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132423302.Pdf Ciudad - territorio sustentable Procesos, actores y estructuras Ciudad-territorio sustentable Procesos, actores y estructuras Guadalupe Hoyos Castillo Miroslawa Czerny (Coordinadoras) Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Facultad de Geografía y Estudios Regionales Planeación Territorial de la Facultad de Planeación Urbana y Regional Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Universidad de Varsovia, Polonia 2014 © Derechos reservados 1ª edición 2014 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México ISBN xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-x Impreso y hecho en México Printed and made in Mexico Contenido Introducción Guadalupe Hoyos Castillo y Miroslawa Czerny Descentralización urbana en América Latina y México. ¿Es posible 11 arribar a la ciudad-territorio? Parte I. Procesos y territorios Barbara Jaczewska Emergence of local immigrants integration as a European Union 33 policy issue Rodrigo Pimienta Lastra, Martha Vera Bolaños, Michael Shea y Elena M. Gutiérrez Cárdenas An analysis of the internal migratory flows which transformed 51 Mexico State Piotr Raźniak and Anna Winiarczyk-Raźniak Social security of cities and surrounding areas 71 Parte II. Estructuras ambientales sustentables Joanna Miętkiewska-Brynda and Jerzy Makowski Ciudad versus medio ambiente. Reflexión sobre las relaciones 87 Dawid Soszyński and Ewelina Anaszewska Functioning of rural public spaces in the community of Dębowa 99 Kłoda, in eastern Poland Wioletta Kałamucka, Krzysztof Kałamucki and Anna Kamińska The analysis of the route changes of pedestrian tourists trails in the 115 area of Roztoczański National Park Rosa María Sánchez Nájera y José Alfonso Martínez Sánchez Características de la innovación en el sistema productivo local de 131 San Mateo Atenco, Estado de México Salvador Adame Martínez, Edel Cadena Vargas y Miguel Acevedo Producción florícola y calidad de vida en la cuenca del río 145 Tenancingo, México Parte III. Actores y planeación urbana Maciej Lasocki Development of a Contemporary City as an Offspring of the 169 Political Culture in Spatial Planning Yadira Contreras Juárez, José Juan Méndez Ramírez y Brenda Valdés Flores La perspectiva de género como herramienta para la planeación 181 territorial Jorge Tapia Quevedo, María Estela Orozco Hernández y Martha Vera Bolaños La urbanización de la zona poniente del Distrito Federal. Una 199 interpretación sobre la formación de áreas de proximidad residencial entre grupos de altos y bajos ingresos Jacek Kwiatkowski and Angelika Kowalczyk Public spaces – urban places of the two great metropolis: Moscow 215 and Mexico City José Juan Méndez Ramírez, Alberto Javier Villar Calvo y Juan José Gutiérrez Chaparro Nuevas formas de gestión social del espacio urbano: Privatopía 239 versus gobierno local Juan Roberto Calderón Maya, Verónica Miranda Rosales y Teresa Becerril Sánchez La instalación de comités municipales de prevención y control 253 del crecimiento urbano, estrategia de regulación territorial en el Estado de México Introducción Descentralización urbana en América Latina y México. ¿Es posible arribar a la ciudad-territorio? Guadalupe Hoyos C1. y Miroslawa Czerny2 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México y Universidad de Varsovia Resumen El objetivo es examinar dentro de la descentralización del proceso urbano a la ciudad-territorio en América Latina, en particular en México. En contextos urbanos desarrollados se afirma la convergencia urbana con la apertura de las unidades funcionales de los sistemas urbanos donde operan redes e interrelaciones de desa- rrollo cualitativo en el territorio. América Latina registra evidencias empíricas poco claras, existe alta concentración de aquella economía que contribuye al crecimiento nacional, mientras la población se descentraliza rápidamente. México, es un caso de primacía urbana histórica aunque da paso a la formación de regiones urbanas, mismas que reproducen relaciones polarizadas y escasamente descentralizadas. De manera que, en tanto domine la concentración espacial económica, la ciudad- territorio se podrá presentar en el continente sólo con algunos rasgos en regiones urbanas con mayor desarrollo y crecimiento. Palabras claves: descentralización urbana, sistema urbano, ciudad-territorio. 1 Profesora e investigadora en la Facultad de Planeación Urbana y Regional de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México. Correo: [email protected]. 2 Profesora, investigadora y coordinadora del Departamento de Geografía y Estudios Regionales, Universi- dad de Varsovia. Polonia. Correo: [email protected] 11 Guadalupe Hoyos C. y Miroslawa Czerny Urban Decentralization in Latin America and Mexico. Is it possible to reach the city-territory? Abstract The objective is to examine within the decentralization process of the urban city- territory in Latin America, particularly in Mexico. In developed urban settings urban convergence states with the opening of the functional units of urban systems which operate networks and interrelationships of qualitative development in the territory. Latin America has little clear empirical evidence that there is a high concentration of contributing to the national economy growth, while the population is decentralized quickly. Mexico is a case of historic urban primacy but leads to the formation of urban regions, which reproduce themselves poorly polarized and decentralized relations. So, while the economic spatial concentration dominates the city-territory on the con- tinent may submit only some features in urban areas with greater development and growth. Key words: urban decentralization, urban system, city - territory. Introducción. Mutación de sistemas y redes urbanas en contextos territoriales desarrollados n los últimos años, los estudios urbanos especializados insisten en que los procesos de urbanización por los que atraviesan los distintos países Edesarrollados, parecen dejar atrás las explicaciones de la urbanización industrial, han surgido otras construcciones y perspectivas unas más acaba- das que otras (Indovina, 1998, la “ciudad difusa”; Dematteis 1998, ciudad sin centros; Nel-lo, 1998 ciudad sin confines, Soja, 2008, la exópolis). En suma se dice que se avanza hacia la urbanización generalizada, ello acaba con la larga trayectoria del funcionamiento y naturaleza de la ciudad moderna, el cambio urbano estructural actual, es nuevamente, consecuencia de la descentraliza- ción, difusión, redistribución del desarrollo, del crecimiento y las innovacio- nes ahora sobre una estructura en el territorio. Ha sido una mutación no sólo empírica sino que ha dado lugar a la con- frontación teórica. El sistema urbano jerárquico ha reducido su valor interpre- tativo porque se han modificado los supuestos en los que se basaban las re- laciones de dominio y dependencia de los centros principales, porque se han abaratado los costos de transporte y el efecto de la distancia ya no es una li- mitante absoluta, ahora los procesos productivos flexibles y descentralizados propician las relaciones técnicas horizontales con lo cual se consiguen econo- mías de escala externas e internas a las empresas en un territorio ampliado y no sólo exclusivamente en la aglomeración económica (Precedo, 2003; Veltz, 1999; Boix, 2002; Camagni, 2005; De Santiago, 2008 y; Garmendia, 2010). De 12 Descentralización urbana en América Latina y México. ¿Es posible arribar a la ciudad-territorio? manera tal que la red de relaciones y flujos de todo orden, jerarquía, direc- ción y magnitud van organizando economías en red, desaparece el sistema urbano subordinado. Aquí cabe la descentralización del sistema urbano, de las regiones urbanas y de las áreas metropolitanas por igual: hay una ciudad en el territorio. El documento titulado State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011, dice “como el mundo se vuelva más urbano, nuevos residentes continuaran distribuyén- dose entre las ciudades de todos los tamaños y más a lo largo de patrones actuales… Estas nuevas configuraciones adoptan la forma de mega-regiones, corredores urbanos y ciudades-región” (UN-Habitat, 2008:8).1. Las mega- regiones son unidades económicas naturales que resultan del crecimiento, convergencia y propagación espacial de los vínculos geográficos de las áreas metropolitanas y de otras aglomeraciones. Son grupos urbanos policéntricos rodeados de hinterland de baja densidad y centros urbanos que crecen mucho más rápido que la población total de las naciones en los cuales se localizan. 2. Los corredores urbanos, se caracterizan por sistemas lineales de espacios urbanos interrelacionados mediante redes de transporte. 3. Las ciudades- región, algunas ciudades dinámicas y estratégicas están extendiéndose más allá de sus límites administrativos e integrando sus áreas de influencia. Tales configuraciones están apareciendo en diversas partes del mundo, formando unidades espaciales que son territorial y funcionalmente dependientes de sis- temas de relaciones económicos, políticos, socio-culturales y ecológicos. Los procesos en curso dan lugar a una formación que aquí se denomina ciudad-territorio, debido al cambio multiescalar -de las regiones urbanas, de las zonas metropolitanas y el dinamismo de las ciudades de la franja interme- dia, el espacio rural multifuncional-, ello confiere un papel fundamental a las interrelaciones; el tipo y naturaleza de los intercambios, el perfil productivo específico, la red de transporte terrestre y acceso aéreo y, la conexión a las tecnologías de comunicación, constituye a dicha formación urbana. Algunos de los procesos descritos para la convergencia urbana también se reportan en los países menos desarrollados
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