DOCSLIB.ORG

Engineering Design of Composite Military Helmet Shells Reinforced by Continuous 3D Woven Fabrics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Engineering Design of Composite Military Helmet Shells Reinforced by Continuous 3D Woven Fabrics Engineering Design of Composite Military Helmet Shells Reinforced by Continuous 3D Woven Fabrics A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2016 SHENGNAN MIN School of Materials Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables........................................................................................................................ 14 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 16 Declaration ........................................................................................................................... 17 Copyright ............................................................................................................................. 18 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 19 List of publications ............................................................................................................... 20 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 22 Background ................................................................................................................ 22 Description of problem .............................................................................................. 22 Research aims and objectives..................................................................................... 24 Thesis layout .............................................................................................................. 25 Literature review ................................................................................................. 27 Mechanics of composite against ballistic impact ....................................................... 27 2.1.1 Advanced composites.......................................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Responses of composite against ballistic impact ................................................ 28 2.1.3 Damage mechanisms for energy absorption ....................................................... 31 Factors influencing composite ballistic performance ................................................ 33 2.2.1 Mechanical properties of the constituents ........................................................... 33 2.2.2 Fabrication of fibre reinforcements ..................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Geometry of projectile ........................................................................................ 46 2 Fabric mouldability .................................................................................................... 47 2.3.1 Fabric deformation behaviour during moulding ................................................. 48 2.3.2 Locking angle method based on the pin-joint model .......................................... 49 Design and evaluation of composite military helmets ............................................... 53 2.4.1 Brief history of military helmet........................................................................... 53 2.4.2 Test standards ...................................................................................................... 55 2.4.3 Design aspects of military helmet ....................................................................... 56 2.4.4 Manufacturing techniques for military helmet shell ........................................... 60 2.4.5 Numerical evaluation the impact performances of military helmet shell ........... 65 2.4.6 Implications for future military helmet design ................................................... 67 Remarks ..................................................................................................................... 68 Study on the effect of reinforcement continuity on the ballistic performance of multiply composites ............................................................................................................. 70 Manufacturing of thick composite panels with modified vacuum bagging method .. 71 3.1.1 Reinforcement ..................................................................................................... 71 3.1.2 Resin .................................................................................................................... 73 3.1.3 Vacuum bagging setup ........................................................................................ 74 Characterisation of composite specimens .................................................................. 76 3.2.1 Measurement of composite density ..................................................................... 77 3.2.2 Measurement of fibre volume fraction ................................................................ 77 Experimental evaluation of the ballistic performance of discontinuously and continuously reinforced composites ................................................................................. 78 3.3.1 Experimental methods ......................................................................................... 79 3 3.3.2 Results and discussion ........................................................................................ 85 Summary .................................................................................................................... 95 Study on 3D woven wadded through-the-thickness angle-interlock (TTAI) fabrics ................................................................................................................................... 96 3D woven TTAI fabrics ............................................................................................. 96 4.1.1 Classification of TTAI fabrics ............................................................................ 96 4.1.2 Wadded TTAI fabrics ......................................................................................... 98 Characterisation of TTAI ......................................................................................... 100 4.2.1 Weave specifications ......................................................................................... 101 4.2.2 Geometric parameters ....................................................................................... 101 4.2.3 Structural parameters ........................................................................................ 107 Design and production of TTAI fabrics ................................................................... 109 4.3.1 Design of TTAI fabrics ..................................................................................... 109 4.3.2 Fabric production .............................................................................................. 111 4.3.3 Fabric analysis ................................................................................................... 115 Influences of wadding warp yarns on the tensile properties .................................... 118 4.4.1 FE analyses on wadded TTAI fabrics ............................................................... 118 4.4.2 Experimental study on TTAI reinforced composites ........................................ 122 Summary .................................................................................................................. 126 Optimisation of the continuous fabrics as reinforcements for military helmet shells ................................................................................................................................... 128 Mouldability studies on TTAI fabrics ...................................................................... 128 5.1.1 Picture frame test for shear deformation behaviour of TTAI fabrics................ 128 4 5.1.2 Mouldability tester for fabric mouldability evaluation ..................................... 133 5.1.3 Theoretical prediction of TTAI mouldability based on locking angle method . 136 5.1.4 Moulding of TTAI fabrics over a PASGT mould ............................................. 143 Ballistic performance evaluation of TTAI reinforced composite ............................ 145 5.2.1 Influences of fabric thread density .................................................................... 146 5.2.2 Influences of panel construction ....................................................................... 148 5.2.3 Comparison between wadded TTAI and plain weave reinforced composites .. 160 Summary .................................................................................................................. 163 Numerical study on the ballistic performance of the continuously reinforced helmet shells ....................................................................................................................... 165 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 165 Brief introduction to ABAQUS/Explicit .................................................................. 165 FE model for PASGT helmet shell .......................................................................... 166 6.3.1 Generation of the geometric model of PASGT shell ........................................ 166 Evaluation of curvatures .........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Basic-Armouring-2Of4.Pdf
    Chapter 8 — Padding Because you need to build your armour around your padding you need to know how to make it first! Gamberson This supplies basic padding under the body armour and something to hang your arm armour off. Some people rely on their gamberson (with a few minor additions such as a kidney belt) as their torso protection. This gives them excellent mobility at the expense of protection. If you are learning to fight, as well as armour, you are liable to get hit a lot so body armour might not be a bad idea—your choice! Making a gamberson is a sewing job; go get a needle and thread or borrow a sewing machine. The material you make it from should be relatively tough (it’s going to take a beating), adsorbent (you are going to sweat into it), colour fast (unless you want to start a new fashion in oddly coloured flesh) and washable (see sweating above). Period gambersons were made from multiple layers of cloth stitched together or padded with raw wool or similar material, modern ones often use an internal fill of cotton or polyester batting to achieve the same look with less weight. A descrip- tion of an arming doublet of the 15th century is “a dowbelet of ffustean (a type of heavy woollen broad cloth) lyned with satene cutte full of hoolis”. A heavy outer material, such as canvas or calico, is therefore appropriate with a softer lining next to the skin. For extra ventilation you can add buttonholes down the quilting seams.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Modeling of Primary Blast Effects on the Human Brain
    Computational Modeling of Primary Blast Effects on the Human Brain by Michelle K. Nyein S.B., Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2004) J.D., Harvard University (2007) S.M., Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2010) Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2013 c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2013. All rights reserved. Author............................................. ...................................... Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics March 4, 2013 Certified by.......................................... ..................................... Ra´ul Radovitzky Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor Certified by.......................................... ..................................... Dava J. Newman Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Certified by.......................................... ..................................... Laurence R. Young Apollo Program Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Certified by.......................................... ..................................... Simona Socrate Principal Research Scientist, Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Certified by.......................................... ..................................... David F. Moore Attending Neurologist, Baylor University Medical Center Accepted by........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ballistic Helmets – Their Design, Materials, and Performance Against Traumatic Brain Injury
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Army Research U.S. Department of Defense 2013 Ballistic helmets – Their design, materials, and performance against traumatic brain injury S.G. Kulkarni Texas A&M University, [email protected] X.-L. Gao University of Texas at Dallas, [email protected] S.E. Horner U.S. Army, Fort Belvoir J.Q. Zheng U.S. Army, Fort Belvoir N.V. David Universiti Teknologi MARA Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch Kulkarni, S.G.; Gao, X.-L.; Horner, S.E.; Zheng, J.Q.; and David, N.V., "Ballistic helmets – Their design, materials, and performance against traumatic brain injury" (2013). US Army Research. 201. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/201 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Army Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Composite Structures 101 (2013) 313–331 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Composite Structures journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct Review Ballistic helmets – Their design, materials, and performance against traumatic brain injury ⇑ S.G. Kulkarni a, X.-L. Gao b, , S.E. Horner c, J.Q. Zheng c, N.V. David d a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States c Program Executive Office – SOLDIER, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Armour Manual Mark II Ze
    Basic Armouring—A Practical Introduction to Armour Making, Second Edition By Paul Blackwell Publishing History March 1986: First Edition March 2002: Second Edition Copyright © 2002 Paul Blackwell. This document may be copied and printed for personal use. It may not be distributed for profit in whole or part, or modified in any way. Electronic copies may be made for personal use. Electronic copies may not be published. The right of Paul Blackwell to be identified as the Author and Illustrator of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The latest electronic version of this book may be obtained from: http://www.brighthelm.org/ Ye Small Print—Cautionary Note and Disclaimer Combat re-enactment in any form carries an element of risk (hey they used to do this for real!) Even making armour can be hazardous, if you drop a hammer on your foot, cut yourself on a sharp piece of metal or do something even more disastrous! It must be pointed out, therefore, that if you partake in silly hobbies such as these you do so at your own risk! The advice and information in this booklet is given in good faith (most having been tried out by the author) however as I have no control over what you do, or how you do it, I can accept no liability for injury suffered by yourself or others while making or using armour. Ye Nice Note Having said all that I’ll just add that I’ve been playing for ages and am still in one piece and having fun.
    [Show full text]
  • PRD 20160804 V2 (002) 4 AUG 2016
    LR PRD 20160804_ v2 (002) 4 AUG 2016 1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT (PRD) 2 FOR 3 PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE 4 COMMAND CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS – 5 TACTICAL (PEO C3T) 6 HANDHELD, MANPACK, SMALL FORM FIT (HMS) 7 2- CHANNEL LEADER RADIO 8 PROCUREMENT 9 10 11 12 13 14 VERSION 2 15 4 AUG 2016 16 17 PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE 18 COMMAND CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS – 19 TACTICAL (PEO C3T) 20 6010 FRANKFORD AVENUE 21 ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MD 21005 22 23 24 25 26 STATEMENT A – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS 27 UNLIMITED. 1 of 45 LR PRD 20160804_ v2 (002) 4 AUG 2016 28 Table of Contents 29 1 Scope/Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 30 1.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 5 31 1.2 System Description ......................................................................................................... 5 32 1.3 Terms and Definitions .................................................................................................... 5 33 2 Applicable Documents .............................................................................................................. 7 34 2.1 Specifications .................................................................................................................. 7 35 Military Standards .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Requirements Document
    1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT (PRD) 2 FOR 3 PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE 4 COMMAND CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS – 5 TACTICAL (PEO C3T) 6 HANDHELD, MANPACK, SMALL FORM FIT (HMS) 7 2- CHANNEL LEADER RADIO 8 PROCUREMENT 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 AUGUST 2017 15 16 PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE 17 COMMAND CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS – 18 TACTICAL (PEO C3T) 19 6010 FRANKFORD AVENUE 20 ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MD 21005 21 22 23 24 25 STATEMENT A – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS 26 UNLIMITED. Attachment 0011, LR PRD 18 August 2017 27 Table of Contents 28 Scope/Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 5 29 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 30 System Description .............................................................................................................................. 5 31 Terms and Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 5 32 Threshold Requirements (T) .................................................................................................... 6 33 Delayed Threshold Requirements (DT) ............................................................................... 6 34 Objective Requirements (O) ..................................................................................................... 6
    [Show full text]
  • Military Technology in the 12Th Century
    Zurich Model United Nations MILITARY TECHNOLOGY IN THE 12TH CENTURY The following list is a compilation of various sources and is meant as a refer- ence guide. It does not need to be read entirely before the conference. The breakdown of centralized states after the fall of the Roman empire led a number of groups in Europe turning to large-scale pillaging as their primary source of income. Most notably the Vikings and Mongols. As these groups were usually small and needed to move fast, building fortifications was the most efficient way to provide refuge and protection. Leading to virtually all large cities having city walls. The fortifications evolved over the course of the middle ages and with it, the battle techniques and technology used to defend or siege heavy forts and castles. Designers of castles focused a lot on defending entrances and protecting gates with drawbridges, portcullises and barbicans as these were the usual week spots. A detailed ref- erence guide of various technologies and strategies is compiled on the following pages. Dur- ing the third crusade and before the invention of gunpowder the advantages and the balance of power and logistics usually favoured the defender. Another major advancement and change since the Roman empire was the invention of the stirrup around 600 A.D. (although wide use is only mentioned around 900 A.D.). The stirrup enabled armoured knights to ride war horses, creating a nearly unstoppable heavy cavalry for peasant draftees and lightly armoured foot soldiers. With the increased usage of heavy cav- alry, pike infantry became essential to the medieval army.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in the Development of Combat Helmet Systems Constructional Contributions for Lightweight Ballistic Composites Short Paper
    International Journal on Advances in Systems and Measurements, vol 11 no 1 & 2, year 2018, http://www.iariajournals.org/systems_and_measurements/ 166 Advances in the Development of Combat Helmet Systems Constructional Contributions for Lightweight Ballistic Composites Short Paper Henrik Seeber, Arash Ramezani, Hendrik Rothe Chair of Measurement and Information Technology Helmut Schmidt University - University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Germany Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—In the military and police sector, the endangerment described. In addition, findings in the processing and post- for the forces has risen over the last decades. Especially police processing of UHMWPE are pointed out. forces are facing new threats due to increased terrorist activity in western European cities and a rising propensity to violence. III. HISTORY This development makes it necessary to provide state of the art protection for patrol officers. This includes helmets made of Combat helmets have a long tradition. Before the invention ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) to lower of gunpowder, they were used as a protection against blunt the overall weight of equipment and increase the combat value trauma and cuts. They were designed to deflect, e.g., a of the forces by providing more comfort and possibilities for sword, so there was less residual energy on the head. Later attachments. At the moment, these types of helmets are not on, helmets were mainly worn for pageantry and unit ready to fulfill the required level of protection against recognition until the First World War began. projectiles. The intention of this paper is to give background th information about these new threats and to mention first ideas A.
    [Show full text]
  • Examination of the Impact of Helmets on the Level of Transferred Loads to the Head Under Ballistic and Blast Loads
    EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF HELMETS ON THE LEVEL OF TRANSFERRED LOADS TO THE HEAD UNDER BALLISTIC AND BLAST LOADS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Mehdi Salimi Jazi In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: Mechanical Engineering December 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Examination of the Impact of Helmets on the Level of Transferred Loads to the Head Under Ballistic and Blast Loads By Mehdi Salimi Jazi The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Ghodrat Karami Co-Chair Dr. Fardad Azarmi Co-Chair Dr. Annie Tangpong Dr. Mariusz Ziejewski Dr. M. Abdelrahman Approved: 7/10/2015 Dr. Gary Smith Date Department Chair ABSTRACT The main causes of human Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) in war zones are ballistic impacts and blast waves. While understanding the mechanism of TBI and the brain injury thresholds are in urgent needs, efficiency of helmets as injury protective is not well-examined. To address these gaps, this study investigates the impact of ballistic helmets and padding systems on the biomechanical responses of the brain under dynamic ballistics and blasts loads. A nonlinear human head-neck finite element modeling procedure has been employed for the analysis. The results are examined against de-facto standard experimental data. The response of the finite element head model (FEHM) in terms of biomechanical parameters of the brain has been examined to measure the influence of padding system materials on the level of the loads transferred to the head.
    [Show full text]
  • Lightening Body Armor
    CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service INFRASTRUCTURE AND of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY Support RAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Purchase this document TERRORISM AND Browse Reports & Bookstore HOMELAND SECURITY Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Arroyo Center View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation technical report series. Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discussions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instru- ments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research professionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. All RAND reports un- dergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Steel Pot History Design
    The Steel Pot The M1 helmet is a combat helmet that was used by the United States military from World War II until 1985, when it was succeeded by the PASGT helmet. For over forty years, the M1 was standard issue for the U.S. military. The M1 helmet has become an icon of the American military, with its design inspiring other militaries around the world. The M1 helmet is extremely popular with militaria collectors, and helmets from the World War II period are generally more valuable than later models. Both World War II and Vietnam era helmets are becoming harder to find. Those with (original) rare or unusual markings or some kind of documented history tend to be more expensive. This is particularly true of paratroopers' helmets, which are variants known as the M1C Helmet and M2 Helmet. History The M1 helmet was adopted in 1941 to replace the outdated M1917 A1 "Kelly" helmet. Over 22 million U.S. M-1 steel helmets were manufactured by September 1945 at the end of World War II. A second US production run of approximately one million helmets was made in 1966–1967. These Vietnam War–era helmets were different from the World War II/Korean War version by having an improved chinstrap, and were painted a light olive green. The M1 was phased out during the 1980s in favor of the PASGT helmet, which offered increased ergonomics and ballistic protection. It should be noted that no distinction in nomenclature existed between wartime front seams and post war shells in the United States Army supply system, hence World War II shells remained in use until the M1 was retired from service.
    [Show full text]
  • The Viper® P4 Premium Combat Helmet BUILT in the ACH SHAPE and to EXACTING MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS
    The Viper® P4 Premium Combat Helmet BUILT IN THE ACH SHAPE AND TO EXACTING MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS Galvion has modernized the traditional Advanced Combat Helmet: THE VIPER P4 HEAD PROTECTION SYSTEM brings this essential equipment in line with today’s technological advances in warfighter’s equipment. Utilizing cutting-edge, composite, hybridized Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) material, Galvion manufactures the most advanced combat helmet that is up to 24%* lighter than the U.S. Army ACH system, pushing the boundaries of obtainable weight reduction while maintaining superior ballistic and fragmentation protection. The Batlskin Viper P4 Lightweight Combat Helmet is the foundation for all Batlskin® modular components, including the Front Mount, Rails, Mandible Guard and Visor. Helmets are available in a full range of cuts (full, mid and high), sizes (small to x-large) and colors. They come standard with one NVG hole and the Modular Suspension System. KEY FEATURES • Lightest weight ‘ACH’ protection available today • Available with Galvion’s MSS Liner System for enhanced comfort and stability • Every helmet meets U.S Army ballistic performance, protection and quality standards • Foundation for all Batlskin Modular Protection System components and accessories • Compatible with NVGs, Chem/Bio Masks and communication devices • 3 cut styles provide variable coverage options • Stops NIJ IIIA level threats The Viper P4 system is up to 24% lighter than the U.S. Army ACH and represents the first significant weight reduction of the ach in 15 years. It provides the ideal balance between price, weight and performance. KEY TECHNICAL FEATURES BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE • 17gr FSP V50 Average 2400 fps / 730 m/s and meets all other ACH level fragmentation requirements • 17gr FSP V50 >2400 fps / 730 m/s tested to STANAG 2920 • 9mm RTP, 124gr FMJ-RN, 427 m/s (1400 fps) with low deformation (<25mm in clay) • Ballistic protection according to the U.S.
    [Show full text]