The New Yorl( Forest Owner a PUBLICATION of the NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

The New Yorl( Forest Owner A PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

July/August 2003

VOlume41 Number 4 FOUNDED 1963 THE NEW YORK In This Issue • • • FOREST OWNERS FROM THE PRESIDENT Gar yANCEy 3 ASSOCIATION Volume 41, Number 4 ANSWERS TO THE STATE'S TOUGHEST TREE TEST DAN ANDERSON 4 Officers & Directors Geff Yancey, President THE KNOTS OF TIMBER TAX 32 Oliver Street LLOYD R. CASEY 5 Rochester, NY 14607; (585) 271-4567

Peter Smallidge, Vice President NYS LEGISLATURE ENACTS TIMBER THEFT BILL Cornell University, Fernow Hall Ithaca, NY 14853; (607) 255-4696 ROBERT MALMSHEIMER 6

John Druke, Secretary WHY AR:E THEY PUTTING GOATS IN THE "rOOD 6341 Kirkville Road ? Kirkville, NY 13082; (315) 656-2313 CHARLIE MOWATT 8

Jerry Michael, Treasurer 4 Leonard Lane MANAGING A PRIVATE FOREST: PROFILE OF A Binghamton, NY 13901; (607) 648-2941 LANDOWNER/LOGGER PARTNERSHIP

Debbie Gill, Administrative Secretary DOUGLAS R. ALLEN ;~•...... 10 P.O. Box lOSS Penfield, NY 14526; (585) 377-6060 THE SWALLOW-WORTS Joan Kappel, Chair Editorial Committee FRAN LAWLOR 14 P.O. Box 646 Altamont, NY 12009-0646; (518) 861-8753 THE PITTED AMBROSIA BEETLE

2004 DOUGLAS C. ALLEN 16 Keith Hedgecock, Pleasant Valley, (845) 635-1279 Bob Malmsheimer, Cazenovia, (315) 470-6909 HOW TO: TREAT REACTIONS TOPOISO IVY 17 Geff Yancey, Rochester, (585) 271-4567 Paul Yarbrough, Ithaca, (607) 277-3011 2003 SPRING PLANTING 2005 WANDA AND EDWARD PIESTRAK 18 Jim Beil, Schenectady, (518) 355-4471 Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (585) 728-5769 Billy Morris, Bath, (607) 776-4992 WOODLOT CALENDAR 20 Sharon Wieder, Machias, (716) 942-3006 2006 POSTED SIGN ORDER FORM 20 Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (585) 533-2085 Jerry Michael, Binghamton, (607) 648-2941 Peter Smallidge, Ithaca, (607) 255-4696 Alan White, Jeffersonville, (845) 482-3719 The New Yorl( Chapter-Designated Directors Charlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617 Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; (518) 861-8753 Thomas Conklin, Cayuga; (315) 638-1765 John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656-2313 Forest Owner PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS AssOCHTIO~ Anne Osboru, Lower Hudson; (845) 424-3683 A Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902 Dave & Jean Preston, Niagara Frontier; (716) 688-4921 The New York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication of nil' Sell' York Forest Christine Wiley, SE Adirondack; (518) 692-9292 Owners Association, P. O. Box 1055, Penfield, N. Y. 14 -_6.. \/merials submitted Charlotte Baxter, Southern Tier; (607) 967-8516 Editor, Bob O'Brien, Southern Finger Lakes, (607) 594-4600 for publication should be sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer. TIle ew Ray Cavallaro, Western Finger Lakes; (585) 288-3411 York Forest Owner, 134 Lincklaen Street, Cazenovia, Self York 13035. Materi- als may also be e-mailed to [email protected]. Articles, artwork and photos Dan Palm, Executive Director are invited and if requested, are returned after use. The deadline for submission 645 Decker Rd. Stamford, NY 12167; 607-538-1305 for the September/October issue is August 1, 2003. Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box The New York Woodland Stewards, Inc. 1055, Penfield, N.Y. 14526. 1-800-836-3566. Cost of family membership/ (NYWS) is a 501(c)3 foundation of NYFOA subscription is $30. and tax deductible donations to this organization will advance NYFOA's educational mission. www.nyfoa.org All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher. Jim Winter, logger, is building the first road into the landing on "The NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro- COVER: Kingdom" - the property he manages with owner Jon Schor in Canaan, cedures, products, or opinions presented by authors NY - on a John Deere 450G. For complete article see page 10. Photo- or advertisers. graph courtesy of Douglas R. Allen. © 2003 New York Forest Owners Association

2 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 · ,NYFOA is a not-for- profit group of NY State . FT~President om• landowners promoting Jstewardship of private forests for the generally in the early stages of thinking Volunteers benefit of current and future generations. about a more active management of their Over a decade ago, then President Through local chapters and statewide George H.W. Bush gave an important properties. activities, NYFOA helps woodland MFO's do not give professional advice or address which highlighted much of what is owners to become responsible stewards perform management activities but they do right about America. He spent the majority and interested publics to appreciate the provide information, encouragement, and of his speech describing "the thousand importance of New York's forests. points of light" which was his descriptor for general direction toward managing forests in all the volunteer groups, organizations and a manner that enhances owner satisfaction. Join NYFOA today and begin to receive people that do so much of the "good" and My own MFO visits usually consist of a its many benefits including: six issues of provide so much service in our great land. walk on the property, a discussion about the The New York Forest Owner, The value of all that volunteerism is priority goals of the forest owner (saw woodswalks, chapter meetings, and two incalculable and unending. Volunteer timber? wildlife? biodiversity? recreation? statewide meetings. Complete and mail firefighters, Big brothers and sisters, Meals hunting?), review of boundary markings and this form: on Wheels, Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions access, and finally leaving the landowner I1We would like to support good for- clubs, tutors, blood donors, nursing home with a number of other potential resources to estry and stewardship of New York's entertainers, pursue (including information about NY- forest lands United Way FOA). campaigns, These motivated men and women are of ( ) I1We own acres of wood- Habitat for great benefit under any circumstances, but land. Humanity especially in these times when both state and ( ) I1We do not own woodland but builders ..... the federal resources are very tight. The impact support the Association's objectives. list could fill this that they have had since 1991 covers Name: _ entire magazine hundreds and hundreds of landowners and Address: and then some. thousands upon thousands of acres. It is ------We have many impossible to gauge the benefits to the forest City: _ energetic and energized volunteers in our and to the satisfaction of the landowners State/ Zip: own NYFOA, Board members, standing who have been visited by the MFO's, but it Telephone: _ committee members, chapter steering is certainly very significant and important. County of Residence: _ committee members and officers to name This year's class of new candidates will County of Woodlot: some, and Master Forest Owner/Coverts gather at the Arnot from September 10-14. Referred by: _ Volunteers (MFO's). The training is free due to all of the "volun- This group of almost 200 strong is a great teers" who organize and speak at the event. Regular Annual Dues: asset to the future of private woodlands in The sponsors of the program are Cornell ( ) Student $10 New York State. Every year in the fall Cooperative Extension, and the Department (Please provide copy of student ID) since 1991, twenty to forty MFO candidates of Natural Resources at Cornell, NYFOA, ( ) Individual $25 have traveled to Cornell's Arnot Forest, the Ruffed Grouse Society, the Wentorf ( ) Family $30 Sustaining Memberships where they spend four days in a certification Foundation, the National Wild Turkey (Includes NYFOA annual dues) Federation and DEe. Gary Goff from training workshop. This training consists of ( ) Contributor $50-$99 classroom and outdoor experiences in many Cornell is the Program director who does a ( ) Sponsor $100-$249 areas including tree identification, finding superb job of organizing this program and ( ) Benefactor $250-$499 boundaries, forest ecology, wildlife energizing past graduates with refresher ( ) Steward $500 or more management, communication ideas, timber courses each year in locations throughout the For regular memberships, make check management and a great opportunity to state. payable to New York Forest Owners become familiar with the myriad resources Thanks to all who make this program Association. For sustaining NYFOA available to private woodland owners. work! As with most volunteer activities, the memberships, indicate if for individual or family and make check payable to Once the band of newly minted MFO's is volunteers benefit as much as the recipients. NYWS (New York Woodland Stewards, trained, they begin the task of informing If you are looking for a good place to Inc.) Contributions to NYWS in excess local resources (Cooperative Extension, volunteer, this is a good one! If this isn't the of NYFOA dues are normally tax DEC, NYFOA) of their availability and right time for you, consider contacting an deductible. Send the completed form to: start outreach activities through newspaper MFO to help you with your woods! For NYFOA P.O. Box 1055 and magazine articles, presentations and more information contact Gary Goff at Penfield, New York 14526 NYFOA meetings. The heart of what they (607) 255-2824 or [email protected]. •. 1-800-836-3566 do is in visits to private landowners who are -Geff Yancey, President www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 3 The State's Toughest Tree Test DAN ANDERSON ere are the answers to the 8. When I glance your way I might 18. This Southern tree could be useful State's Toughest Tree Test. see ! [Yew] if you drank too much coffee on a H Thank you for your patience 9. This tree is angry because it is fishing trip! [Pecan - pee can] and waiting for the answers of these always "burned up." [Ash] 19. Planting this tree could "clean up" riddles to appear in this issue. We hope 1O. Three of four human taste bud your yard. [Spruce] you had fun trying to figure these out. tingling trees. [Bitternut, Sourgum 20. Add a "J" to the front of this tree & Sweetgum] name and rou might "get it. " 1. This tree is always found in 11. Too many of these in your woods [J+Oak] "twos." [Pear - pair] could be considered a "Biblical 21. Could a seismograph detect the 2. Our local "sweetheart" tree. [Sugar Plague." [Locust] presence of this tree in your Maple] 12. This may have been your "initial" woodlot? [Quaking Aspen] 3. NYFOA members love this tree lovers tree. [Beech] 22. A ative American might "quiver" because it can go "veneer," that is 13. This Southern tree needs for this shrub. [Arrowhead] in perfect condition. [Cherry] "Rogaine." [Bald Cypress] 23. The "ke ,. to unlocking this riddle 4. You could "long for" this tree. 14. This small tree could be litigation is on the borrom of the skirt! [Pine] against "Old MacDonald." [Sumac [Hemlock] 5. Two of the "saddest" trees in our - sue mac] 24. The "softest" wood in our forests. forests. [Weeping Willow & Blue 15. Something is "fishy" here. [Cottonwood] Spruce] [Basswood] 25. This tree ne er produces any 6. Our favorite Halloween shrub. 16. You could be "barking up the "leaners," as it is always perfectly [Witch Hazel] wrong tree." [Dogwood] vertical. [plum - plumb] •. 7. You might bonk an old person with 17. The Dutchman's favorite tree. Dan Anderson is all MFO, and the Vice- this tree. [Box Elder] [Tulip Tree] Chairman of The Allegany Foothills chapter of NYFOA. Br~)}ks~ FORESTRY & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COMPANY

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4 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 can be deducted from the sales receipt at the time of the sale. The basis has two parts, the amount that Bruce E. you paid for the timber and the volume of the timber. The amount that you paid never Robinson, Inc. goes up, but the volume (board feet) goes up every year. Consequently the cost per FORESTRY CONSULTANTS unit goes down. For example, the original cost basis was • FOREST PRODUCT MARKING & $100 per one thousand board feet. After 10 MARKETING • TREE FARM MANAGEMENT years the timber volume has doubled and URBAN FORESTRY & your amount invested stays the same so the OMMUNITY MANAGEMENT LLOYD R. CASEY TIMBER APPRAISALS basis become $50 per thousand. This then • ACCESS ROAD DESIGN & ($50/thousand board feet) would be the unit SUPERVISION _ • TREE PLANTING he private forest landowners of this that is deducted from the gross receipts and • TREE SHELTER DISTRIBUTOR country generally sell timber from tax would be paid on the net sales receipts. .SUGAR BUSH MANAGEMENT It is very important that you know how • BOUNDARY MAINTENANCE T their land only once or twice in their • CHRISTMAS TREE MANAGEMENT lifetime. Most of them pay income tax on many board feet you sold and the amount • FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING the gross sale receipts, which is foolish, and per unit that you received from the buyer. • FOREST RECREATION PLANNING • WOODLOT IMPROVEMENTS IN a few forget to pay any taxes due. A recent The only way that you could deduct your IMMATURE STANDS study in New York, by the IRS, found that entire basis at one time would be if you • WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT • FOREST TAXATION PLANNING 60% of those individuals forgot to pay their cleared all of the timber off the land. taxes. Many owners did not establish their basis Although no one likes to pay income tax, at the time they purchased the woodland. A Ph. (716) 665-5477 or any tax for that matter, you should know competent consultant forester can cruise the Fax. (716) 664-5866 that the most you should ever have to pay is woods, establish the growth rate, and e-mail [email protected] 20 %. Any timber sale qualifies for capital discount the volume back to the date of 1894 CAMP ST. EXT. gains which has a top tax rate of 20 %. purchase. NYS Department of Environ- JAMESTOWN, NY 14701 Many people will pay only 10% depending mental Conservation provides a stumpage on how much they net on the sale. An price report periodically, that can be used as individual can save in other ways too as the a source for historical prices. 15.3 % unemployment tax is not due on As a general rule of thumb, if the land capital gains and they do not affect Social was purchased over 20 years ago, it will 1'0,"£0 to,!!!.~r~ARNINii Security Income for those who are retired. cost you more to establish the basis than the ~=r.£ Menter ~ ••.•••,::: It-'-~1SSi1'IC1\.Y TImwCompany~.~1SSrRJci1.~~ The biggest deduction that many owners amount of tax savings you would receive. - --.. miss is the "basis" or the amount of The bottom line is, know what you paid for Custom investment that owners have in that asset. It the timber and deduct your investment from is important that when purchasing forest the gross timber sales receipts. ~ and Stock Signs land that the cost is separated between the for the land and the timber. A consultant forester Lloyd R. Casey works in the Forest Land can calculate this for you. Once the basis is Owner Assistance area of the USDA Forest Forest Industry established, on a per unit basis, this amount Service Northeastern Area. on Aluminum and Plastic

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The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 5 NYS Legislature Enacts Timber Theft Bill

ROBERT MALMSHEIMER

n June 16 and 17, the New York theft problem and elicit various perspec- clearly defines how courts should assess State Senate and Assembly tives on the topic. The hearings revealed damages. Under the bill, if anyone, Opassed a bill that would signifi- that current NYS law contained inad- without the consent of the owner, cuts cantly amend New York's timber theft equate timber theft protections for private down or carries off (or causes to be cut laws and establish a mechanism for the and state lands. The Senators then down or carried off) any tree, or girdles NYS Department of Environmental convened a Timber Theft Prevention or otherwise despoils a tree on the land Conservation (DEC) to review and advise Task Force (TTPTF) to assist in crafting of another, the landowner can sue the local governments on proposed ordi- legislation to address the problem. The perpetrator for three times the stumpage nances that may impact the practice of TTPTF's recommendations resulted in value of the trees or $250 per tree, or forestry. As of June 26, the bill was the introduction of three bills this both. The bill would also allow the forest awaiting Governor Pataki's approval. If legislative session (see Malmsheimer, landowner to sue the timber thief for the Governor signs the bill, the new law "Three Timber Theft Bills Introduced in permanent and substantial damage caused would increase the rights of New York NYS Legislature," New York Forest to their land or its improvements. forestland owners that suffer a timber Owner 41(3):6-7). According to the bill, this compensation theft. While these efforts were underway, for injury to land or its improvements While the bill would have significant Senator Ronald Stafford introduced a bill should be designed to restore the lands to impact on public and private forest lands, in the 2001-2002 legislative session that their condition immediately before the this article focuses on the bill's impact on contained timber theft and other provi- violation. Judges can order defendants to NYS's private forestland owners. I begin sions. That bill was passed by the Senate, physically restore the lands and/or assess with a review of current efforts to but never voted on by the Assembly. monetary damages to allow the forest address timber theft. The article then The current bill, which was passed by landowner to make restoration. examines the bill's timber theft provi- both houses includes provisions from the The bill provides for some protection sions and highlights some of its other Stafford bill and some of the TTPTF's for defendants that mistakenly, as provisions. I conclude with some com- recommendations. The Senate approved opposed to deliberately, commit a timber ments on additional timber theft issues the bill 44 to 17 on June 16 and the theft. However, this provision still allows the legislature needs to address. Assembly approved it 141 to 7 on June the forest landowner whose trees were 17. illegally cut and land damaged to be History compensated by the defendant. If the In 2000, the NYS Legislative Commis- Timber Theft on Private Forestlands defendant can prove by clear and sion on Rural Resources and the Senate The bill would repeal the current convincing evidence, that when he or she Agriculture Committee (LCRR & SAC), timber theft provisions in the Real committed the theft that he or she had under the chairmanships of Senators Property Actions and Proceedings law, reason to believe the land was his or her Patricia McGee and Nancy Larraine which authorizes civil lawsuits against own, or he or she had a legal right to Hoffmann, held hearings throughout the timber thieves for monetary damages, harvest such land, then the court should state to assess the scope of the timber and replace it with a new section that award the forestland owner the stumpage value, or $250, or both. Thus, defendants in these cases are only responsible for the 271 County Road #9 (607) 648-5512 stumpage value or 5250 per tree (or Chenango Forks, N.Y. 13746 E-mail [email protected] both), rather than three times the stumpage value or 5250 per tree (or both). Even if this section applies, the defendant is still liable for an permanent and substantial damage caused to the land or its improvements. The bill defines "stumpage value" as Timber Appraisal Forest Stewardship Plans the fair market value of a tree prior to its Timber Sales Forestry 480-A Plans sale, curling, or removal. It allows stumpage value to be determined by one Restore the American Chestnut or more of the following methods:

6 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 1) the sale price of the tree in an Research has shown that many NYS arm's-length sale, municipalities have enacted ordinances Diverse Organizations Support Timber Theft Bill. 2) a review of solicited bids for the that impact forest practices and there is tree, some evidence that these municipalities do In addition to NYFOA, a diverse 3) the DEC's stumpage price reports, not understand how these ordinances coalition of organizations support the 4) comparison with other sales of trees impact forest landowners or forest timber theft bill. These organizations on state or private lands, or resources. This bill would establish a include: 5) other appropriate means that mechanism for the DEC Commissioner, Adirondack Council • establish fair market value within an on her own initiative or upon the written Adirondack Landowners Association acceptable range based on the geo- request of a municipality or a forest • Audubon New York » Catskill graphic area. landowner within the municipality, to Forest Association • Empire State Importantly, the bill also provides for comment on proposed ordinances that Forest Products Association • New judges in criminal timber theft cases to may restrict the practice of forestry. The York Farm Bureau • New York order a convicted defendant to pay the Commissioner could comment on impact Timber Producers forest landowner restitution as part of of the proposed ordinance upon the long- the defendant's sentence. The bill allows term viability of the municipality's forests judges to direct the defendant to pay the and suggest modifications to minimize the enforcement agencies about the control forest landowner three times the stump- proposed ordinance's impacts on forest and prosecution of timber theft and age value of the trees stolen and for any practices. The Commissioner has 45 days trespass, the legislature still needs to permanent and substantial damage to the to make her comments, during which time appropriate funding for the DEC to land and its improvements. This section the municipality must defer adopting the implement this education program. More should eliminate the need for some proposed ordinance. The bill would also importantly, this bill provides mecha- forest landowners to sue a timber thief in require towns developing a master plan to nisms for forest landowners who have civil court for damages after the thief has "facilitate the practice of forestry" in already suffered a timber theft. It does been convicted by a criminal court. ways similar to other agricultural uses. not contain provisions to prevent timber Since restitution is part of the theft from occurring. As the LRRC's defendant's sentence, rather than a civil Conclusion hearings and the TTPTF agreed, NYS court's judgment which the landowner This bill provides a real improvement in forest landowners need to be educated must enforce, more effected landowners the mechanisms that NYS landowners can about how to prevent timber theft. After should be compensated for their injuries. use to receive compensation for timber this bill becomes law, the legislature Another important aspect of the bill thefts. NYS legislators should be ap- needs to authorize and provide funding attempts to address courts', district plauded for passing the bill. However, for a timber theft education program for attorneys', and law enforcement offi- before the bill can provide these protec- forest landowners so that fewer NYS cials' lack of understanding of timber tions, the Governor must sign it. forest landowners need to use this bill's theft and its impacts on forest landown- Even if the bill becomes law, there are timber theft compensation provisions .•. ers and the state's forest resources. The other timber theft issues that the LRRC & bill authorizes the DEC Commissioner SAC's hearings exposed that the legisla- Robert Malmsheimer is an Assistant Professor of Forest Law and Policy at SUNY ESF, a to work with the NYS Attorney ture needs to address. For example, while member of the NYFOA Board of Directors, and General's Office and the Office of Court the bill contains provisions for the DEC is a member of the NYS Legislative Administration to develop and provide Commissioner to educate municipal Commission's Timber Theft Advisory Commit- educational training programs for justice courts, district attorneys and law tee. municipal justice courts, district attorneys and law enforcement agencies on NYS Legislative Sponsors the control and prosecution of timber theft and trespass. While the bill received overwhelming support in both the Senate and the Assembly - the Senate approved the bill 44 to 17, and the Assembly approved it 141 to 7 - the Other Provisions prime sponsors of the bill deserve recognition for their support of New York's forest The LCRR & SAC's hearings re- land. vealed that timber theft was also a Senate: problem on public lands. The bill makes Elizabeth Little, Nancy Larraine Hoffmann, Patricia McGee, Raymond Meier, timber theft a criminal offense and a James Wright, James Alesi, John Bonacic, John DeFrancisco, Hugh Farley, George Class A misdemeanor and increases civil Maziarz, Olga Mendez, Michael Nozzolio, Mary Lou Rath penalties for timber theft on public lands to make them equivalent to the proposed Assembly penalties for private lands and requires William Parment, Darrel Aubertine, RoAnn Destito, Jacob Gunther, John Lavelle, reparations for permanent and substan- John McEneny, Richard Smith tial damage.

The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 7 Why Are They Putting Goats In The Woods? CHARLIE MOWATT

ndetrhe guidance of State Be that as it may, our Hog Hollow Tree with which to damage larger, more Extension Forester, Peter Farm was selected as the 2002 Cattarau- heavily-barked overstory trees. You can USmallidge, a research and demon- gus County satellite site. Here, we were see in the accompanying "before" and stration project entitled "Goats In The particularly interested in how goats would "after" pictures, what effect the goats had Woods," has been under way at Cornell handle our undesirable forest vegetation: on the understory vegetation in just a few University's Arnot Teaching and Research honeysuckle and ironwood, as well as the days. The vegetation cleaned out by the Forest south of Ithaca, NY for the past five beech sprouts. Such undesirable under- goats consisted mainly of ironwood and years. The purpose of the collaborative story vegetation was created by the honeysuckle. Remember, those are the research is to assess and demonstrate: goat differential browsing of our resident species that the white-tailed deer passed weight gain in woodland settings, how white-tailed deer population. The high up in favor of the maple, ash and black goats affect desired and undesired forest populations of deer consume the desirable cherry. vegetation and the working relationship hard maple, white ash and black cherry Just removing the undesirable understo- that might be developed between woodland seedlings, leaving the undesirable beech, ry does not, by itself, result in regenerat- owners and goat producers. ironwood and honeysuckle to proliferate ing desirable species. The white-tailed Much valuable knowledge and experi- in the understory. If unattended, these deer were the cause of the problem in the ence has been gained through the first four species will block the ability of many of first place, so they must be effectively years at The Arnot Forest. The project, in our native tree species, as well as other dealt with. At Hog Hollow, deer hunting fact, showed sufficient positive results that native plants, from regenerating. In order is encouraged, with particular emphasis in 2002, satellite demonstration areas were to reverse this trend, the undesirable on the taking of female deer. We believe set up in Sullivan County, Chemung understory must be substantially removed that legal hunting offers the best means of County and Cattaraugus County. Having in order to give the desirables an equal curbing the rapid rise in deer population already demonstrated the potential useful- chance to survive. In some similar and its negati e effects on the regenera- ness of goats in the woods at The Arnot forests, the undesirable understory trees tion of native hardwood trees in our Forest, the purpose of the satellite farms and plants are eliminated by spraying woods. In fact, among the ironwood, was to bring the project to the direct with glyphosate (Roundup). Of course, beech and honeysuckle regeneration, attention of woodland owners and goat there are some environmental and there are very occasional hard maple and producers across the State. Personally, I economic questions about employing black cherry saplings. They may have believe that Pete Smallidge also had a chemical sprays, but more than that, survived because hunting in recent years hidden agenda in creating the satellite sites. much potential goat forage is lost. has reduced deer populations sufficiently He was becoming tired of all the goat jokes Enter twenty project goats. They eat to allow at least some of the desirable directed at him by woodland owners and anything green that they can reach and the species to regenerate. In fact, some of the foresters who visited The Arnot Forest and bark of small trees. Having been born in desirable species were scattered inside he wanted to spread the joy to others than early 2002, these Boer-cross wether kids one of the goat paddocks and were subject himself! did not posses sufficiently mature teeth to the whims of the goats in the name of

8 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 Resources Conservation Service at its annual Statewide Employee Recognition Day on December 11, 2002 at Vernon, New York. The Team was honored with one of the four Flying "V" Awards' for "work accomplished in support of agency goals and objectives." The presentation took particular note of the collaborative nature of the volunteer work that went into the project, just as geese collaborate in flight. (And did you know why the "V" formation of geese usually has one side longer than the other? ... there are more geese on one side!) We anticipate another herd of goats to browse again at Hog Hollow Tree Farm this Summer. If you fmd the time, please drop by to see the activity first hand. An advance call would be appreciated, (716) The Goat Grazing Team at Charlie Mowatt's Hog Hollow farm. 676-3617. Ask for a location map and one will be sent to you. Bring your kids research. Yes, goats also feed on desir- through eight paddocks that ranged in size to see our kids. •.. able species, just like the deer! However, from .26 acre to .34 acre. In all, they there are places where white ash and hard Charlie Mowatt is a member of the Allegheny cleared the understory of 2.4 acres in the Foothills chapter of NYFOA. He resides at maple seedlings haven't been able grow two months they were in the woods. Hog Hollow Tree Farm in Cattaraugus past knee high, due to intense and During the Fall deer hunting season, County, NY. repeated deer browsing. Hog Hollow Tree Farm and its neighbor, Each satellite's woodlot owner was Wright Farms, a dairy farm, again opened teamed with a goat producer and assigned up their lands to deer hunting. Moreover, Lake George a herd of 20 goats to be kept in a woodlot the Department of Environmental Conser- through the Summer. In our case, the vation has recognized the problems caused Forestry "goat producer" was Don Wild, a Pasture by high deer populations. Such recognition Specialist with the US Department of has taken the form of more liberal deer Complete Forestry Services Agriculture. The project also attracted hunting licensing. In addition, the DEC including: several young volunteers who helped assigned Deer Management Permits • Detailed Management Plans weigh, move and treat goat ailments as (DMAPs) to the Wright Farms in order to • Timber Trespass needed throughout their stay at Hog help reduce crop damage caused by deer. • Timber Sales Hollow. The team, or individuals of the All of the focus on deer hunting resulted in • Appraisals team, were responsible for daily supple- the harvest of at least 72 deer in our • Deed Research mental feeding, watering and health valley. That's at least 24 deer per square • Timber Inventory management of the herd, as well as fence mile in our valley (about 2,000 acres or • Watershed Management set-up, inspection and maintenance. The three square miles). We were very pleased • Boundary Line Location Team moved the goats to new paddocks that such hunting pressure could be • Tax Savings Plans as appropriate. In all, eight paddocks brought to bear by hunters in a season that No property is too small or too large to were employed over the frrst two months was not very favorable, weather wise. Our benefitfrom experienced professional assistance when you are faced with im- of the project (July and August). During pleasure was short-lived when we went out portant decisions regarding its use. the last month, the goats were placed on to look at the Christmas tree plantation better pasturage, including birdsfoot behind the house this Spring. The hunting Contact Lake George Forestry today to trefoil, in order to obtain optimum weight pressure did not have much effect on arrange a free initial consultation. gain before being sold. reducing deer browse damage to our Christian Gearwear, President Paddocks are slightly larger than one- Christmas trees. Last Winter's heavy and LAKE GEORGE quarter of an acre in size. Past experience persistent snow contributed to the damaged FORESTRY, INC. at The Arnot Forest has demonstrated that trees, because the deer were limited in 50 Hendrick Street a goat herd of 20 animals will accomplish their ability to move about and fmd Lake George, New York 12845 the designated task in 7 to 10 days. Such adequate alternative browse. Phone/Fax: 518-668-2623 proved to be the case at Hog Hollow, as On the brighter side, the Goat Grazing well. In two months, the goats went Team was recognized by the Natural

The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 9 Managing A Private Forest Profile OfA Landowner/Logger Partnership

DOUGLAS R. ALLEN

'Hold on to your teeth!" Burly, west was breathtaking, even in fading topped showed his skills at reading a tree bearded Jon Schor shouted over autumn colors. It was one of those vistas and using a chainsaw. Each mature red the revving Kawaski "Mule" that inspire people to make art, or put oak had been taken down with superb engine and the chill wind whistling down roots in the Hudson Valley. Cascad- directional felling that left almost no through the Taconic Mountains. It was ing ridges of the wooded, glacially carved visible damage to surrounding trees. November, late in the afternoon. hills descended into the distance. The eye Where he had done the limbing and Two seconds later we were barreling drifted easily over the invisible Hudson removed the logs, he had cleanly sawed down a steep ravine, heading west from River to the Catskill Mountain peaks on off the splintered hinges, leaving smooth Mercer Mountain, in the township of the horizon. To the northwest, twenty-five wooden "tabletop" stumps a few inches Canaan, New York, toward Jon's home at miles as the crow flies, we had a clear off the ground. Quailwood Too Farm. look at the distinctive skyline of down- On our way into this side of the moun- Winding snowmobile trails took us town Albany, the state capital. tain, we had passed Jim's Timberjack through the farmstead's 300 acres of Mike Mulligan, regional NYS Forester, 230A forwarder loaded with oak sawlogs. woods. One hundred forty of these acres estimates that 60-65 % of the entire county This big green machine is a major reason are a certified Tree Farm, and are also is wooded. He adds an interesting statistic why the logging roads were remarkably part of a land conservation easement. for comparison, which is that 10% or less clean, even with a timber cut still in We skirted the edge of a pond in a large of the same land was wooded at the progress. clearing, and continued on a farm road to beginning of the 20th century, making a Jim uses a grapple skidder, a John Jon's house, passing stacks of firewood strong case for managing these renewable Deere 548E, to create mini landings, or logs and the wood splitting operation. At resources wisely. "decks," where he stacks the full-length that point we caught a glimpse of the long That November afternoon Jon had been logs after he has taken down selected horns and shaggy coats of Scotch High- showing off some of the logging being trees. Putting sawlogs and firewood logs land cattle grazing in a nearby pasture. done by Jim Winter, his partner in in separate decks begins the sorting For several hours we had been touring managing the 1,000 acres of woods. process. He uses skid trails to avoid "The Kingdom," Jon's second, recently I hadn't met Jim yet, but his work spoke packing down any more soil than neces- acquired woodlot on the other side of for itself. Felled trees not yet limbed and sary, and spreads some of the slash and Mercer Mountain. This is a heavily forested, 700-acre chunk of land with a northeastern exposure, its name inspired by the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont. Having a working forest of this scale is the realization of one of Jon's lifelong dreams. Just before our rapid descent, he and I had stopped to take in the view near the crest of the mountain, which reaches 1,808 feet in elevation. Higher ridges of the Taconics stretched out behind us, roughly on a north-south axis straddling the NY /MA border. We were situated a few miles north and west of Harvey Mountain, which, with its 2,065-foot summit on the state line, is the highest elevation in Columbia County. "This is why I live here," Jon said, reverently. Some of the prettiest countryside on the planet surrounded us. Forested land Kawasaki Mule on the brand new woods road. Jon Schor. landowner, is behind wheel, Jim Winter, the logger and road builder is standing to the right, and Jason Falkner, a farm em- spread in all directions. Our view to the ployee, on the left.

10 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 Managing A Private Forest Profile OfA Landowner/Logger Partnership

DOUGLAS R. ALLEN

10 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 Managing a Private Forest (continued)

They're planning for a total of five building site was emerging on Jim's using them up? Jon is concerned with access routes into the mountainside, but at property - for a future equipment barn local development, to the degree that he's this point have just two in working and workshop for Jim Winter, Timber investigating the possibility of donating condition. Tucker and Bob, two of Jon's Harvesting, Inc. A really neat enterprise, the larger woodlot to the state, to keep it a employees, were helping put the fmishing all round. diverse, multiple use forest. touches on the first road on that day in "I always like to leave things a little While the two partners share an overall August. They were bringing in dump better than 1 found them," Jon remarked vision, they have different perspectives, truck loads of shale, dumping 5~ tons a that day, watching Jim bulldozing the new regarding money, for example. Jon's trip where Jim had scraped off the thin road. At this point they're really just outlook is philosophical. "Managing a layer of mountain dirt and removed getting started on this whole venture, and forest is really profitable only if you love interfering stones. Jim then spread the judging from tile quality of the access the woods," he said to me. "I think you shale with the dozer, shaping it for road, they're setting very high standards. have to love the woods more than you drainage with a slight crown or slope here As partners, the two men are committed want to make a lot of money. If you just and there, and back-blading it smoothly. to intelligent silviculture. They're manag- break even fmancially but have an Besides needing a solid road to the ing tile woods for commercial products, ingrained love of the woods, and can see landing, keeping up appearances, in the but they're intent on keeping and enhanc- the forest flourishing as you work, the sense of being a good neighbor, is a point ing the healthy diversity of the forest. fringe benefits are fabulous." But these of personal and professional pride on this They see themselves as responsible for benefits are not money in the bank. job.The shale was first-rate material, and leaving the land improved and accessible On the other hand, timber harvesting is as I watched the road grow, curving into to future generations - for wildlife, a tangible, everyday living for Jim tile trees, it took on the appearance of a esthetics, and recreation, as well as for Winter. He and Jen are raising three fine driveway for a substantial country sustainable harvesting. children, and establishing a homestead. property like the estates on the other side One of their motivations is to save this They have the immediate pressures of of the mountain. side of the mountain from development. In paying the mortgage and paying off the The road building itself was a terrific dramatic contrast to tile wildness of Jon's equipment and keeping it maintained. work of synergy. The source of the shale land, with its population of black bear, While his working partnership with Jon is was a hillside right next to 200-plus cords mink, fisher, whitetail deer, beaver, and a primary focus, Jim's work includes of firewood logs, at Jim's homestead, in occasional moose, the other side of contracting with other clients, and tending nearby Austerlitz. Tucker and Bob, using Mercer Mountain is an array of expensive to these other logging jobs keeps him Jim's backhoe and loader, were clawing houses and mini-estates carved into the busier than he would like to be. out the crumbly shale and loading up Jon's slopes. But actually enjoying what they do is enormous farm dump truck, then hauling The contrast points up tensions that exist among the highest priorities for both men. it several miles over the mountain to the nationwide. How do we preserve the When Jon took me on the raucous woods access road. So, at the same time .as the beauties of the land and still live on it, and ride on his "Mule" last fall, he was road was beginning to materialize, a level how do we use natural resources without exclaiming with enthusiasm the whole time about different aspects of managing Susan J. Keister, L.L.C. his woodlots. In a way, he's living a Forestry Consulting and Environmental Management Services boyhood dream. For Jim, who earns his living from Specializing in the sale and harvest of low grade hardwood timber them, the woods are also a great source of NYS-OEC Cooperating Consulting Forester SAF Certified pleasure and recreation. He keeps his Services Include: timber harvesting schedule flexible, and Management Plans Timber Stand Improvement he'll even put it on hold, if necessary, to -SIP -Marking accommodate the bow, rifle, and black -480a -Implementation powder seasons for whitetail deer. Commercial Timber Harvests Damage Appraisals He cheerfully describes himself as "a -High Quality Hardwoods -Strategy and advice -Low Grade Hardwoods -Stump Cruises deer-hunting fanatic" who has tracked -Softwoods -Valuations trophy bucks for years in the Taconic Federal Wetlands Delineations Land ClearinglDevelopment Range, at times using motion-detecting -Permit Applications cameras set up in likely browsing areas. General permit and environmental management advice including He's also a devotee of hunting tile wild wetlands, mining, local timber harvesting and special use permits. turkey, and factors that into his work 585-728-3044 ph/fax· 7025 Harpers Ferry Road • Wayland, NY. 14572 schedule. The woods are in his blood, and [email protected] it's easy to sense a parallel between his deep respect for a trophy animal and his

12 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 admiration for a majestic red oak. arrangements with buyers and truckers. point-hitch tractor. Jason, a young man Jim is turning forty this year, and has A lot of planning and preparation went who's another of the farm employees, "been in the woods" for about twenty- into the first year of operations, and helps Tucker and Bob with the firewood eight of those years, hunting and timber- they're really just getting underway in splitting and delivery. ing. His work with chainsaws has a terms of actual harvesting. In 2001, they Jim Winter has his own rapidly growing nostalgic side to it because Jim has did a 40-acre cut on the tree farm. They supply of firewood, and envisions a memories of his own father clearing a took about 30% of the harvestable timber, warehouse operation someday, to keep the homestead in Connecticut by hand, using and left crop trees, some of which were 24 split hardwood dry. Another interesting a bow saw. inches in diameter, for future seeding. idea is to bring in a portable sawmill this Jim offers "good, old-fashioned Jim's estimate for this kind of cut is that winter, and mill some of their own service." From his perspective, each they'll be able to return in ten, possibly lumber. (While that might require more woodlot he works in has a unique biology, eight years, and take another harvest from than twenty-four hours in a day, the three topography, and geology, and every forest the same tract. kids are growing fast.) owner is different. Each owner has In 2002 they did another 40-acre cut on Because Jon owns the land, he and Jim different esthetic and business interests. the farm woodlot. The only cut in the have certain luxuries - for example, the Every harvesting job is customized with Kingdom so far is the one I saw in choice to stop cutting a certain species these variables in mind. November, which was 30 acres, in the until the market improves. This also buys "I see myself as a craftsman," Jim told vicinity of the now-completed access road. them time for "extras," that a commercial me. "If I were making furniture, each In the fall of 2002, Jim is finishing a contracting operation couldn't afford, like piece would be carefully planned and timber harvesting job for another client on doing an esthetic cut for a view on "The meticulously crafted. On a larger scale, a woodlot that, amazingly, abuts Jon's Overlook," a spot high in the farm woods every piece of work 1take on is custom- property at the second access road into with a spectacular view. This also gives ized for special purposes and effects." their part of the mountain. Call it more them the latitude and incentive to do a A Husqvarna 372XP is his primary saw, synergy, or a combination of good premium quality job on the roads, the for felling and bucking. "Years ago we planning and good karma, but they're landings, the stumps, the tops, and the used bigger saws," Jim recalls, "but saws sustainably harvesting their way into the firewood harvest. have gotten a lot better, and over time Kingdom! Like a long novel, this whole partner- we've become more sophisticated in In years past, when he was in his ship is a "work in progress." It's all taking trees down. I can do most of the twenties and doing production logging, becoming more exciting for both landown- harvesting I need to, with a two-foot bar Jim single-handedly cut a million board er and logger as more work is accom- on this saw." On the other hand, a feet a year. But recently he has been plished. Jon is having the time of his life. Husqvarna 246 gives him lightweight harvesting fewer trees, and delivering And Jim and Jen and their lively "poten- power and speed for limbing. more fully rounded services to landown- tiallogging crew" of kids are embarking Using tax maps and survey maps, Jon ers. The trees are generally of higher on a great adventure on this beautiful and Jim plan their sawlog harvest by quality, and he now harvests between mountain that's right next door - it might geographic areas, so-many acres this year 300,000 and 400,000 board feet a year. not be romantic poetry, exactly, but then from this section, and so-many acres from Having used brokers in the past, Jim again, maybe it is .•. that section, depending on the health and now deals directly with Canadian sawmills maturity of particular stands, and taking for most sales. They've established an Douglas R. Allen is a freelance writer from market conditions into account. Under agreement on scaling and grading stan- Chatham, NY, coauthor of Shaker Furniture consideration as a possible investment for dards, and after a sawmill truck has Makers (University Press of New England, next year is Geographic Information delivered a load of lumber to, say, 1989). Exploring the world of timber harvesting in eastern New York has inspired Systems (GIS) computer mapping Connecticut, it's very convenient and cost him to begin searching for a woodlot of his software. effective for the driver to pick up a "back- own. At this juncture, the other crucial aspect haul" of logs from one of Jim's landings of their operation is the working partner- in the Taconics and take it to the mill in ship between Jim and Jennifer. When the Canada. SAF Certified children are in school, Jen does the timber The current poor pulpwood market cruising with Jim, to select and estimate doesn't affect their operations, because the value of the standing trees. Making their round wood harvest consists of notes and doing the numbers in the woods firewood logs, their second major wood MICHAELC. GREASON speeds up the process, plus they enjoy product. Jon was selling firewood a year -FORESTRY SERVICES being in the woods together. When ago by word-of-mouth, and this year he's possible, she helps Jim with grading and stepping up that part of the business by scaling. A real "power behind the purchasing a firewood processor. He's (516) 943-9230 5476 Cautersklfl Road forwarder," Jen also manages the business starting with a Palax 600 Combi that his [email protected] Catskill. NY 12414 connections by telephone, making men can take into the woods with a three-

The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 13 The Swallow-worts European orpale swallow-wort and Black swallow-wort

FRAN LAWLOR

wallow-worts, Eurpopean and of herbivore controls and of diseases Black, are twining vines of the contributes to the ability of the swallow- Smilkweed family. They are herba- worts to dominate areas they invade. The ceous, non-woody perennials that invade preferential grazing of native species natural areas, forest lands and perennial compounded with aggressive reproduction crops such as Christmas trees. They have and growth of the swallow-worts serious- been attracting increasing attention in ly compromises the ability of the native recent decades as aggressive invaders of plant communities to compete and to these habitats. The swallow-worts tolerate regenerate. Once swallow-wort establish- a wide range of light and moisture es in an area, the numerous wind-born conditions and they are capable of seeds readily spread the plant locally and forming large, dense, tangled stands over distances. This constant seed especially in drier soils. These two non pressure helps both species dominate, native invasives are not as widely known even under a wooded canopy. Early as a number of other invasive plants such research suggests that pale swallow-wort The milkweed-like seeds disperse in late as purple loosestrife or buckthorn, but to can manipulate native arbuscular micor- summer through the fall. those afflicted (see sidebar), swallow- rhizal fungus in the soil, changing the soil worts are formidable management ecology. Also, monarch butterflies will Jersey, New Hampshire, Indiana, Wiscon- problems. Their North American ranges lay eggs on swallow-wort, but the larvae sin, Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska, Califor- are steadily increasing. do not survive. nia, Minnesota, Ontario and Quebec. Black Like other milkweeds, these species Forest owners in susceptible areas of swallow-wort is associated with limestone contain toxic substances, cardiac glyco- New York express concern that pale soils but also in acidic, granite based sides, that make them unsuitable for swallow-wort is affecting forest regenera- situations. These are not weeds of turf or forage. Native herbivores such as deer do tion. The problem appears to be worst in annual row crops, although pale swallow- not browse them, preferring the native shallow soils over limestone bedrock such wort has been found in no-till com fields in plants to which they are adapted. The lack as limestone quarries in Onondaga County central New York. or lime woods of Henderson Shores, Jefferson County, where hundreds of acres The Plant of forest floor are covered by pale swallow- Swallow-wort's twining viney growth wort which also climbs into young trees. habit is distinctive. The small slender Pale swallow-wort, native to the Ukraine pods (2-2.5 inches) are a useful, almost and southwestern Russia and first recorded year round, identification characteristic. in 1889 in Toronto Junction, Ontario, has The smooth, glossy, opposite leaves (2 to spread throughout the lower Great Lakes 4 inches long by 2 to 2 % inches wide) basin, favoring lime derived soils (New are ovate with pointed tips. The small, 5 York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New lobed flowers are in loose clusters in the Jersey, Indiana, Connecticut, New Hamp- leafaxils. Pale swallow-wort has yellow- shire, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, maroon to maroon flowers. Black Ontario and Quebec). Black swallow-wort is swallow-wort has very dark, almost black native in Europe in western parts of the flowers. In open areas, tangled growths of Mediterranean. Black swallow-wort, first the plant grow two to three or more feet recorded in 1854 in Cambridge, Massachu- tall. With the support of shrubs and setts, has spread throughout lower New young trees, the vines may reach 6-8 or England and the lower Hudson Valley into more feet, in thickets, young woods and forest edges, twining in ropes around Small flowers in loose clusters along the stem New York, Michigan, Ohio, Rhode Island, at the leafaxils bloom from May through Vermont, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, each other and into branches of trees and mid to late summer. © Kate Woodle Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, New shrubs (see picture). Vines and split pods

14 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 control using Round- tion about tl1e specific location (Lat/long up (glyphosate). or GPS points would be nice) including Follow-up treatments road or other landmark, town, county and will be necessary for state. The surface area covered (acres), several years to kill habitat type, soil type, history of infesta- survivors and new tion, if known, all help to understand the seedlings. Where nature and scope of the infestations. In infestation history is order to verify the identity of the plant, short, recovery could send plant material. At the very least a be spontaneous. In old mature pod with the fruit stem is needed. infestations a rehabili- If possible, an entire pressed plant tation plan will be including (roots and) flowers and/or fruits important. would be best. Include information about the date of collection and the specific What You Can Do information requested above. Information The fruits are a slenderpod, a distinctivefeatue in mid to late summer. To Help without some plant material cannot be persist throughout winter, sometimes for Researchers in Canada and northeastern used, so please take the time to put at a few years. New growth emerges around U.S. are studying why swallow-worts are least a pod in the envelope. Send tl1e early May, flower buds appear mid to late so successful, as well as looking for information to: May. Once flowering begins, elongating biological control agents from Europe and Toni DiTommaso vines begin twining around each other. In Russia. Researchers need to know the Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences open areas the tangled mass of growth has extent of the infestation in North America 903 Bradfield Hall earned pale swallow-wort the less to develop a base line to monitor spread Cornell University flattering name dog-strangling vine in and to measure control success. Ithaca, NY 14853 4- Canada. Flowering is through June into Information from land owners and land Fran Lawlor is the Swallow-wort July. Pods of the swalIow-worts are managers is essential to understanding the Management Coordinator jor The Nature distinctive, often in pairs, and begin to scope of these invasions. If you know of Conservancy, Central and Western New York form in late June to early July. Fruit an infestation, please help. Send informa- Chapter. production is directly related to light levels. Thick infestations in full sun can Personal Experience with the Swallow-wort produce 2,000 seeds per square meter. My name is Andrew Fowler and I manage a Christmas tree farm and nursery to the These seeds are polyembryonic, 1 to 4 southeast of Rochester, in Monroe County, NY. We have 62 acres, of which about half is embryos per seed, greatly increasing each in plantation, and the rest is in woods, pond, swamp and wooded pasture. I first noticed seed's establishment potential. Dispersal black swallow-wort about 7 years ago, but paid little attention to it at that time; it was just begins in late July to early August in open another weed. It was when I was mowing a trail through a wooded slope one fall that I areas and continues throughout late realized that this was no ordinary weed. We have several trails through the woods that are summer and fall. maintained by annual mowing. This particular trail runs upslope from a field of Douglas fir through a wood of black locust and white spruce to the top of a hill. When the time Control came to mow this trail, I noticed that the entire trail and surrounding woods was a mass of swallow-wort 6 or 7 feet tall, clambering over the undergrowth and up the trees, forming a Gardeners, farmers, wildlife managers, tangled monoculture, that quickly clogged the mower and sent clouds of seeds floating off and conservationists attest to the aggres- into the surrounding woods. I was amazed at how fast this weed had become dominant. siveness of the plants and their resistance I soon began to notice the plant in other areas. It was allover the Christmas tree to control efforts. Prevention is the very plantation in the herbicide-controlled strips and in the grassy aisles between the trees. It best control (see One Man's Battle with was in the heavy grass along the edges of the plantation. It was forming dense stands in the Invasives - New York Forest Owner, shade of the woods, crowding out everything else. I began efforts at controlling it by March/April 2003). The tenacious root spraying herbicides, but nothing seemed to kill it. In fact, I believe that the application of system resists pulling and must be dug herbicides actually gave it a competitive edge by killing off competition, as I had noticed it growing in the cleared strips along the tree rows. out. Buds on the root crown readily I don't know when the plant first arrived, but within 3 or 4 years of my noticing it, it has resprout after mowing, grazing or early spread to every corner of the farm, in spite of my control efforts. It regularly shows up in frost damage, with several buds in reserve my garden, where it is immediately dug out. While I have not been able to eradicate it, I for future top destruction events. That have found that preventing flowering by mowing or herbicide treatment, will slow, but not these species are not weeds of annual crop stop, its spread. I now look for the plant whenever I visit parks and woods, and have found systems indicate the level of effort it thriving in every park and wood around Monroe County. I don't believe that any county necessary for control. A herbicide efforts are underway to control it. In fact I don't think that many people are even aware of comparison study shows good control its existence. I believe that swallow-wort is a very serious threat to ecosystem, more so using foliar applications of Garlon 4 than the showy purple loosestrife, which gets the publicity, because swallow-wort can (triclopyr) and somewhat less, but good apparently thrive in just about any conditions.

The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 15 The Pitted Ambrosia Beetle

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN

istorically, this insect has been seedlings with wilted, discolored of interest to forest owners and foliage. By the time the beetles have Hforesters in the northeast, finished their work, usually in late because of the extensive mortality it August or early September, the occasionally causes to sugar maple shriveled leaves turn brown (Fig. 1). seedlings. It was first reported from Removing the loose litter at the base New York in 1882 when extensive of an infested seedling usually reveals a damage to maple reproduction was small pile of wood chips (Fig. 2) (called noted in Lewis County. Since then "frass," a mixture of tiny wood significant seedling mortality has been particles and fecal matter) adjacent to a reported periodically from infestations small hole in the seedling (Fig. 3), in Wisconsin, Ontario and Quebec. usually at ground line. Closer The pitted ambrosia beetle certainly is examination of this entrance hole Figure 1. Sugar maple seedling killed by the pitted ambrosia beetle. not a serious overall threat to sugar discloses a dark stain and, when the maple, but the occurrence of seedling bark is removed, a gallery that circles mortality can be alarming. This is the base of the seedling and eventually and embeds one egg in each cradle. She especially so because, even though spirals up or down the stem just beneath uses pieces of the developing fungus to affected seedlings are easy to spot, the bark (Fig. 4). The male beetle close off the opening to the main pitted ambrosia beetle galleries are scoops out small niches or cradles along gallery. By the time the larva hatches difficult to find; therefore, the cause of the sides of this spiral gallery. As it from the egg, it is encased in fungus. seedling death is not easily determined. excavates the gallery it deposits spores This serves as its sole source of food This beetle belongs to a small group of a fungus on the gallery wall and on and is called "ambrosia." within the bark beetle family that the walls of each cradle. A few days The life cycle of the pitted ambrosia "cultivates" its own food on the walls of later the female enters the main gallery beetle is characterized by a single galleries it excavates in the host plant (see Forest Owner July/Aug. 1995). Most typical bark beetles feed both as adults and immatures on inner bark. The reddish-brown to black adults are approximately 118" long and cylindrical. The two most common host plants are sugar maple and cultivated rhododendrons. It has been reared from a variety of other trees and small shrubs, however, including seedlings of dogwood, sassafras, hornbeam, and elm and stems of shrubs such as hazel, huckleberry, blueberry, and azaleas. Beetle damage occurs to maple seedlings two to four feet tall and 118" to 112" in diameter at ground level. The beetle usually penetrates the base of a seedling in a zone between loose leaves on the surface of litter and the more compacted older litter that rests Figure 2. The base of an infested sugar maple seedling (A). Note small pile of light on mineral soil. The first evidence of colored frass just beneath the litter (B). an infestation is the appearance of

16 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 HOW1O: Treat Reactions toPoison Ivy

or individuals who work out in the is of the essence. According to FDA field, encounters with poison ivy, researchers, the earlier skin is cleansed, the Fpoison oak, and poison sumac are an greater the chance one has of removing unfortunate and often unavoidable part of urushiol before it gets attached to the skin. the job. When exposed, experts recommend that you To cope with the effects of these plants, stay outdoors until you complete the first two some foresters and other outdoor workers steps of the following guidelines: often rely on a host of home remedies • Cleanse exposed skin with generous ranging from bleach to jewelweed juice to amounts of isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. battle the rash, blisters, and infamous itch. (Don't return to the woods or yard the same However, the effectiveness of these folk day. Alcohol removes your skin's protection therapies is open to debate. along with the urushiol, and any new contact A better course of action, say both medical will cause the urushiol to penetrate twice as researchers and experienced forestry and fast.) other outdoor workers, is to try to limit • Wash skin with water. (Water tempera- direct contact with these offending plants and ture does not matter; if you're outside, its following the appropriate course of action if likely only cold water will be available.) you find you've been exposed. • Take a regular shower with soap and Figure 3. This infested maple seedling has Of course, as Victor L. Ford, CF, Forest warm water. Do not use soap before this point been removed from the soil to expose the Research Center Leader at MeadWestvaco' s because it will tend to pick up some of the beetle's entrance hole at ground line (A). Appalachian Forest Research Center, urushiol from the surface of the skin and move acknowledges, "avoiding contact with poison it around. generation each year. Adults ivy is easier said than done," but there are If skin isn't cleansed soon enough, or is so overwinter in the gallery or beneath some preventative measures foresters and sensitive that cleansing doesn't help, then litter adjacent to the seedling from other outdoor workers can take. redness and swelling will typically appear in which they emerged. Eggs are . The most obvious of these is learning to about 12 -48 hours, and blisters and itching deposited in July and August. •. identify the plants. Each of the three has will soon follow. defining characteristics that it pays to commit There are a number of products to help dry This is the 69th in the series of articles to memory. Beyond that, experts recom- up the oozing blisters, including baking soda, contributed by Dr. Allen, Professor of mend dressing properly when outside by Aveeno (an oatmeal-based ointment), Entomology at SUNY-ESF. It is possible to wearing long sleeves and pants to cover aluminum hydroxide gel, calamine, and zinc download this collectionfrom the NYS DEe exposed skin and, if burning any of these oxide. The FDA considers most over-the- Web page at:http://www.dec.state.ny.usl plants, avoid inhaling the burning oil and counter treatrnents- commonly called websiteld/flprivlandljorprotlhealthlnyfol index.html. ash, which can cause severe reactions. "hydrocortisones" - to be safe and effective Ford also recommends that those working for temporary relief of itching associated with in the field wash skin and clothes with a poison ivy, oak, and sumac. In addition, there combination of commercially available are a host of products, such as Zanfel, Un-Itch products. Kit, Tecnu Oak 'n' Ivy Cleanser, CalaGel, "A product called Tecnu Oak 'n' Ivy and CortiCool, that are specifically designed to Cleanser will wash the oils from your skin help relieve the itch. and clothes," says Ford. "Ivy Shield is a For many, the old standbys like calamine barrier that when applied to the skin works lotion and cortisone work just fine. Ford and well in prevention, especially in conjunction others also recommend that the application of salt SPIRAL GALLERY with Tecnu. The key is to wash in cold water, either via a bath with added sea salt or a water. The oils are less viscous and will not dip in the ocean, can also help soothe the itch. spread in cold water." Nevertheless, experts agree that the best Experts agree that washing off clothes, as way to avoid the effects of poison ivy, oak, well as equipment, tools, and even pets, is and sumac is to avoid coming in contact with important. If the urushiol--the chemical that them in the first place. 4 causes the rash and itching-isn't washed off This article originally appeared Figure 4. Diagram of the pitted ambrosia those objects or animals, just touching them in the July 2002 issue of "The beetle's spiral gallery showing the entrance could cause a reaction. Forestry Source" a publication hole and a number of cradles. In this of the Society of American If it's too late for the above warnings, and example, the gallery spirals downward. Foresters. It is reprinted with you fmd you've already been exposed, time their permission.

The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 17 Spring Planting 2003 EDWARD AND WANDA PIESTRAK

ur annual spring planting took on planter. The field we worked in had a bit though at times we could not sense any a new twist this year with the of a slope and since the ground was so feeling in our fingertips. The next thirty O purchase of a tree planter. Last wet (some of it still had snow cover!) we rows held 2,860 +l- trees. These are spring we planted 2000 trees by hand so could only go "down hill" with the white spruce and Norway spruce with this year we were excited about the planter. Uphill had to be via the road. So about 250 each of white pine and Austra- promised help of the planter. at the bottom of the hill Ed would jump lian pine. This was my husband Ed's first winter out of the planter and walk back up the Wednesday it snowed. Actually, it was of retirement. For a man who is constant- rows, making sure each tree was securely a sleety kind of snow with winds that chill ly in motion the snow made it a LONG in place. We were new to this process and your bones. We had two helpers that day winter. But each time he was hampered acted a bit like doting parents. Saturday so we planted white pine in the clear cut and hemmed in with a snowfall, he would we finished planting the rest of the trees. (by hand). Thursday we planted 57 red add to the order of trees to plant in the We stood back and looked over the field spruce plugs by hand in various locations. spring. And we had a LOT of snow this with the pride that comes with accom- We put in many black cherry, which winter! By the time spring finally arrived, plishment. required being staked and tubed. he had ordered over 8,000 trees. That was the easy part - 2,000 trees. Friday morning we went to Steuben We picked up our tree planter and our Then carne the marathon. County Soil and Water Conservation first 2,000 trees on Wednesday, March We went directly to the nursery at District warehouse to pick up our ordered 26, 2003. It was cold and raining but our Saratoga Springs on Saturday, April 19, trees - we had only ordered 1,000 white spirits were flying with excitement and to pick up our order of 4,650 trees. While pine and 100 red oak. But while we were anticipation. Thursday morning we we were there, they allowed us to add there ... we added 100 Norway spruce, 50 headed to Lindley ready and eager! We 250 Australian pine. We left Saratoga black cherry and 50 blue spruce. put about 250 white pine and blue spruce Springs at 10 am, took the trees to All hardwoods must be tubed. Friday in by hand that afternoon. We have a Lindley, south of Corning, then drove and Saturday we were blessed with the large parcel of "clear cut" (a more recent home to Nanticoke, PA, south of Wilkes helping hands of Ed's son, Jeff. After purchase; it borders land we already Barre, to prepare for Easter Sunday planting the trees, we went back to tube. owned) and planting must be done by family gathering at our home. Jeff put in the stakes, Ed put on the tube hand in there because the tractor and Sunday by 4 pm we were back on the and covered over the bottom with dirt planter cannot maneuver around the tree road headed for Lindley. We had trees to (vole prevention measures) then I came stumps. The overabundant deer popula- plant! along with the netting for the top and with tion has hampered natural rejuvenation in Monday was blustery and cold. In the this area. (Yes, we are addressing that first 25 rows we put in 2,270 +/- trees. issue - but that is a different article). Tuesday was even nastier - rain, wind Friday, after a few minor setbacks, we and cold! We kept reminding ourselves were up and ready to tryout this new tree and each other "the trees love it" even Do these maner to vou:» HALE FORESTRY COMPANY Pure Water 610 East Main Street, Westfield, PA 16950 • Compact Fresh Air System Professional Forestry Consulting • Compact Ozonation Forest Resource Management Services • System , • UVlight • Ionization TIMBER SALES APPRAISALS exposure .Ozonation MANAGEMENT PLAN INVENTORIES Carbon • • Filterless Michael L. Hale block filter Toll Free (877)-HALEFOR or (814) 367-5915 Call to learn how your home can be e-mail [email protected] healthier and more comforting! Fax (814) 367-5919 Sharon Wieder Healthy Life Technology Society of American Foresters· Pennsylvania Forestry Association 716-942-3006 Member NY Forest Owners Association

18 The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 a black permanent marker to date and It took us the better part of the follow- places it is hard, if not impossible to find mark the height of the tree. ing week to plant and tube these as they one that has not been nibbled. Here and Saturday morning I went back to were all done by hand and spaced out in there we find one we think has just sprout- Steuben County to see what they had left. different areas of the clear cut. Wednes- ed. We are amazed we found it "first." I call my husband, "Bad news" I reported day, May 14 our 20 genetically enhanced Our official count is 9,360 trees planted. to him. "What?" he asked. "They have black cherries arrived by UPS. We put There were more, I'm sure, but you just everything. " them in various areas to see where they can't count every single one when you're We ended up with a modest addition of will do best. Our good neighbor, the planting. And he's already talking about about 300 trees consisting of blue spruce, Trautners, provided us with some sugar next spring! 4-. sawtooth oak, Norway spruce and black maple seedlings, which he retrieved from Edward and Wanda Piestrak are members of the cherry. There was a "mystery package" of a sugar maple grove. They are now Westem Finger Lakes chapter of NYFOA, New 100 trees that no one could identify (bare planted in the clear cut area. York Tree Farmer and MFO/COVERTS Volun- root sticks). They are now tubed and we We are now at the end of May and as teers. are waiting to see what they "grow up to the natural oaks peek out we are putting be!" We found the Norway spruce to be tubes on as many as we can to prevent NYFOA Scholarship Fund vibrant, healthy, transplants and they stand deer browsing (did I mention that we As of June 1, 2003, the NYFOA tall and proud among the others. ordered 550 four foot tubes?). Some Endowed Scholarship Fund that is administered by the SUNY ESF College Foundation, Inc. has a fund balance of $18,740.96

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The New York Forest Owner 41:4 • July/August 2003 19 POSTED SIGN Woodlot ORDER FORM Calendar NEW YORK WOODLAND STEWARDS Summer 2003 Arnot Forest Summer Courses POSTED For programs listed below, please direct questions to: Kristi Sullivan, Cornell PRIVATE PROPERTY Dept. of Natural Resources, 109 Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853. Telephone: 607-255-5508, E-mail: [email protected], - No Trespassing - Hunting, Fishing or Entry by Written Permission Only Enhancing Habitat for Amphibians and Reptiles on Your Land and in Your Community This class is designed with the landowner in mind. Learn about habitat requirements Name & Address - Owner or Lessee and reasons for population declines. Explore the many Simple steps you can take on your own property or Iandsin your community to enhance habitat for a variety of frogs and toads, salamanders, newts, snakes, turtles, and even skinks. This 4-hr Use this form to order the sign shown above. The class has both classroom and field components. Date: July 19, 8:00 am - noon. signs are orange with black printing. Pre-registration Deadline: July iI.Cost: $25/person SIGN COST NUMBER Quality Deer Management - Can it Work for You? MATERIAL PER SIGN ORDERED* COST QDM holds promise for many landowners as a tool to manage deer and hunters on their land. This workshop will cover the principles and goals of QDM, and highlight Plastic 2 case studies where QDM has been used for years. Both landowners and hunters (.024 gauge) $.45 $_-- will be able to assess the potential QDM holds for them, in consideration of starting their own cooperative or joining an existing cooperative. The morning program will Aluminum consist of indoor presentations by Cornell, DEC, and a local QDM manager, (.012 gauge) $.70 $_-- followed by field activities to assess deer population size and browse impacts. Date: July 28, 9:00 am 4:00 pm. Pre-registration Deadline: July 16. Cost: $40/person Add Name and Address to Sign (includes lunch) $5.00 Set up cost per address $5.00 $.05 Identifying Amphibians and Reptiles by Sight and Sound Designed for individuals or groups with a serious interest in learning to identify frogs, salamanders, snakes and turtles of New York State. Participants will be Handling Cost trained to recognize common frog and salamander eggs as well as larvae (as $5.00 per order $5.00 seasonally available), and become skilled at distinguishing frogs and toads by their calls. This course includes classroom lectures as well as significant time in the Shipping Cost** $._-- field. Date: August 11 & 12. Pre-registration Deadline: August 4. Cost: $160/ person (includes meals and educational materials; bunk-style lodging in rustic cabins TOTAL COST OF ORDER $_-- available at the Arnot Forest on a first-come, first-served basis for an additional fee of $15/person/night). Please specify Name and Address to be printed on signs:

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