EthicalMUN III

Yugoslavian Civil War

Chairs: Noah Greer and Olivia Pollack

Crisis Directors: Sarah Kaiser and Theodore Canning EthicalMUNEthicalMUN IIIII

Hello Delegates,

We are delighted to welcome you to Ethical MUN II and we are looking Theo Dassin forward to two full and exciting days of debate. Co-Secretary General The topic for this committee is Yugoslavia and we are really looking forward to seeing your unique solutions. We hope that this topic will stimulate your creativity and make Iva Knezevic for an amazing weekend. We have four experienced chairs and crisis directors who are Co-Secretary General eagerly anticipating the conference. Please take time to thoroughly read the background guide and conduct research of your own so that you can have the best CormacAlex Keswani Thorpe position papers possible. This background guide is simply a starting point for your Co-SecretaryChief of Staff General research, and much more research is necessary to prepare for this committee. For those of you who are new to Model UN, this committee is a crisis committee which JulieJacob Johnson Greene means that there will constantly be new problems (provided by our lovely crisis Chief of Staff directors Sarah and Noah) that you must solve. This committee will be starting in 1992. Anything before this is set in stone, Ryan Kelly but anything after is all up to you. Emphasis will be placed on not copying exactly OliviaVice-Secretary Becker of what occurred in real life, as we want you to come up with interesting and creative ChiefCommittees of Staff solutions on your own. Please do not try to copy what actually occurred in committee, as the wonderful crisis staff will be introducing new crises often, many of which did Olivia PollackBecker not historically occur. We are very excited to hear your solutions and ideas on the ChiefVice-Secretary of Staff of complicated issues we will be dealing with over this conference. We fully welcome Administration any questions you have, and we look forward to seeing you in May! Halle Friedman UnderHalle SecretaryFriedman General Your Chairs, ofVice-Secretary Committees of Olivia Pollack ([email protected]) Outreach Noah Greer ([email protected]), Hannah Platt Theodore Canning ([email protected]), Sarah Kaiser ([email protected]) LeilaniUnder Secretary Elkaslasy General Communityof Communications Service Director Alex Keswani Crisis Director

Jacob Greene Crisis Director

Lily Josephson Crisis Director Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

Committee Description moderated caucus, or the speaker’s list. Delegates in this committee It is 1992 in the middle of the should be prepared to write three Yugoslav Wars! In this committee, kinds of legislation: delegates will be fighting for the political independence of their nation Directives while maintaining diplomatic Directives, the most common piece of relations with the other countries. legislation, are sponsored by one or Throughout the committee session more delegate. Directives use the new “crises” will be introduced and entire power of the committee to the delegates will have to find the best solve and respond to crisis updates. way to handle them. This committee (Horace Mann Model United Nations will be extremely fun and Conference 4) They should be written intellectually stimulating and we in clauses; however, unlike clauses for cannot wait to see you all in May! General Assemblies, the operative clauses include actionable words, Committee Background such as “creates” or “deploys.” Also, and Procedure by their nature, they are shorter than Procedure full-length resolutions. Directives This committee will follow standard require a simple majority from the parliamentary procedure for Model committee to be passed. The dais will UN. As a crisis committee, we will be decide the exact number of in a perpetual moderated caucus. This signatories, sponsors, and votes that means that once the debate is opened, each directive requires at the delegates must motion for moderated beginning of each session. To read or unmoderated caucuses. If not, the directives aloud, delegates must dais will revert back to the perpetual motion for all directives on the floor !1 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

to be presented. This must be our own. These should be delivered to followed with another motion, either a the chairs but addressed to crisis. motion for more debate or to go into voting procedure. Multiple directives Press Releases may be passed in a crisis committee, Press releases are ways for the whole and the crisis directors will provide committee to express sentiments and crises based on whatever legislation updates to the public. Press releases was passed in committee. will be presented in the same style as directives, and require the same Communiques amount of sponsors and signatories as Communiques are a way for delegates directives. Keep in mind that press to address people, entities, or other releases do not do much to alter the organizations not represented in the flow of committee in general. But in committee. Communiques can request this committee, certain delegates must special information, individual issue multiple press releases, as it is meetings with bodies outside the part of their portfolio powers. committee, or certain materials or resources. Each request must be in the Crisis Notes realm of the delegate’s portfolio Crisis notes, or sometimes referred to powers (ie: if a peasant is requesting 1 as personal directives, are ways for billion Rubles from the Ministry of delegates to use their own Ethical Finance, the request will not likely be Model United Nations Conference III met). Each communique should be portfolio powers to change the flow of written as a formal letter, with as committee. Crisis notes must be much specificity as possible. addressed to Crisis and should be Remember, if you don’t provide the delivered to the dais. Crisis notes do details in your letters, we will make not need to be written in clause form, !2 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III Crisis Crisis

but should be clear and detailed. Once suggested blocs, but these do not have again, crisis notes will only be met if to play out in committee itself. the requests lie in the realms of a delegate’s portfolio powers. Crisis Portfolio Powers notes are the most personally Portfolio Powers are resources and powerful and dangerous piece of powers allocated to each delegate. legislation in committee. Good crisis Powers will be handed out at the notes should direct the flow of beginning of committee sessions. committee in a direction that benefits oneself and the whole committee as History well. Before sending a note, make sure this is in character of your The Yugoslav Wars were a delegate. Crisis notes do not have to series of independence oriented be voted on by the entire committee, conflicts that lead to the dissolution of as they are unilateral. If delegates may the Yugoslav State. Beginning in choose, two or more delegates may 1991, the Yugoslav Wars resulted in collaborate to use their portfolio the deaths of more than 140,000 powers to write a joint crisis note. people, according to the International Center for Transitional Justice. The Blocs Yugoslav Wars is a broad name for Blocs are groups of allies that usually several wars including, the Wars in vote together on issues, and may have the Balkans, and the Yugoslavia Civil some sort of common end goal. In the War. The series of wars essentially show, there are many alliances, but began due to rising nationalism these do not need to be honored in the among the various ethnic groups in committee. There will be a list of Yugoslavia - the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes - who opposed each other.

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Any strong governmental structure fighters, and the communist Partisan that was previously present had movement, under the control of Tito. crumbled and inefficiently reformed After World War II, Tito's communist such that the Communist government party tried to unite the six republics - was controlled by very many Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, disagreeing individuals. Montenegro, Macedonia, and Bosnia- For a very long time, South Herzegovina - and balance the Slavic areas were ruled by two competing claims of the different empires, the Ottomans and ethnic groups. Although peace was Hapsburgs. Bosnia and Serbia were temporarily achieved under the rule of overtaken by the Turkish armies while Tito, underlying tensions remained as the Croats and the Slovenes became a very useful political tool for any part of the Hapsburg (and later the leader who wished to stir up Austro-Hungarian) empire. nationalist sentiment. Historical Yugoslavia was created after World bitterness is still serviced by many War I. The state was dominated by the groups as a weapon in a constant Serbs, and a major source of tension quest for power. was that the Croats were constantly After Tito's death in 1980, there striving towards independence. were three distinct, remaining In 1941 Yugoslavia was invaded by problems: the wildly different Hitler’s German forces, and a bitter interests of varying ethnic groups, the conflict ensued between the Nazi inefficiency of the economy, and sympathetic Croat state and its Yugoslavia’s institutional inability to resistance movements. Two of the structurally retain unity among most powerful resistance groups were Yugoslav peoples. During the 1980s, the Chetnik Guerilla militant group, Yugoslavia was destabilized by a consisting of Serbian freedom- severe economic and political crises. !4 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

Ethnic violence erupted in the whom lived in republics other than autonomous region of Kosovo, with a Serbia, into a position of power within large Albanian majority. A primary Yugoslavia. Croatia, especially, was a political development was the problem with its 600,000 Serbs, and appointment of Slobodan Milosevic, the harsh policies of President first as communist party chief and Tudjman only added to the Croatian then as President of Serbia in 1989. Serbs' fears. Milosevic stimulated and exploited Serbian nationalism to gain political Current Crisis: support. Serbia's growing power in The central factor in the the central government in Belgrade Yugoslav crisis is the relationship and its harsh treatment of Albanian between the two biggest ethnic protesters resulted in a stronger groups, the Serbs and the Croats. nationalist movement among the Croatia was eager to secede from a republics, especially Croatia and Yugoslav state dominated by Serbia, Slovenia. but 11.3 percent of Croatia's This was aided by the collapse population were Serbs. A key aspect of communism across Eastern Europe of the above relationship is their in 1989-90 and the move to multi- differing perceptions of the common party elections, which brought state: while Serbs basically opted for nationalist parties to power in most the unitarist goal, i.e. the creation of a republics. The key dispute was strong federal state of Yugoslavia, between, on the one hand, Slovenia Croatian leaders tended to see and Croatia, both of which wanted Yugoslavia merely as a necessary step more independence, and, on the other, towards an independent Croat nation- Serbia, which wanted to unite the state. A more immediate cause of the eight million Serbs, 25 percent of !5 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

conflict was the assertion of Serbian find a more modern structure of nationalism, the revival of the Greater federation that would accommodate Serbia ideal. This was very much the interests of all three republics. nationalism that was manipulated and Prime Minister Markovic was sincere stimulated by President Milosevic in in his wish to find a more satisfactory his quest for power, particularly as system, and both Bosnia-Herzegovina communism ... began to fall apart in and Macedonia regarded a Yugoslavia. A prime early example of compromise framework as essential to this occurred during the Kosovo issue their survival. Ironically, one matter with his emphasis on the Serbian role on which Serbia and Croatia held over the centuries as victim of a similar views was Bosnia variety of aggressors. Yugoslavia has Herzegovina. Serb and Croat been most unfortunate in the nationalists view the Bosnian leadership of the two main republics. Muslims as, at best, Serbs or Croats Tudjman obsessive nationalism was forcibly converted to Islam under the seen at its worst both in his harsh Ottoman Empire, and at worst as a treatment of the Serb minority, and in bridgehead of Islamic fundamentalism his decision to leave Yugoslavia in Europe. There have been several without taking into account the needs accounts of Serb and Croat agreement and fears of this minority. Tudjman at a senior level to carve up Bosnia and Milosevic initially provided the between them at the expense of the dynamics of the war, an unchecked Muslims. The Bosnian war is seen as nationalism. Some commentators an historic crusade for many Bosnian claim a key leadership failure was Serbs, who refer to Bosnian seen in Slovenia's, and later Croatia's, government troops as 'the Turkish reluctance to cooperate with the army'. Bosnia-Herzegovina's general federal government in an attempt to aim was to avoid war, but one crucial !6 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

mistake was made by their leaders in 1991, with conflict threatening, the February 1992 when they alone European Community failed to persist rejected the plan put forward at the in negotiations for a comprehensive Lisbon conference. This would have settlement for the entire country. The organised Bosnia-Herzegovina into EC held enormous leverage from three territorial units and provided for 1989 to 1991 if it wished to use it, as Muslim-Serb-Croat power sharing, the Yugoslavian politicians were probably as reasonable a scheme as critically intent on finding the right the one being debated today, three and path to European membership. The a half tragic years later. The one consistency in international quarrelsome leaders of the Yugoslav actions toward the conflict in Bosnia republics must bear prime has been that interests at stake did not responsibility for the war, but the justify military action except in international community was inept in support of humanitarian goals. Thus, its response to the problem. The chief while it resorted to building a failure was that of the European 'piecemeal peace' on the basis of Community in not diagnosing the ceasefires, the West's main objective problem sufficiently early, or at least was to do as much as possible to aid in not recognizing its gravity. Also, the war's victims by assisting the having failed to set up in 1990-91 a UNHCR. It focused on relieving new set of institutions suitable for symptoms rather than resolving conflict resolution in a post-Cold War underlying causes. Germany bears world, it lacked the organization to some responsibility for the crisis with handle the task. Jonathan Eyal refers its support for the secessionist goals to the Europeans' eagerness to of Slovenia and Croatia, especially substitute 'vision for reality', and with its pressure on the other Western trying 'to run before it could walk'. In powers for too-early recognition of !7 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

the independence of the two states. As Ć = Tch as in Itch has been seen, this brought to a head Č = Ch as in Chocolate the issue of the territorial rights of the Đ = J as in Judge Serb minority in Croatia, and forced J = Y as in You Bosnia to choose an independence in Š = Sh as in Show which it could not survive. Representative of Serbia - Petar Questions to Consider: Stambolić 1. How, as a collective, can this Petar Stambolić has been committee achieve peace and involved in the governance of both prosperity between and for all Serbia and Yugoslavia since the tail parties involved in this conflict? end of World War II. In fact, 2. How should this committee Stambolić can be credited with balance the preferences and helping to found some of the earliest needs/requirements of each of its movements toward a Communist delegates present? government in Yugoslavia. As a 3. What is the primary goal of this student in the 1930’s, Stambolić committee for each delegation? Is organized other Marxist students in a peace the main focus? Financial revolt against the nationalist teachings benefits? Any other goals? of universities in Serbia. His early experiences with leadership have Portfolio Powers and served him well, and allowed him to maintain a position of influence for Delegate Views: nearly fifty years. Stambolić has a bit of a chip on his shoulder regarding Yugoslavia Pronunciation two regions also represented on this C = Ts as in Tsunami committee, as he was shocked and !8 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

disappointed at the level of autonomy career as a high ranking official in the granted to Kosovo and Vojvodina regional government of Montenegro. after the founding of the Communist This fact alone makes him more of an government. He idolized Tito and has unknown quantity than the rest of his always and will always put the colleagues participating in the furthering of the international committee. What is semi-well known Communist agenda above his own. about Đuranović is that in his younger That is not to say that he has no days he was the editor-in-chief of a ambitions, in fact he has often been newspaper called “Victory!” and linked to backchannel deals that have maintains good relations with the staff redirected funds from regional of the now nationally-read projects to the Serbian division of the publication. The current staff never Communist Party. Aside from links Đuranović directly to any ensuring the prosperity of Serbia, sources or stories but they cannot Stambolić will above all else want to print accurate stories about ensure the lasting union of the government dealings without Yugoslavs under Communist someone on the inside. He will come principles. Whether that involves into this committee with a silent maintaining the current committee excitement for the possibility of leadership or not remains to be seen. moving away from Titoist autocracy and toward a more Marxist union. Đuranović’s home region of Representative of Montenegro - Montenegro was very harshly affected Veselin Đuranović by World War II and, despite the Veselin Đuranović only decades that have since past, there has recently entered the arena of national been a little reprieve in the stunted politics having spent most of his development that the war caused. The !9 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

value of Marxism to Đuranović lies in Bulgarian forces. Upon his release in the common goal of all involved to 1944, Koliševski rose to the highest promote nationwide development ranks of the regional Communist rather than the targeted development Party and was one of its first regions that existed previously and representatives in the Yugoslav only benefited the North. Focusing on government. Tito took Koliševski this should be his primary motivation under his wing, bringing him along to for the committee. most state events. It is even believed that Tito was grooming him to be a Representative of Macedonia - successor. The national spotlight has Lazar Koliševski often overshadowed Koliševski’s Lazar Koliševski is a well responsibilities in the governance of known name across the country for his region since he could often defer his involvement in the spread of that responsibility to Tito. With Tito Communism during World War II. dead, the duty to solve Macedonian Though he made his name in Serbia, crises like low employment and Koliševski was so charismatic and literacy, invasive immigration from natural at organizing workers unions Bulgaria, and lack of industrial output that the Communist Party of rests on the shoulders of Yugoslavia in its infancy sent him into Koliševski. the occupied territory of Macedonia to aid in the overthrow of the occupying Representative of Croatia - Mika Bulgarian nationalist forces. After Špiljak successfully organizing the Mika Špiljak is a proud Croat Macedonian branch of the Party in and a family man, and likes to 1941, Koliševski was imprisoned, constantly remind everyone of those escaped, and imprisoned again by the two truths. Many people tend to think !10 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

this is repeated so often as a veil to come to this committee as a swing cover the blatantly obvious nepotism vote, unless he decides to look past practiced in the staffing decisions his ethnic pride and attempt to made by the Representative. Aside improve both his region and his from being in Serbia, Belgrade has country. never suited Špiljak’s tastes and he often reminisces about his time served Representative of Bosnia & as mayor of Zagreb in his home Herzegovina - Cvijetin Mijatović region. Špiljak is a bit of a conspiracy Cvijetin Mijatović represents theorist who thoroughly believes that the region of Bosnia & Herzegovina his Party superiors forcibly moved due to his history of employment him away from Croatia because his more popularity was dangerous to Tito and so than any emotional attachment that the national norm. Separating fact many other Representatives have for from fiction seems to be lost on their constituencies. He was Špiljak, and in his mind Croatia is the born in what would become Bosnia sole region that is “working as when it was still ruled by the Austro- intended” in all of Yugoslavia. He Hungarian Empire, but he is tends to ignore the fact that the ethnically a Serb and considers economy of the Dalmatian Coast is himself more identifiable with the tanking due to a decrease in tourism Serbs in Bosnia than the Muslim from both domestic and international Bosniaks. Mijatović, or Majo, is a sources, or that Croatia is heavily distinguished man of culture often dependent on the trade routes of the seen frequenting theatrical Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas productions or high-class musical which are both firmly under NATO events. His current wife Miro Stupica control. It is expected that Špiljak will is a famous Yugoslav actress, as !11 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

was his deceased wife Sibina. His two Politics remained a side project for daughters Mirjana and Maja are both Hasani until his late thirties when he involved in modern media, left his writing behind to enter a Mirjana in theater and music and prominent position in the government Maja in television. If the Party needs of the newly autonomous region of subtle forms of releasing Kosovo. He filled many information or garnering public administrative and junior executive opinion through media, Mijatović is positions in the Kosovar government their man. There have been comedic and quickly set his sights higher. skits aired on television programs Before entering the hierarchy of the nationwide suggesting that Mijatović rotating Presidency, Hasani served as will use this committee to finagle an ambassador for Yugoslavia, his way into an executive position in a position which won him no favors his ethnic homeland of Serbia while with the region he would eventually leaving Bosnia to crumble and represent on the national stage. rot, though surely he would not let all Though Hasani is ethnically Albanian, he has built in his career go to waste. when he entered the governance of Kosovo he decided that for the Representative of Kosovo - Sinan good of his career and Yugoslavia as a Hasani nation he would side with the Slavic Sinan Hasani in his lifetime has majority over the ethnic worn many hats. After joining the Albanians that resided in Kosovo on Yugoslav Communist Party in his topics such as religious and ethnic early twenties and serving as a freedoms. His time as ambassador prisoner of war to the Nazis, later laid the foundation for a bias against becoming a novelist and politician. his own ethnicity that persists to this day. The Albanian ethnic !12 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

groups of Kosovo are constantly at its present form that footprint has odds with his inclusion as their resulted in an unharmonious mixture representative in the government of ethnic divisions, with no less because they view him as a lapdog of than five major ethnic groups and the Serbs who would see them seven official languages of the ostracised and oppressed further than regional government. Vlajković they already are. In his participation himself in the committee Hasani can either represents the Serbian majority of the debunk or confound these fears of region but does not hold contempt for his constituents. the other groups as some Yugoslav leaders tend to. Under his Representative of Vojvodina - purview are large populations of Radovan Vlajković Croats, Hungarians, Romanians, Radovan Vlajković leads a Serbs, and Slovaks and they do not region which represents a microcosm mesh well. Meticulously managing a of the ethnic and political catastrophes balance of representation in plaguing all of Yugoslavia. Though he Vojvodina has established Vlajković had an uninspiring youth and less as a leading social worker in the personal glory during the country and a go-to source for foundations of the Party, Vlajković resolutions of ethnic conflict in the cares deeply for the region he grew up Office of the Presidency. The regional in and all its peoples. office that Vlajković is leaving Vojvodina has been settled since behind is more than capable to carry ancient times, and as such has the on his work during the committee, so footprint of a vast array of cultures. In he may turn his full focus onto

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the issues facing the nation at large him solve the country’s economic like broader ethnic conflicts and a crises. Kardelj’s untimely and tumbling economy. shocking death has thrust Krajger into a position he did not expect to have. Representative of Slovenia - Sergej Now potentially in line to control all Krajger of Yugoslavia, Krajger must step up to Sergej Krajger is possibly the the plate of both national governance least Communist man in the entire and help save the Yugoslav economy Yugoslav government. During before it collapses. his reign over the regional government in Slovenia in the 1960’s Secretary of the Treasury - Petar and 70’s he became a national expert Kostić on all things involving economics. Petar Kostić is a man who is His goal in his research has been how notoriously hard to impress. His to incorporate better economic demeanor is reflective of the general conditions into a communist/socialist international opinion of Serbs: rigid, political system. While his ideas have intimidating, and unfriendly. While it taken root in his regional purview, can be argued that these traits there have been no major are necessary for the highest financial breakthroughs in attempts to expand office of a country it has often lead to new systems on a national level. the creation of divisive Krajger’s relative success in creating relations with other higher-ups in the a more equal economic spread in Yugoslav government. Kostić has few Slovenia lead to Edvard Kardelj, friends and a powerful Slovenia’s original representative in position, something which will likely the Presidency, inviting Krajger to form the basis of his conduct come with him to Belgrade to help throughout this committee. Unlike the !14 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

regional representatives, Kostić is not elevate themselves and reach a level a national hero nor does he have a completely unexpected of them. The glorious involvement in the golden example of this gift foundations of the Party. Also unlike exists in the immortalization of the many of those other officials, Kostić Partisan’s final victory that arose to his position strictly guaranteed their independence as a through effort rather than riding the nation, where Ljubičić lead the theater coat strings of reputation. This has of war. Many of the members of this earned him a firm admiration from committee have served under the rest of the Office of the Treasury, Ljubičić, and that familiarity helped as well as a high level of general to convince him to join the Office of support from the people. The the Presidency. Originally he Treasury’s prime directive for their thought that the Office of Defense involvement in the Office of the would have more important things to Presidency revolves around the attend to, but Tito’s death deeply faltering economy and the fact that affected the old soldier and he decided money has been getting lost in that he would help future generations dealings among the regional Parties. to the best of his ability. He adds another Serbian representative to Secretary of Defense - Nikola a committee that is slightly lopsided Ljubičić toward Serbs, but holds more Nikola Ljubičić is a still active loyalty to the country as a whole than four-star General who in small circles to his region of origin. Ljubičić has a is credited as the true mastermind of well known respect for the Tito’s brilliance during the Second military capabilities of NATO and is World War. Ljubičić has a rare gift of greatly envious of their intelligence being able to motivate men to networks.Possessing the next best !15 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

level of authority over the people, homeland of Bosnia ignored, second only to Tito himself, Ljubičić Herljević always held a slight will look to solidify the resentment for Tito and his principles. homefront before any other motions. Weakening the executive and strengthening the bureaucracy had Secretary of the Interior - Franjo been a long standing goal of Herljević Herljević until the ratification of the 1974 Franjo Herljević is the only constitution and he saw firsthand that ethnic Bosniak in the Office of the its after effects have crippled either Presidency, and may be the only branch in efforts to improve person on the committee who is development in any region of the concerned with the wellbeing of other country. His involvement in the Bosniaks. Herljević fought in World committee allows for every War II and experienced the most detail of the country’s plight to be personal tragedy of anyone in this brought to the fore, and it will be up new Office. The War claimed four of to him to bring awareness to the his six brothers, his sister, and both of more nuanced factors of economic his parents and devastated Bosnia. His development. Office of the Interior controls the infrastructure and is deeply concerned Secretary of State - Josip Vrhovec that Tito effectively ignored certain Josip Vrhovec has achieved his areas of the country like Bosnia. The current position after a rapid ascent to Northern regions were heavily power. Until the late 1960’s focused on during Tito’s reign for Vrhovec worked in small political industrialized output, and Southern offices and was an active journalist areas never fully got redeveloped after for a publication that ran in Zagreb. the end of World War II. Seeing his !16 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

Before becoming a journalist Vrhovec to believe he may be able to fought in World War II as a teenager manipulate them to achieve Yugoslav and gained an economics goals, but Vrhovec personally wants degree from the University of Zagreb, to improve relations with the West. establishing an extensive web of This committee will serve as his connections across Croatian platform to decide whether he wants society. He used these connections to to pursue heightening or easing launch himself onto the national stage tensions between East and West. during the Croatian Spring, where he proved instrumental in Secretary of Information - Ismail planning the arrest of its leaders and Bajra quashing of its demonstrations. Ismail Bajra is the solitary Fellow committee member Veselin ethnic Albanian-Kosovar in the entire Đuranović took Vrhovec under his government of Yugoslavia, so wing and helped to solidify his naturally he is suspicious of everyone position in the Office of Foreign around him. His suspicious nature led Affairs. The two share a common him to pursue the fledgling Office of background in journalism and Information shortly after the founding remained close throughout many of the SFR Yugoslavia. Though he is official state visits alongside Tito. reserved and unassuming, Vrhovec previously served as a Bajra quickly gained a reputation for correspondent in NATO countries determination and his ability to before entering the foreign ministry, decipher coded messages and moved which aided his succession to the into positions of importance at a head of the ministry once Đuranović rather young age. None would know, left the position. His connections in but Bajra holds a deep rooted the West led the Party leadership !17 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

resentment for many high-ranking Secretary of Labor - Svetozar members of the Yugoslav government Pepovski as they have either sanctioned Svetozar Pepovski, as Secretary or ignored the oppression of his of Labor, is responsible for the people. The 1974 Constitution was wellbeing of the workers of expected to alleviate ethnic tensions Yugoslavia. A firm believer of but Albanian-Kosovars have only Marxist, though not Leninist or faced more regular atrocities since Stalinist, practices he strives to adhere they have little power to resist the to the deification of the worker that Serbs who dominate the region. exists under the perfect Communist Rumors say that Bajra has a secret condition. Unfortunately for group of Kosovar spies who keep him Pepovski, Yugoslavia has never yet informed of each person who is existed under the perfect Communist involved in the oppression of his kin, condition with corruption and and that he has plans for all of borderline autocracy ruling since the them. His inclusion in the committee inception of the new country. He has serves as a point of reference for other always hoped to make changes from members and to provide a within the government rather than basis for decisions regarding matters backchannel or clandestine methods of national security. Bajra is expected of operation, and this committee will to use these opportunities to likely prove his best chance at making prevent the regional leaders from Yugoslavia a more true representation abusing their power and to solidify of Communism. The country’s the nation’s security in the absence problems are not lost on the man, and of Tito. Pepovski recognizes the unemployment and low production values of the economy to be !18 Yugoslavian Civil War EthicalMUNEthicalMUN II III CrisisCrisis

paramount issues to fix before better supporter of the Non-Aligned philosophical amendments may be Movement, citing its usefulness on made to the constitution. The Party the UN debate floor. Though he was loves him for his idealism, as do the admired for his war efforts in his people, though the executive offices homeland of Macedonia, Mojsov tend to treat Pepovski as a thorn in never again pursued any regional their side. He is expected to drive that level of government. Instead of thorn deeper than he ever has to accepting offers within the achieve his goals in the Office of the Macedonian Party, Mojsov decided to Presidency. leave the foreign ministry to focus on climbing the bureaucratic ladder President of the Communist Party - within the National Party. The Party Lazar Mojsov took to him, and his rise was not Lazar Mojsov is multi-talented meteoric but he still arrived at the top. and well liked by his colleagues Belgrade’s university invites him to within the National Communist Party. lecture on politics and Yet another veteran of the Partisan international relations to this day. His movement during World War II, primary purpose on the committee Mojsov lived as an accomplished will be to serve as a voice for the attorney and judge before joining the Party and promote agendas addressing newly formed National Parliament for the nation as a whole over regional nearly two decades. After leaving the focus. Parliament he served as Ambassador to the USSR and UN, playing no small part in furthering the reach of Titoist Communism on the international stage. He was a vocal !19