Religious Symbols and Their Functions

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Religious Symbols and Their Functions SCRIPTA INSTITUTI DONNERIANI ABOENSIS X RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Based on Papers read at the Symposium on Religious Symbols and their Functions held at Åbo on the 28th-30th of August 1978 Edited by HARALDS BIEZAIS Distributed by ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL STOCKHOLM/SWEDEN Religious symbols and their functions Religious symbols and their functions Based on Papers read at the Symposium on Religious Symbols and their Functions held at Abo on the 28th 30th of August 1978 Edited by HARALDS BIEZAIS Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell International Stockholm/Sweden ISBN 91-22-00199-9 Printed in Sweden by Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala 1979 Contents HARALDS BIEZAIS Die Hauptprobleme der religiösen Symbolik VII RAGNAR HOLTE Gottessymbol and soziale Struktur 1 TRYGGVE ME TTINGER The veto on images and the aniconic God in Ancient Israel 15 JAN HJÄRPE The symbol of the centre and its religious function in Islam 30 LENNART RYDÉN The role of the icon in Byzantine piety 41 JAN BERGMAN Nut — Himmelsgöttin — Baumgöttin — Lebensgeberin 53 ÅKE HULTKRANTZ The traditional symbolism of the Sun Dance Lodge among the Wind River Shoshoni 70 CARL HALLENCREUTZ "Christ is the Mountain" 96 HELMER RINGGREN The symbolism of Mesopotamian cult images 105 ANDERS HULTGÅRD Man as symbol of God 110 SVEN LINNÉR Literary symbols and religious belief 117 RALF NORRMAN On the semiotic function of cucurbits 126 ASKO PARPOLA On the symbol concept of the Vedic ritualists 139 JUHA PENTIKÄINEN The symbolism of liminality 154 SVEIN BJERKE Symbolism and magical acts 167 Die Hauptprobleme der religiösen Symbolik Von HARALDS BIEZAIS 1. Im Leben des Einzelnen als auch religiöser Gruppen ist das religiöse Symbol von zentraler Bedeutung. Damit ist auch das gesteigerte Interesse für Probleme, die mit ihm verbunden sind, zu erklären'. Ich kann hier nur auf einige dieser Probleme hinweisen, die so bedeutsam sind, daß man an ihnen nicht vorbeikommt, ohne danach seinen Standpunkt zu präzisieren. Dagegen glaube ich nicht, daß man versuchen müßte, eine mehr oder we- niger vollständige systematische oder historische Übersicht über diese Probleme zu geben2, denn eine solche würde für die Erörterung der Pro- bleme nichts Neues bringen. 1.1. Das besondere Interesse unserer Zeit am Symbol steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der Weiterbildung und Entwicklung von Ansichten, wie sie die Theoretiker der Psychoanalyse Freud und Jung geäußert haben. Ihre Grundthese lautet, daß die Aktivitäten der menschlichen Psyche sich von Zeit zu Zeit in Symbolen äußern, welche vom Unterbewußtsein be- stimmt werden3. Die symbolischen Bilder würden in Wirklichkeit durch er- blicherweise übernommene Inhalte des kollektiven Unterbewußtseins be- stimmt. Nur die Formen, welche diese Inhalte annehmen und durch welche sie sich äußern, würden durch die jeweiligen Erfahrungen und Erlebnisse mitbestimmt'. So wird also verständlich, daß die symbolischen Formen im Verhältnis zum Inhalt von sekundärer Bedeutung sind. Der Einfluß dieser Theorie hat sich, ungeachtet der wesentlichen biologischen Einschränkung und Einseitigkeit des Symbolbegriffs5, auch tiefgreifend auf die Forschung- en über die religiöse Symbolik ausgewirkt. 1 Einen weiten Überblick über diese For- schichte, als Ersatzbildung usw. von dem schungen bieten die entsprechenden Biblio- Symbol als umgreifenden Bedeutungsträger graphien und besonderen Sammlungen. Bib- immanenter Transzendenz. Jenes läßt Jung liographie 1968ff.; Symbolon 1960ff. Cf. sich gründen im persönlichen Unbewußten, auch Giedion, 78, mit seinen Aussagen. dieses im kollektiven Unbewußten." Er lehnt 2 Ein Beispiel dafür, daß es nicht möglich ist, die Psychoanalyse und ähnliche Theorien Symbole zu systematisieren und zu grup- grundsätzlich ab 1947, 1040: „Die psycho- pieren, oder, richtiger, daß dies nur nach rein analytischen Deutungen werden im Ganzen subjektiv ausgewählten Grundsätzen erfol- zur Grimasse eines Lesens der Chifferschrift, gen kann, bietet Assagioli 34 ff. wie sie einem glaubenslosen Zeitalter ge- Cf. Moody 12f. mäß war. Statt auf die Wirklichkeit trans- 4 Ib. zendenten Seins hin wird auf das seelisch- 5 Gegen Jungs Theorie hat sich Jaspers, unbewußte Geschehen hin gedeutet. Statt Er- 1946, 277, gewandt: „In der verstehenden hellung und Glaube wird scheinerklärung und Psychologie ist besonders zu unterscheiden Aberglaube vollzogen." Cf. auch Bertalanffy das Symbol als Träger persönlich gültiger 47 ff. ; besonders Wisse 134 f. Bedeutungen aus der eigenen Lebensge- VIII HARALDS BIEZAIS 1.2. Großen Einfluß auf das Verständnis des Symbolbegriffs überhaupt und damit auch auf das religiöse Symbol hat Cassirer ausgeübt6. Ausgehend von der deutschen idealistischen Philosophie, hat er seine Philosophie der symbolischen Formen entwickelt. Er hat sich hauptsächlich sprachpsycho- logischer und ethnologischer Materialien bedient. Er hält sich auch kon- sequent an die zu seiner Zeit herrschende Vorstellung einer Entwicklungs- geschichte. Praktisch wirkt sich das so aus, daß er mit Hilfe umfangreichen Materials zu beweisen sucht, daß auf dem Gebiet der symbolischen Formen eine Entwicklung von einer „sinnlich aufgefaßte[n] Wirklichkeit" über eine mythische Weltauffassung zur Religion zu beobachten sei. Die letzte Ent- wicklungsstufe sei die Religionsphilosophie. Seine Absicht war es, den Dualismus zu überwinden, der zwischen der empirischen und der außer- empirischen Welt besteht: „Immer wieder sind wir im Laufe unserer Unter- suchung zu der Ensicht geführt worden, daß der echte und wahrhafte Be- griff des 'Symbolischen' sich den herkömmlichen metaphysischen Ein- teilungen und Dualismen nicht fügt, sondern daß er ihren Rahmen sprengt. Das Symbolische gehört niemals dem 'Diesseits' oder 'Jenseits', dem Gebiet der 'Immanenz' oder ' Transzendenz' an: sondern sein Wert besteht eben darin, daß es diese Gegensätze, die einer metaphysischen Zweiwelten- theorie entstammen, überwindet. Es ist nicht das Eine oder das Andere, sondern es stellt das Tine im anderen' und das 'Andere im Einen' dar. So konstituiert die Sprache, der Mythos, die Kunst je ein selbständiges und charakteristisches Gefüge, das seinen Wert nicht dadurch erhält, daß in ihm ein äußeres und jenseitiges Dasein irgendwie `abgespiegelt' erscheint. Ihr Gehalt wird ihnen vielmehr dadurch zuteil, daß sie, je nach einem eigenen ihnen innewohnenden Bildungsgesetz, eine eigentümliche und selb- ständige, in sich geschlossene Welt des Sinnes aufbauen."' Mit seinen Vorstellungen schließt sich Cassirer der „Erkenntnislehre" der Neukantianer an'. Der tiefe Eindruck, den die erstgenannte Schule hinterlassen hat, ist bei der sogenannten Eranos-Gruppe (Eliade, Kerény u.a.) zu erkennen, während die letztgenannte viele theologisch orientierte Denker (Bultmann, Wach, Tillich u. a.) beeinflußt hat. 6 Sein dreibändiges Werk, „Die Philosophie trollable environment could not distinguish der symbolischen Formen", erschien bereits magic and science, nor saga and history, nor 1923-1929. Auf den Einfluß von Cassirers dream and empirical experience; the poets Gedanken auf andere Forscher (Plachte, Ur- were the prophets, historians, philosophers, ban) hat Looff, 44, hingewiesen, der auch and scientists. In the course of time, poetry vom Standpunkt der protestantischen Theo- was replaced by philosophy and history; and logie Kritik geäußert hat (96ff.). these in turn have given way to special physi- Cassirer 3,404f. Goodman, 228, hat er- cal sciences and positivist sociology. In our kannt, daß auch die heutige positivistische time, literature can be merely decoration or Philosophie die symbolischen Ausdrucks- entertainment or exercise in emotional formen auf eine frühere Entwicklungsstufe noises." verweist: „[...] these were ages of myth, Cf. Bertalanffy 43. when people living in a fearful and uncon- Die Hauptprobleme der religiösen Symbolik IX 2. Bedeutungsvoller und fruchtbarer ist es jedoch, sich mit jenen Stand- punkten und Begriffsdefinitionen bekannt zu machen, welche immer noch die heutigen Diskussionen über das Wesen des religiösen Symbols, seine Struktur und seine Funktionen bestimmen. Verständlicherweise herrschen gerade in der Frage der Definition des Symbols größte Unklarheiten und Widersprüche9. Es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, diese hier im einzelnen darzu- stellen. Damit aber die im folgenden vorgetragenen Gedanken besser ver- ständlich sind, müssen hier dennoch ein paar früher geäußerte Definitionen des Symbols erwähnt werden. 2.1. Bis in die letzte Zeit dominieren in Diskussionen über das religiöse Symbol die von Tillich geäußerten Gedanken, mit denen er bereits 1928 hervorgetreten ist10. Seine Ansicht ist auch deshalb bedeutsam, weil sie die kirchliche Theologie stark beeinflußt hat. Diese Theorie ist aus einem ge- wissen Gegensatz zu Cassirers kritischem Idealismus erwachsen. Tillich charakterisiert die Struktur des Symbols durch vier Merkmale: „Das erste und grundlegende Merkmal des Symbols ist die Uneigentlichkeit. Sie be- sagt, daß der innere Akt, der sich auf das Symbol richtet, nicht das Symbol meint, sondern das in ihm Symbolisierte. [...] Das zweite Merkmal des Symbols ist die Anschaulichkeit. Sie besagt, daß ein wesensmäßig Unanschauliches. Ideelles oder Transzendentes im Sym- bol zur Anschauung und damit zur Gegenständlichkeit gebracht wird. Die Anschaulichkeit braucht keine sinnliche zu sein. Sie kann ebensogut eine vorgestellte sein. [. Das dritte Merkmal des Symbols ist die Selbstmächtigkeit. Sie besagt, daß das Symbol eine ihm selbst innewohnende Macht hat, die es von dem bloßen in sich ohnmächtigen Zeichen unterscheidet.
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