KULTURLANDESTUDIE SYRIEN FORELØBIG UDGAVE Forfattere: Cand.Soc

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KULTURLANDESTUDIE SYRIEN FORELØBIG UDGAVE Forfattere: Cand.Soc KULTURLANDESTUDIE SYRIEN FORELØBIG UDGAVE Forfattere: Cand.soc. i Internationale udviklingsstudier samt Kultur-og Sprogmødestudier Line Renner Jensen, Cand. Soc. i international sikkerhed og folkeret Daniel Stokke og Sprogoffi cer i arabisk og Bachelor i International Business og Politik Simon Rueskov Nielsen. Sektionen for Militær Operativ Kultur, Institut for Sprog og Kul- tur, Forsvarsakademiet FORSVARSAKADEMIETS FORLAG Forsvarsakademiet KULTURLANDESTUDIE SYRIEN FORELØBIG UDGAVE Forfattere: Cand.soc. i Internationale udviklingsstudier samt Kultur-og Sprogmødestudier Line Renner Jensen, Cand. Soc. i international sikkerhed og folkeret Daniel Stokke og Sprogoffi cer i arabisk og Bachelor i International Business og Politik Simon Rueskov Nielsen. Sektionen for Militær Operativ Kultur, Institut for Sprog og Kul- tur, Forsvarsakademiet © Forsvarsakademiet Alle rettigheder forbeholdes. Mekanisk, fotografi sk eller anden gengivelse af eller kopiering fra denne bog eller dele heraf er kun tilladt i overensstemmelse med aftaler mellem Forsvaret og Copy-Dan. Enhver anden udnyttelse uden Forsvarsakademiets skriftlige samtykke er forbudt i følge gældende lov om ophavsret. Undtaget herfra er korte uddrag til brug ved anmeldelser København maj 2015 Forsvarsakademiet Svanemøllens Kaserne 2100 København Ø Tlf.: 3915 1515 Redaktører: Orlogskaptajn Poul Martin Linnet Grafi sk Design: FAK ISBN: 978-87-7147-085-7 Foreløbig udgave Forsvarsakademiets forlag Forsvarsakademiet Indhold Resumé ................................................................................................................................7 Forkortelser og betegnelser .............................................................................................9 1. Introduktion til kulturlandestudie ........................................................................... 11 1.1 Det danske forsvars rolle ....................................................................................... 11 1.2 Formål......................................................................................................................12 1.3 Teoretisk tilgang og struktur .................................................................................. 13 1.4 Kulturel kortlægning ...............................................................................................14 2. Introducerende fakta ................................................................................................. 17 2.1 Kort over Syrien....................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Syriens placering i Mellemøsten ............................................................................18 2.3 Faktuelle forhold .....................................................................................................18 3. Historisk introduktion ................................................................................................ 21 3.1 Den islamiske æra .................................................................................................21 3.2 Den Osmanniske æra ............................................................................................22 3.3 Fra Den Syriske Føderation til Den Syriske Republik ..........................................23 3.4 Uafhængighed, krig og ustabilitet ......................................................................... 23 3.4.1 Seksdagskrigen .............................................................................................24 3.5 Stabilitet under Hafez al-Assad ............................................................................. 24 3.6 Golanhøjderne ........................................................................................................ 26 3.7 Borgerkrigen i Libanon ...........................................................................................28 3.8 Det Muslimske Broderskab i Syrien ...................................................................... 28 3.8.1 Hama-massakren ......................................................................................... 28 3.9 Syrien under Bashar al-Assad ................................................................................28 3.10 Historiske relationer mellem Syrien og Tyrkiet ................................................... 29 3.11 Borgerkrigen i Syrien ............................................................................................30 3.11.1 Optakt til konfl ikten ................................................................................... 30 3.11.2 Oppositionen og oprørerne i konfl ikten .....................................................31 3.11.3 Våbenhvile og sammenbrud ...................................................................... 31 3.11.4 FN resolution om destruktion af Syriens kemiske våben. .......................32 3.11.5 Fredsforhandlinger ..................................................................................... 33 3.11.6 Præsidentvalg i Syrien ................................................................................34 3.11.7 Landets nuværende situation ....................................................................34 4. Den fysiske dimension .............................................................................................. 35 4.1. Introduktion ............................................................................................................35 4.2 Syriens vigtigste Byer.............................................................................................. 36 4.2.1 Damaskus .................................................................................................... 37 4.2.2 Aleppo ...........................................................................................................37 4.2.3 Homs ............................................................................................................ 39 4.2.4 Hama ............................................................................................................40 4.2.5 Latakia ...........................................................................................................40 3 4.2.6 Tartus .............................................................................................................41 4.3 Byernes betydning i oprøret ................................................................................... 41 4.4 Syriens vigtigste naturressourcer .......................................................................... 41 4.5 Syriens inddeling .................................................................................................... 43 4.5.1 Syriens topografi ......................................................................................... 43 4.5.2 Landbrug .......................................................................................................44 4.6 Fødevarer og særlige mad ritualer ........................................................................ 44 4.7 Bygninger og byggeskik i Syrien .............................................................................45 4.8 Klima og årstider .................................................................................................... 47 4.9 Adgang til elektricitet og brændsel ........................................................................47 4.10 Transport og kommunikation ..............................................................................48 4.10.1 Infrastruktur ................................................................................................ 48 4.10.2 Kommunikation i Syrien .............................................................................48 4.11 Sammenfatning ....................................................................................................48 5. Den økonomiske dimension .................................................................................... 51 5.1 Introduktion ............................................................................................................51 5.2 Hovedtal .................................................................................................................. 52 5.2.1 Arbejdsløshed og fattigdom ......................................................................... 54 5.3 Fødevareusikkerhed ...............................................................................................54 5.4 Fordeling af landets økonomiske ressourcer ........................................................57 5.5 Formel økonomi ......................................................................................................58 5.5.1 Syriens vigtigste sektorer ............................................................................. 58 5.5.1.1 Landbrug ..........................................................................................58 5.5.1.2 Industri .............................................................................................59 5.5.1.3 Servicesektoren .............................................................................. 61 5.5.2 Eksport og import .........................................................................................62 5.6 Uformel økonomi .................................................................................................... 63 5.6.1 Korruption og smugling ................................................................................ 65 5.6.2 Syriens krigsøkonomi ..................................................................................
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