karena dapat diperoleh waktu keluarnya imago kerusakan habitat dan iklim belum pernah untuk kawin dan mencari makan. Selain itu dilakukan. Padahal penelitian ini dapat informasi ini juga berguna untuk melihat memberikan informasi ilmiah tentang pola waktu yang sangat berbahaya untuk populasi kumbang lucanid di hutan Gunung perburuan dan perdagangan imago kumbang Salak sebagai data untuk konservasi lucanid. Beberapa penelitian tentang Koneri: Pola Populasi Kumbang ………….. 21 serangga tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan Spesies yang belum teridentifikasi untuk mengkaji pola populasi kumbang maka sampel dikumpulkan dalam suatu lucanid di kawasan hutan Gunung Salak. botol berisi alkohol 70% untuk selanjutnya diidentifikasi secara teliti di laboratorium. BAHAN DAN METODE Identifikasi spesies kumbang lucanid mengacu kepada buku Crowson (1955), Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian Weng & Tung (1983), Borror et al. (1989), Penelitian dimulai bulan Mei 2004 Mizunuma & Nagai (1994), dan Lawrence samapai Desember 2005. Penelitian & Britton (1996). Apabila masih ada sampel dilakukan di kawasan hutan Gunung Salak kumbang lucanid yang belum dapat Jawa Barat yang secara administratif diidentifikasi berdasarkan beberapa kunci termasuk wilayah Kabupaten Sukabumi dan diatas maka sampel tersebut kemudian Kabupaten Bogor. dibawa ke museum serangga LIPI Cibinong untuk diidentifikasi dan dicocokkan dengan Pelaksanaan penelitian spesimen kumbang lucanid yang terdapat di Pola populasi kumbang lucanid yang museum serangga. dimaksud disini adalah kehadiran kumbang lucanid atau jumlah kumbang lucanid yang Analisis Data terkoleksi setiap bulan selama setahun yang Pola Keanekaragaman, Kekayaan dan berasal dari perangkap lampu yang Kemerataan Spesies Kumbang Lucanid dilakukan pada tiga tingkat gangguan hutan Indeks keanekaragaman spesies (H), (hutan tidak terganggu, hutan kurang kekayaan spesies (S), indeks kemerataan terganggu dan hutan sangat terganggu). jenis (E) dan dominansi jenis ditentukan berdasarkan data yang diperoleh pada setiap Cara koleksi kumbang lucanid waktu pengamatan. Penentuan tingkat Pengambilan data struktur keanekaragaman spesies kumbang lucanid komunitas kumbang lucanid dilakukan pada tiap waktu pengamatan menggunakan menggunakan perangkap lampu (light trap). indeks keanekaragaman (H) menurut Perangkap lampu terdiri dari lampu bohlam Shannon & Weaner (Magurran, 1988), mercury 160 watt, bohlam 20 watt dan dengan rumus sebagai berikut: halogen 300 watt 220 volt, ketiga bohlam Indeks keanekaragaman jenis (H) dipasang di depan layar kain putih (2 x 2 m) H’ = - ∑ Pi In Pi selama 5 jam (pukul 18-23 wib) pada setiap Pi = proporsi tiap jenis kumbang lucanid. titik pengambilan sampel pada bulan gelap. Untuk menentukan tingkat Perangkap lampu dipasang dengan kemerataan spesies kumbang lucanid pada ketinggian ± 2 meter di atas permukaan setiap waktu pengamatan digunakan indeks tanah. Total titik pengambilan sampel kemerataan Shannon (E) (Magurran 2004), sebanyak 18 titik, dengan masing masing- sebagai berikut : masing 6 titik sampel pada setiap tingkat Indeks kemerataan spesies (E) kerusakan hutan. E = H/ln(S) Jarak antar titik pada setiap lokasi S = jumlah spesies kumbang lucanid pengamatan antara 500 – 1000 m. Penentuan Analisis statistik yang digunakan titik sampel berdasarkan keadaan lokasi adalah program Statistica versi 6, Anova penelitian yang memungkinkan untuk satu arah (one-way Anova) dan uji Tukey’s memasang perangkap lampu. Adapun pada taraf kepercayaan 95% dipakai untuk pertimbangan untuk menentukan titik mengetahui perbedaan kekayaan spesies, sampel adalah lokasinya sedikit lebih tinggi kelimpahan spesies, nilai keanekaragaman dan agak terbuka sehingga sinar lampu bisa spesies dan nilai kemerataan spesies menerangi sekitar lokasi penelitian. kumbang lucanid pada setiap waktu Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap satu pengamatan. kali dalam sebulan pada bulan gelap dan pada titik yang sama selama 12 bulan. Kumbang lucanid yang terbang dan yang hinggap di layar dicatat jumlah dan jenisnya. 22 Jurnal Ilmiah Sains Vol. 13 No. 1, April 2013 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Hexarthrius rhinoceros dan Dorcus taurus. Hal berbeda ditemukan pada Prosopocoilus Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan zebra, kehadirannya sering ditemukan pada selama penelitian sebanyak 674 ekor yang hutan tidak terganggu, kemudian menurun meliputi 11 spesies. Dari 11 spesies yang pada hutan kurang terganggu dan naik lagi ditemukan Hexarthrius buqueti, pada hutan sangat terganggu. Dua spesies Prosopocoilu astocoides dan Cyclommatus. yang persentase kehadiranya menurun canaliculatus merupakan spesies yang dengan bertambahnya kerusakan hutan selalu muncul selama satu tahun (12 bulan bahkan tidak dijumpai pada hutan sangat pengamatan atau 100%). Spesies yang terganggu adalah Allotopus rosenbergi, dan persentase kehadirannya menurun dengan Prosopocoilu decipien, sedangkan bertambahnya kerusakan hutan adalah Prosopocoilu passoloides terjadi sebaliknya Prosopocoilu astocoides, Dorcus (Gambar 1). bucephalus, Odontolabis bellicosa, 100 Htt 90 Hkt Hst 80 70 60 50 40 Frekuensi (%) 30 20 10 0 Dorcus buqueti Allotopus zebra bellicosa rosenbergi decipien bucephalus rhinoceros Hexarthrius Hexarthrius astocoides Odontolabis passaloides canaliculatus Cyclommatus Dorcus taurus Prosopocoilus Prosopocoilus Prosopocoilus Prosopocoilus Ket: Htt: hutan tidak terganggu, Hkt: hutan kurang terganggu dan Hst: Hutan sangat terganggu Gambar 1. Persentase kehadiran spesies kumbang lucanid hasil perangkap lampu buatan selama satu tahun pada tiga tingkat gangguan hutan Berdasarkan bulan pengamatan yaitu H. buqueti ( x =19,25 8,35 terlihat bahwa pada bulan April dan Nopember paling banyak ditemukan jumlah individu/bulan), P. astocoides ( =14,83 spesiesnya yaitu sebanyak 10 spesies. Bulan 6,63 individu/bulan) dan C. canaliculatus berikutnya adalah Februari dan Maret yang ( = 4,17 6,75 individu/bulan) yang berjumlah 9 spesies, sedangkan jumlah frekuensi kehadirannya 100 % (selalu spesies yang paling sedikit (5 spesies) muncul setiap bulan selama setahun). Pola terdapat pada bulan Juli. sebaran ketiga spesies ini hampir sama dan Kehadiran spesies kumbang lucanid mengalami kenaikan jumlah individu pada setiap bulan selama setahun bervariasi antara bulan Maret sampai Juni (Tabel 1). 3 sampai 11 bulan. Dari total spesies yang ditemukan (11 spesies) terdapat tiga spesies Koneri: Pola Populasi Kumbang ………….. 23 Tabel 1. Kehadiran spesies kumbang lucanid hasil perangkap lampu buatan pada tiga tingkat gagguan hutan setiap bulan selama setahun Des Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Juli Agt Sep Okt Nov Total Spesies 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 bulan H. buqueti + + + + + + + + + + + + 12 P. astocoiedes + + + + + + + + + + + + 12 C. canaliculatus + + + + + + + + + + + + 12 D. bucephalus + - + + + + + + + + + + 11 P. zebra + + + + + + + - - + + + 10 H. rhinoceros - + + + + + - - + + + + 9 P. passaloides - + + + + - - - + + + + 8 O. bellicosa - - - + + - + - + + + + 7 D. taurus + + + - + + + - - - - - 6 P.decipien -
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