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Cover Principal PROYECTO DE MANEJO FORESTAL SOSTENIBLE BOLFOR ECOLOGIA Y SILVICULTURA DE ESPECIES MENOS CONOCIDAS Ojoso colorado - nuí Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pavón) J.F. MacBride Moraceae Autores: M. Joaquín Justiniano Daniel Nash Santa Cruz, Bolivia 2002 Copyright©2002 by Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible (BOLFOR) Las opiniones y juicios técnicos expresados en las publicaciones del Proyecto BOLFOR, son emitidos por los consultores contratados por el proyecto y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión o políticas de la Secretaría Ejecutiva del PL480 o de USAID Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible (BOLFOR) Cuarto Anillo, Av. 2 de Agosto Casilla # 6204 Santa Cruz, Bolivia Fax: 591-3-3480854 Tel: 3480766-3480767 Email: [email protected] Citación: Justiniano, M.J.; Nash, D. 2002. “Ecología y Silvicultura de Especies Menos Conocidas – Ojoso colorado - nuí Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pavón) J.F. MacBride, Moraceae” Proyecto de Manejo Forestal Sostenible BOLFOR. Santa Cruz, Bolivia DISEÑO Y EDICIÓN GRAFICA: Delicia Gutiérrez FOTOGRAFIAS: Joaquín Justiniano Para la reproducción íntegra o en parte de esta publicación se debe solicitar autorización al Proyecto BOLFOR. _______________ Impreso en Editora El País Dirección: Cronembold No. 6 Teléfono 3343996 Santa Cruz, Bolivia Impreso en Bolivia - Printed in Bolivia BOLFOR es un proyecto financiado por USAID y PL480 en convenio con el MDSP Ecología y Silvicultura de Especies Menos Conocidas INDICE Página INTRODUCCION................................................................................. 1 CLASIFICACION................................................................................... 2 Sinónimos y Denominaciones................................................ 3 MORFOLOGIA.................................................................................... 5 Forma del Tronco y la Copa.................................................... 6 Corteza y Madera ................................................................... 7 Hojas......................................................................................... 9 Flores......................................................................................... 11 Frutos........................................................................................ 13 Semillas.................................................................................... 14 Usos y Aplicaciones................................................................. 14 CARACTERISTICAS ECOLOGICAS.......................................................... 15 Distribución Geográfica ......................................................... 17 Asociaciones Ambientales....................................................... 17 Asociaciones Bióticas............................................................... 19 Asociaciones con Especies Arbóreas..................................... 20 Historia de Vida....................................................................... 22 Floración..................................................................................... 22 Polinización................................................................................ 24 Dispersión de Semillas, Germinación y Establecimiento........ 25 Distribuciones Diamétricas....................................................... 30 Crecimiento y Densidad............................................................ 30 Plagas y Patógenos................................................................... 34 Valor para la Fauna Silvestre.................................................. 36 Ecología y Silvicultura de Especies Menos Conocidas Página IMPLICACIONES PARA EL MANEJO........................................................ 39 Regeneración y Requerimientos para la Sucesión................ 39 Reacción a la Competencia y Perturbación........................... 40 Recolección y Almacenamiento de Semillas.......................... 41 Potencial para el Manejo Sostenible y Recomendaciones Silviculturales........................................................................... 42 BIBLIOGRAFIA..................................................................................... 44 Ecología y Silvicultura de Especies Menos Conocidas Introducción Pseudolmedia laevis es una especie arbórea carac- terística de los bosques húmedos de la región amazónica, donde generalmente se encuentra en poblaciones densas. En Bolivia esta especie aparece sólo en bosques húmedos y sub-húmedos de tierras bajas, donde recibe el nombre de ojoso u hojoso. De acuerdo a informaciones de materos y campesinos, este denominativo se refiere al carácter siem- preverde de los árboles, mientras que otros lo atribuyen a los “ojos” que se observan en su madera cuando es aserra- da. El nombre de ojoso va acompañado, generalmente, del calificativo “colorado” que hace referencia al color rojo de sus frutos y al color marrón rojizo de su madera. La termi- nología común de ojoso colorado es utilizada en casi todo el departamento de Santa Cruz, especialmente en las zonas de Guarayos y El Choré. En el comercio internacional Pseudolmedia laevis es conocido con los nombres de che- rry-manax, mu iratinga y nuí. En Bolivia, esta especie no ha tenido relevancia en el en el contexto maderero, pues hasta ahora no cuenta con un mercado establecido y tan sólo es mencionada como una especie potencial en algunos bos- ques (R. Quevedo, com. pers.). No obstante, a partir del año 2000 algunas empresas madereras, cuyas concesiones cuen- tan con grandes densidades de ojoso colorado, están tratan- do de abrir un mercado apropiado para esta especie. 1 Ecología y Silvicultura de Especies Menos Conocidas Clasificación La especie fue descrita por primera vez, en 1798, por los botánicos Ruiz & Pavón como Olmedia laevis, cuya descripción es el basónimo (Spichiger et al., 1989). El bo- tánico J. F. MacBride en 1931 incluye a O. laevis en el gé- nero Pseudolmedia, dentro del cual se encuentra actual- mente. Algunos autores describieron otras especies, las cua- les resultaron ser sinónimos de Pseudolmedia laevis (véase el Cuadro 1). En la actualidad P. laevis está incluida en la tribu Olmedieae, la que pertenece a la familia Moraceae del Orden Urticales, ubicado dentro de la Subclase Hammame- lidae (Killeen et al., 1993). Cuadro 1. Lista de sinónimos de Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pav.) J.F. MacBride de acuerdo a Berg (1972) y a la base de datos de la página electrónica del Jardín Botánico de Missouri (1999). Sinónimos Autor Olmedia laevis Ruiz & Pavón Olmedia ferruginea Poepp. & Endl. Olmedia caurensis Pittier Olmediopsis lanceolata H. Karst. Olmediopsis obliqua H. Karst. Pseudolmedia alnifolia Rusby Pseudolmedia ferruginea (Poepp. & Endl.) Trécul Pseudolmedia hirsuta Baill. Pseudolmedia hirtellaefolia Rusby Pseudolmedia multinervis Mildbr. Pseudolmedia obliqua (H. Karst.) Renner Pseudolmedia sagotii Benoist 2 Ecología y Silvicultura de Especies Menos Conocidas Sinónimos y Denominaciones Como todas las especies con amplia distribución geo- gráfica, P. laevis entraña problemas con sinónimos botáni- cos, debido a que su morfología de diferenciación es parti- cularmente regional y ninguna característica regional de la especie puede ser fácilmente definida (Berg, 1972). Por lo tanto, esta especie posee un gran número de sinónimos bo- tánicos y, por consiguiente, denominaciones comunes. De acuerdo a Berg (1972), P. laevis tiene alrededor de 12 si- nónimos botánicos (Cuadro 1), además recibe varios nom- bres comunes en los distintos países donde se encuentra. P. laevis es conocida comúnmente como vara piedra, leche perra y leche chiva en Colombia; charo macho en Venezuela; chimi, capulí silvestre, cabecita, vestre guión y avio en Ecuador; misho, chaqui, motelo chaqui, chimicua, chimicua colorada e itahuba en Perú; y en Brasil es gene- ralmente conocida como nuí, pamma o pama (Duke & Vásquez, 1994; INIA, 1996; www.mobot.org 30/08/2002). En Bolivia el denominativo común para P. laevis di- fiere bastante entre regiones, es así que en los departamen- tos de Santa Cruz, Beni, La Paz y Pando es conocida como ojoso colorado, palo nuí, nuí colorado, nuí y gomaliño; en Cochabamba y norte de Santa Cruz como palo pichi y nuí; además del nombre de pamma o pama en Pando, norte del Beni y La Paz (Killeen et al., 1993; Gonzáles, 1997; Sainz, 1997; Contreras & Mancilla, 2001; J. Justiniano, obs. pers.). 3 Ecología y Silvicultura de Especies Menos Conocidas Según Cornejo & Rebolledo (1993) y colecciones bo- tánicas de herbarios, en el norte y centro-este de Bolivia se reporta la coexistencia de entre dos y cuatro especies del género Pseudolmedia (Cuadro 2). Sin embargo, en las listas de inventarios forestales de la mayoría de las concesiones forestales de estas zonas generalmente se hace referencia a una especie, aunque se debe señalar que cada una de las cuatro especies de Pseudolmedia tiene nombres comunes distintos, como se observa en Cuadro 2. Cuadro 2. Lista de especies de Pseudolmedia presentes en Bolivia de acuerdo a Cornejo & Rebolledo (1993), además de sus denominaciones comunes. Especie Nombre común Departamento Pseudolmedia laevigata Trécul Nui liso, nuí amarillo B, L, P, S Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruíz & Nuí colorado B, C, L, P, S Pavón) J. F. Mcbr. Pseudolmedia macrophylla Maca nuí, nuí man- B, L, P, S Trécul zana Pseudolmedia rigida (Klotzsch & Nui, quecho B, C, P Karsen) Cuatrc. Leyenda: B = Beni; C = Cochabamba; L = La Paz; P = Pando; S = Santa Cruz. Las especies de Pseudolmedia son muy semejantes en- tre sí, lo que provoca confusiones para identificarlas
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