Archaeology of Colonisation: a Critical Voyage from the Caribbean to Australia Carlos R
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Archaeology of Colonisation: A Critical Voyage from the Caribbean to Australia Carlos R. Rivera Santana B.A., M.A. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2015 School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work Abstract This research is a historical-theoretical examination of how colonisation was operationalised in Queensland, Australia. It argues that colonisation was constituted as a form of government that had two constitutive dimensions: one metaphysical framed by aesthetic judgement and one technico-political framed by administrative functionality. The mapping of both dimensions provides a more accurate description of the operationalisation of colonisation. This research applies a Foucauldian archaeology to the ongoing process of colonisation, and its findings are outlined in two parts. The first part discusses the global origins of how the colonial West first aesthetically conceptualised aboriginality and blackness in the Caribbean, and the second part discusses how this conceptualisation was wielded locally in Queensland through the administrative design of the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (1897 Act). Foucauldian archaeology is understood as a historical engagement with the origins of a given notion, concept, or praxis, and with its relationship to forms of governance (Agamben, 2009; Deleuze, 1985; Foucault, 1974). This thesis begins with mapping the global origins of colonisation, which are found in the first European colonial experiences in the Caribbean in the 15th and 16th centuries where the Western conceptualisations of aboriginality and blackness were formed. I argue here that these conceptualisations were aesthetic assemblages that predate the post-Enlightenment discourses of anthropology. The first of these conceptualisations, aboriginality, was assembled at the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries from the aesthetics of monstrosity. Through casting aboriginality in the imagery of the monstrous, and particularly of the cannibal, this conceptualisation justified the enslavement of aboriginal peoples, the first slavery in the Americas. A second conceptualisation, blackness, was assembled later in the 16th century. Blackness became historically tied through the conceptualisation of aboriginality to slavery. These two conceptualisations - aboriginality and blackness - were later used interchangeably in the 1897 Act as tools used to subjectify Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Queenslanders. The thesis continues with analysing the functions of colonisation as a local form of governance. I term this the Blanket Approach, a wordplay that describes the pure function of colonisation as a form of governance. The operation of colonisation II in Queensland is illustrated through the triple functions of the Blanket Approach: totalisation, multiplicity, and the creation of desire. Thus, the 1897 Act through its Blanket Approach imposes Western colonial conceptualisations of aboriginality and blackness through its totalising effect on the possible relationships between colonial subjects and the state, is distributed through a multiplicity of functions, and creates the conditions for a tailored relationship in the space of subjectivity. Lastly, this research concludes that the two-fold operation that I describe links the local governance processes with global historical conceptualisations through a conceptualist movement, which is an administrative non-political movement whose concern, in the manner of conceptualist art, is with the appearance of things or of relationships in the world rather than with their substance. This conceptualist movement as a form of power aids colonisation as a localised form of governance. In this sense, colonisation is understood not only as a local process, or only as global machinery, but also as machinery that simultaneously operates micropolitically and macropolitically. III Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate, I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. IV Publications during candidature Peer-reviewed Journals Rivera Santana, C., Velez, N., Bennozo, A. & Colón-De la Rosa, S. (2014). Creative (Critical) Discourse Analysis of Tiziano Ferro and Ricky Martin “Coming Out”. Qualitative Inquiry 20 (2), 182-191. Rivera-Santana, C. (2013). Una colonización doble vinculante: Una reflexión política, legal y crítica (A double bind colonization form: A critical, legal and political reflection). Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología 24, 25- 34. (http://reps.asppr.net/RePS/Vol_24__2013_files/RePS%20Vol%2024,%20Art %203.pdf) Nina-Estrella, R., & Rivera-Santana, C. (2013). Exclusion and Cultural Diversity: A Community-Based Experience with Dominican Immigrants. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 4(1), 1-9. (http://www.gjcpp.org/pdfs/2012002-final-20130104.pdf). Colón de La Rosa, S., Vélez-Agosto, N., López, D., Rivera-Santana, C. (2012). Towards a Revitalization of Qualitative Psychology's Critical Potential. Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 13 (2). Book Chapters Rivera Santana C. and Fryer D. (2014). Colonization. In: Teo T (ed). Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology. Springer, New York. Also published online as in SpringerReference (www.springerreference.com). DOI: 10.1007/SpringerReference_309145 2013-01-14 10:22:30 UTC Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Miranda, D. & Rivera Santana, C. (2014) Latin American Psychology: Critical Psychology: A Look from the Mestizaje Lands of Latin América. In: Teo T (ed). Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology. Springer, New York. Also published online as in Springer Reference (http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/310620.html V Publications included in this thesis None. VI Contributions by others to the thesis Associate Professor Jon Willis: • Significant contribution to conceptualising new notions such as ‘the conceptualist movement’. Professor David Fryer: • Provided significant critique to Methodology chapter. Trisha Poole: • She functioned as a professional editor for this thesis. She proofread the thesis and focussed on grammatical issues. Statement of parts of the thesis submitted to qualify for the award of another degree None. VII Acknowledgements I acknowledge the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander owners of this land past and present, and pay my respects to their elders, past and present. The work and thinking that is reflected in this thesis emerged in these situated lands. This thesis is dedicated to my beloved grandmother (‘Mother’) that passed away in the middle of my candidature. Mother, your ways and your teachings will live in me as long as I breathe. I want to thank the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit (ATSISU) of The University of Queensland for giving me a place and sharing their knowledges to think about this topic. Without their support and their guidance this thesis could not be completed. Many thanks to Jon Willis, Cindy Shannon, Jason Curtis, Sheree Hilt, and many others who listened to my rants with patience and always offered their friendship. Thanks also to the RHD and Research Administration Officer Amy Spence; Amy’s support was crucial for the completion of all stages of my PhD. I also want to thank those who have been in this journey with me that welcomed me in their home, introduced me to their communities and shared coffee, food, emails, documents, and thoughts, during the whole candidature or parts of it; my supervisory committee, Dr. Sally Babidge and Associate Professor Jon Willis (again), Professor David Fryer (I wouldn’t be in Australia if it wasn’t for him), Aunty Rhonda Dixon, Nadeena Dixon, Marley, Tina Casanova, Dolores Miranda, Ruth Nina, Alfonso Román, Professor Martin Nakata, the Family and Personal History team (especially Dr. Kathy Frankland), Trisha Poole (your editing makes my ideas readable), and many others; I apologise if I forgot someone. Special thanks to the coloniality/decoloniality collective that provided a space to discuss some of my thesis chapters and to learn about what other members