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Lightening Body Armor CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service INFRASTRUCTURE AND of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY Support RAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Purchase this document TERRORISM AND Browse Reports & Bookstore HOMELAND SECURITY Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Arroyo Center View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation technical report series. Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discussions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instru- ments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research professionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. All RAND reports un- dergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity. TECHNICAL REPORT Lightening Body Armor Arroyo Support to the Army Response to Section 125 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 Kenneth Horn • Kimberlie Biever • Kenneth Burkman • Paul DeLuca Lewis Jamison • Michael Kolb • Aatif Sheikh ARROYO CENTER The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. W74V8H-06-C-0001. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lightening body armor : Arroyo support to the Army response to Section 125 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 / Kenneth Horn ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8330-5844-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Body armor—Standards—United States. 2. Body armor—United States—Testing. 3. United States. Dept. of Defense—Appropriations and expenditures. I. Horn, Kenneth P., 1937- II. Rand Corporation. III. Arroyo Center. U825.L54 2012 623.4'41—dc23 2012003923 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2012 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2012 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface The body armor that U.S. forces wear in Afghanistan is effective against ballistic threats: There have not been any known penetrations of the body armor or fatalities when the currently issued body armor was struck by projectiles it was designed to stop. However, the combat loads that dismounted soldiers and marines carry on patrol are very heavy, and a large portion of this load is due to body armor. Congress asked the question, How can body armor weight be reduced? Congress’s per- ception is that the Department of Defense has been slow in developing and deploying lighter- weight body armor. In Section 125 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, Congress requested that a federally funded research and development center conduct a study of lightening body armor. RAND Arroyo Center was selected to perform this study and was sponsored by Dr. Scott Fish, Army Chief Scientist, Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics and Technology. This document should interest those involved with lightening body armor and the combat loads of dismounted soldiers and marines. The research was conducted in RAND Arroyo Center’s Force Development and Technol- ogy Program. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the United States Army. The Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project that produced this docu- ment is HQD116049. For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the Director of Operations (telephone 310-393-0411, extension 6419; FAX 310-451-6952; email Marcy_Agmon@rand. org) or visit the Arroyo Center’s website at http://www.rand.org/ard/. iii Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Figures and Tables .............................................................................................vii Summary ........................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgments ............................................................................................xiii Abbreviations ...................................................................................................xv CHAPTER ONE Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................. 1 Study Caveats ..................................................................................................... 2 Research Approach ............................................................................................... 3 Literature Review .............................................................................................. 3 Interviews ....................................................................................................... 3 Independent Analyses ......................................................................................... 3 Organization of This Document ............................................................................... 3 CHAPTER TWO Background ...................................................................................................... 5 Soldier Combat Load Is Daunting ............................................................................. 5 Average Combat Loads for Soldiers and Marines .......................................................... 5 Load Impacts Performance ................................................................................... 6 Body Armor Weight Contributes to the Overall Load .................................................... 9 Current Body Armor Is Effective ..............................................................................10 Body Armor Must Be Capable of Handling Multiple Ballistic Round Penetrations and Limiting Backface Deformation..........................................................................11 Basis for the Two Requirements .............................................................................11 Summary .........................................................................................................12 CHAPTER THREE Four Approaches to Lightening Body Armor ............................................................15 Refining Requirements .........................................................................................15 Assessing Threats .............................................................................................15 Tailoring Body Armor as a Means to Lighten Body Armor .............................................17 Using Modular Configurations ...............................................................................17 Examples of Modular Configurations ......................................................................18 Coverage Versus Weight .....................................................................................18 v vi Lightening Body Armor Body Armor Protection Levels ............................................................................. 20 Using Modular Configurations as a Means to Lighten Body Armor ...................................21 Improving Testing ............................................................................................. 22 Literature Review ............................................................................................ 22 Our Findings Regarding
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