Chapter 1 Glorious India (Bharat)

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Chapter 1

Glorious India (Bharat) - Beginning to 1206 AD

From the earliest period, the history and Ramayana and the Mahabharata have been culture oflndia (Bharat) has been prestigious. India renowned texts representing the ideals and policies (Bharat) was known as the 'World Guru' and the oflndia (Bharat). Our Mahajanapada age has been 'Golden Sparrow'. Accepting the world as family the ideal ofRepublican and Constitutional system. (Vasudhaiva Kutumbkam) and praying for the Existence of various Janapadas is evident in Post welfare and good health of mankind (Sarve Vedic period. By this time, iron was extensively Bhavantu Sukhinah Sarv Santu Niramayah) are our used in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Western Bihar. ideals. The technique of using iron significantly transformed the lifestyle of people and as a result, On the basis of excavations and tendency of sedentary life settlement consolidated archaeological remains Indian (Bhartiya) culture in the society. Development of agriculture, appears to be ofuniversal nature. Indian (Bhartiya) industries, trade and commerce was instrumental in regions across sea were known as 'Dipantar'. the decline of the ancient tribal system and small Indians (Bhartiyas) travelling on powerful ships Janapadas were replaced by large Janapadas. With established their political and cultural empire by the advent of 6th century BC, Janapadas were travelling to Brahmadesh, Siam, Indonesia, evoloved in the form ofMahajanapadas. Malaysia, Australia, Borneo, Phillipines, Japan and Korea. The ports and naval power of ancient India In the beginning of the 6th century BC, (Bharat) were highly developed. Scholars have sovereign rule was completely absent in North mentioned about ships, sailing in the waters of India (Bharat). India (Bharat) was divided into Indus (Sindhu) river about 6000 years ago. Indians several Independent states. These states were larger (Bhartiyas) travelled in various countries of the and more powerful than the states of post Vedic world via waterways as well as roadways and Period. introduced Indian (Bhartiya) religion and culture to (i) Mahajanapada Period (600-325 BC)- residents of distant countries. These courageous people propagated Indian (Bhartiya) philosophy, Several large and powerful independent astrology, architecture, military science, political states were established during the 6th century BC in science, music and vedic treatises, all over the north India (Bharat). These states were known as world. Thus we notice an extremely developed the Mahajanapadas. As per the Buddhist text manifestation of the ancient Indian (Bhartiya) Anguttamikay 16 Mahajanapadas existed at that civilization. time- Indus (Sindhu)-Saraswati Civilization, S.No. Mahajanapadas Capital Vedic Civilization, civilization and culture 1. Kashi Varanasi prevalent during the time of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have been a part of the Golden 2. Kuru Indraprastha I Period oflndia (Bharat). The Vedas are regarded as Hastinapur the encyclopaedia of knowledge. The Indus (Sindhu) - Saraswati Civilization is the best 3. Anga Champa civilization in respect of its architecture. The 4. Magadha Rajgriha/ Girivraja

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5. Vajji Videha and Mithila dovvn in the Eastern part ofRajasthan. 6. Malla Kushavvati(Kushinara) Chief Janapadas of Rajasthan vvere as follovvs:- 7. Chedi Shaktimati (Sotthivati) Jaangal- 8. Vatsa Kaushambi In the Mahabharata period, the present 9. Kosala Ayodhya (divided into districts of Bikaner and Jodhpur vvere knovvn as tvvo parts in Buddhist Jangladesh. At some places, these have been period, Saket- the capital described as Kuru-Jangla and Madreya-Jangla. Ahichatrapur vvas the capital of this Janapada, ofNorthem part; vvhich is novv called Nagour. The king ofBikaner Shravasti-the capital of ovvned J angladesh so he called himself 'Jaangladhar Badshah'. 'Jai Jangaldhar Badshah' is Southern part) also inscribed in the royal symbol ofBikaner state. 10. Panchala Capital ofNorthem Matsya- Panchala-Ahichhatra, capital of Southern The region surrounding present Jaipur vvas Panchala -Kampilya called Matsya Mahajanapada. Its expanse vvas 11. Matsya ViratNagar from the surrounding hills ofChambal to the Jangal 12. Shoorsen Mathura (Methora/ region of river Sarasvvati. Alvvar and parts of Shoorsenai) Bharatpur vvere also included in this region. 13. Ashsak Potan or Pateli Viratnagar, vvhich is knovvn as Bairath at present, 14. Avanti Capital ofNorthem vvas its capital. Exact information about the Matsya Avanti- Ujjaini, capital of J anapada before the reign of Maurya king SouthemAvanti Bindusara is not available. It has been mentioned in Mahishmati the Mahabharata that a king named Shahaaj ruled 15. Gandhara Taxila the states of Chedi and Matsya. In the beginning, Matsya remained a part of Chedi but later on, it 16. Kamboja Rajpur/Hatak became a part ofthe huge Magadha empire. Among the above 16 Mahajanapadas, tvvo Shoorsen- types of states vvere present- Monarchy and Republic. Kosala, Vatsa, Avanti and Magadha vvere This Mahajanapada vvas situated in the the most povverful monarchies ofthat time. Several modem Brij region. Mathura vvas its capital. republics also existed in 6th century BC, major vvere Ancient Greek authors called this state 'Shoorsenoi' - Shakyas of Kapilvastu, Bhagas of Sunsumagiri, and its capital as 'Methora'. According to the Bulis of Allakapa, Kaalams of Kesaputta, Koliyas Mahabharata, Yadu (Yadava) dynasty ruled here. of Ramagram, Mallas of Kushinara, Pava of Most of the parts of Bharatpur, Dholpur and Mallas, Moriyas of Pippalivan, Lichhavis of Karauli districts came under Shoorsen Janapada. Vaishali, Videhas ofMithila. Eastern part ofAlvvar district vvas also in Shoorsen. Vasudeva's son Lord Krishna vvas linked vvith this Major Janapadas ofRajasthan- Janapada. In Rajasthan many Janpadas emerged vvith Shivi- the evolution of Vedic civilazation. Tribes of the Punjab like Malav, Shivi, A:rjunayan etc. vvhich Shivpur vvas the capital of Shivi Janapada vvere famous for courage and valour, migrated to and King Sushin had defeated it along vvith other Rajasthan as a result of Greek invasion. Thus the tribes in the battle often kings. Ancient Shivpur has roots of Janapada administration system vvere laid been identified vvith a place called Shorkot in present Pakistan. With passage of time, Shivi tribe 2

of Southern Punjab began to reside in Mewar taxes. In such conditions, Magadha was in need ofa region ofRajasthan. person who could eliminate the problems which Nagari, situated near Chittorgarh ,was the had risen due to foreign invasions and establish the ideals of an all-powerful emperor by uniting the capital of this Janapad. Shivi coins have been state. excavated from various places of Mewar. Five Soon, Kautilya's student Chandragupta emerged on the poltical horizon of India (Bharat) cave edicts written in Brahmi script have been excavated from places near Mandsaur. From these and he established a new dynasty called Maurya dynasty. edicts, we come to know about the expansion of Shivijanapada from the West to South east. Chandragupta Maurya (322 BC-298 BC)- Despite the prevalent Republican With the help of guru Chanakya, Administration System, the actual administrative Chandragupta ascended the royal throne of authority of these Janapadas was in the hands of Magadha at the age of25, by defeating Ghananand aristocratic families. The representatives of these who was the last N anda ruler. Through his families managed all the administrative affairs as extensive victory campaign, Chandragupta chiefs of Santhagara Sabha (General Assembly). Maurya established the first pan India (Bharat) The members of Santhagara could express their empire . In 305 BC, he defeated a Greek ruler opinion on specific issues. This was called Seleucus Nicator . After a treaty, Seleucus took 500 "Anayuvirodh". The topics of disputes were voted elephants from Chandragupta and surrendered upon. Multi-coloured bars were used in the process Eastern Afghansistan, Baluchistan and the region of voting. Santhagara was the supreme in the western side of Indus (Sindhu) river to organization of the Janapadas. Basic principles of Chandragupta. Seleucus also got his daughter state policies were determined in this assembly. In Helena married to Chandragupta and sent large republics, provincial assemblies were also Megasthenes as his ambassador in Chandragupta's existed apart from central assemblies. With time, court. Parts ofKabul, Herat, Kandhar, Baluchistan, these republics declined due to mutual conflicts Punjab, plains of Ganga and Yamuna, Bihar, and factions. To an extent the expansionist policies Bengal, Gujarat, Vindhya and Kashmir were of contemporary monarchies were also responsible incuded in the Great Kingdom of Chandragupta. It for the decline ofthese republics. is evident from the Tamil treatises Ahananuru and Murananuru that Chandragupta invaded South (ii) Maurya, Shunga, Satavahana, Gupta, India (Bharat). In old age he took initiation of Jain Vardhan, Pal, Rashtrakuta, Prathihar, religion from Bhadrabahu. In 298 BC, he died in Pallava and Chalukya Dynasties- Shravanbelagola (Mysore) by fasting. Maurya Dynasty- Bindusara (298 BC-272 BC)- One of the 16 Mahajanapadas, Magadha Bindusara was the son and successor of developed into an empire during the period of Haryanka dynasty and with lapse oftime, Magadha Chandragupta who was called Amitrochates by Greek authors. In the Vayu Purana, he has been established its control over almost entire North India (Bharat). called Bhadrasara and in Jaina texts, he has been called Singhasena. He conquered the distant South Establishment ofMaurya Dynasty- Indian (Bhartiya) regions and included them in Around 326 BC, a despotic ruler ofNanda Magadha Empire. According to Divyavadana (an dynasty, Ghananand ruled Magadha. At that time, anthology ofBuddhist tales in Sankrit) revolts took Northwest India (Bharat) was terrified by place in Taxila during his reign and to crush these Alexander's Invasion. The subjects were suffering revolts, earlier Ashoka and then his elder brother from the atrocities of their king. People of the state Susim were sent. In the royal court of Bindusara, were dissatisfied with him because of exorbitant Greek ruler Antiochus first appointed a person

named Diamachus, as his ambassador. According inscriptions of Ashoka. In minor rock-edict to Pliny, Egyptian king Philadelphus (Ptolemy II) associated with his coronation, Ashoka has called had sent an Egyptian Ambassador Dionysius to himselfas Buddhashakya. Bindusara's court. Dhamma- Ashoka (273 BC-232 BC)- Ashoka established ideals for the moral According to Jain hearsay, Ashoka development of mankind. These were called occupied Magadha's rule against the wishes of Dhamma. Definition of Ashoka's Dhamma has Bindusara. From Maaski and Gujjara records been given in the second and seventh rock edicts. discovered from Southern India (Bharat), his name According to him, shunning sinful actions, welfare is found to be 'Ashoka'. In the records, Ashoka has of the world, compassion, charity, truth and purity been adorned with titles such as Devanampriya and of actions is Dhamma. The essential conditions of Devanampriyadarshi. Ashoka was married to the following Dhamma include saintly nature, princess of Vidisha who gave birth to Ashoka's performing works of public welfare, shunning all daughter Sanghamitra and his son Mahendra. His evils, good behavior, compassion, charity, queen Karuvaki is also mentioned in the records gratitude, non violence, obeying one's parents and inscribed by Ashoka. elders, respect for one's guru, being chairtable towards one's friends, acquaintances, relatives, After seven years of coronation Ashoka brahmins and the needy, etc. According to the third included various regions ofKashmir and Khotan in rock edict, there was also a provision ofmoderately his empire. During his reign, apart from Tamil accumulating and moderately spending money. region, whole India (Bharat) and a large part of According to Bhabru rock edict, Ashoka expressed Afghansistan were included in the Mauryan his belief in the Buddha's Triratnas, namely, Kingdom. In his eighth year of coronation, Ashoka Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha (Council). invaded Kalinga in 261 BC, and llakh people died. On the basis of Hathigumpha records, it is In minor rock edicts of Sanchi (Raisen estimated that at that time, Nandaraja was the district, Madhya Pradesh) and Samath (Varanasi, ruling Kalinga. This mass killing distressed Uttar Pradesh), Ashoka ordered the Mahamatras of Ashoka to such an extent that he renunciated Kaushambhi and Pataliputra to ostracize such weapons forever. Dhauli (or Toshali) was made the Bhikshus and Bhikshunis who tried to create capital ofKalinga under Magadha kingdom. Under schism in the Council. In the First Edict, it was the influence of Shraman Nigrodh and Upagupta, ordered that no animals should be killed for any Ashoka was initiated into Buddhism and adopted Yajna. Dhammaghosh instead of Bherighosh. According Dhamma Yaatra (Religious Travel)- to Kalhana's Rajatarangini, Ashoka was a worshipper of Shiva before embracing Budhism. Before Ashoka's reign, kings used to go for Later, he came under the influence of ViharaYaatras (Forest Travels) during which, they Moggaliputratissa. In Barabar hills, Ashoka built used to kill animals for their entertainment. In place four caves for the residence of Ajivikas, i.e., of such travels, Ashoka arranged for Sudama, Chopaar, Vishwajhopdi and Kama. He Dhammayaatra, in which travels were made to undertook a religious journey to Bodhgaya in the Buddhist pilgrins and Brahmins, Shramanas and tenth year of his coronation and to Lumbini needy people were given gold in charity. (Kapilavastu) in the twentieth year of coronation. It Anusandhaan- is evident from Rummandei records that Ashoka had reduced the rate of tax from 1/6 to 1/8. Chola, During Ashoka's reign, the state Chera, Pandya and Kerala have been described as employees- Pradeshikas, Rajjukas and Yuktaks the four neighbouring independent states in were sent on travel for propagation of religion

every fifth year. This was calledAnusandhan. assassinated him and founded the Shunga dynasty inMagadha. Dhamma Mahamatra- MauryanAdministration- In the 13th year of coronation, Ashoka appointed Dhamma Mahamatras- whose major A centralized government system was responsibility was to propagate religion among the established for the first time in India (Bharat) masses, to inspire them for deeds of public welfare during Maurayan period. Despite centralization of and charity, releasing prisoners from imprisonment power in the hands of the king, he was not or reducing their tenure of punishment, providing autocratic. Kautilya has described seven financial assistance to their dependants etc. components of the state, namely, Raja, Amatya, Janapada, Durga, Kosha, Sena and Mitra. The king Rock Edicts- used to appoint the Chief Minister and priest after Ashoka was the first Indian (Bhartiya) ruler duly checking their character and background. This to address his subjects through edicts. He got process was known as Upadha Parikshana. These inspiration to do so from Dara (Darius first)- the people used to be dignified members ofthe Council ruler of Iran. Most of the edicts of Ashoka are in of Ministers. Apart from the Council of Ministers, Brahmi script, while the edicts found in Mansera there was also Parisha Mantrina, which was also a and Shahbajgadi in northwest India (Bharat) are in form of Council ofMinisters. Kharoshti script. On one pillar brought from Topra Central administration- to Delhi, seven edicts have been inscribed. Greek king Antiochus II is mentioned in the Second and IS departments called Tirtha have been Third Edicts. James Princep was the first person to mentioned inArthashastra. The President of these successfully interpret the edicts ofAshoka. Tirthas is known as Mahamatya. Minister (mantri), priest (purohit), Commander (senapati) and Prince Influenced by Ashoka, king Tissa of (Yuvaraaj) were the most important Tirthas. Tampami (Sri Lanka) adopted the title of Devanampiya. He also invited emperor Ashoka on Samaharta- the occasion of his Second Coronation. Ashoka's His responsibility was to collect revenue, son Mahendra carried a part of Bodhivriksha and keep record of income , expenditure and prepare attended this ceremony. This is regarded as the the annual budget. beginning of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. After ruling for 40 yearsAshoka died in 232 BC. Sannidhata (Treasurer)- Successors of Ashoka and fall of the Mauryan He was responbile for building treasuries Dynasty- and granaries in various parts of the kingdom. 26 department heads have been mentioned in For 50 years after Ashoka, weak successors Arthashastra, which include-Koshadhyaksh continued to rule. After Ashoka, Kunala became (treasurer), sitadhyaksha (agriculture), the king, who has been called Dharmavivardhana Pandyadhyaksha (trade) Sutrasdhyaksha (tailoring in Divyavadana. According to Rajatarangini, Jalok and weaving), Lunadhyaksha (slaughterhouse), was the ruler of Kashmir at that time. According to Vivitadhyaksha (pastureland), Lakshanadhayksha Taranath, Ashoka's son Virasena had become an (issuing currency), Mudradhyaksha, independent ruler of Gandhar. As Kunala was Pautvadhyaksha, Bandhanagaradhyaksha, Atvika( blind, Magadha's administration was in the hands head of the forest department) , etc. Yuktas and of his son Samprati. Kunala's son Dhashratha also Upayuktas were lower level employees under the ruled over Magadha. He had given the Nagarjuna control ofMahamatayas and heads. caves toAjivikas in charity. Provincial Administration- Brihadratha was the last Mauryan ruler. His Brahmin minister Pushyamitra Shunga In Ashoks's reign, five provmces of 5

Magadha kingdom have been mentioned. These The emperor used to be the supreme head of include-Uttarapatha (Taxila), Avantirashtra judicial system. Village courts were present at (Ujjaini), Kalinga ( oshali) Dakshinapatha lower level, in which the Gramini and (Suvarnagri) and Madhya Desh (Patalipura) . GramVraddha used to pronounce judgements. Provincial administration was administred by royal Sangraharan, Dronamukh were the courts on Local officers named 'Kumara' or 'Aryaputra' . The and Janapada level, respectively. Above all there provinces were divided into 'Vishaya' , which used was a Central Court of Pataliputra. Apart from to be under the control 'vishayapati'. 'Sthanik' was Gramansangha and king's court, all the other courts the administrative head of the district and he used were oftwo types: to be under the control of 'Samaharta' . 'Gopa' used 1. Dharmsthiya- The work ofpronouncing to be the smallest administrative unit and he used to judgement in these courts was in the hands of three handle the administration often villages. An officer Dharmasthas who were experts of religious called 'Pradeshtri' used to function under scriptures or a Vyavharik and three Amatyas. Samaharta, and used to monitor the working of Dharmsthiya used to be a type of civil court. Cases Sthaniks, Gopas and village officers. associated with theft, robbery and loot, also known City Administration- as 'Sahas' were placed in front of Dharmsthiya courts. Cases associated with abusing, defamation, According to Megasthenes, city beating, etc. were also brought in these courts administration was handled by a council of 30 which were called 'Vak-Parushya' or 'Dand members, who were divided into 6 committees, Parushya'. with five members in each committee. The first committee was responsible for monitoring industry 2. Kantakshodhan- These were criminal and artistic activities, the second committee looked courts. Three Pradeshtris and three Amatyas used after foreigners, the third committee kept records to judge disputes between the state and concerned of births and deaths, the fourth was responbile for person. The city magistrate was called 'Vyavharik trade and commerce, the fifth committee used to Mahamatya' and the district magistrate was called monitor sales of manufactured goods, the sixth 'Rajjuk'. According to Chanakya there were four committee would collect one tenth ofthe sale in the main parts of law : Dharma (religion), Vyavahara form of sales tax. (behaviour), Charitra (character) and Shashan (administration). Military System- Maurya Society- For organizing the army, there was a separate military department, which was divided We get information about the social system into six committees consisting of five members in of Mauryan period through texts such as - each committee. These committees used to look Kautilya's 'Arthasastra', Megasthene's 'Indica' and after the five departments of the army which from Ashoka's rock edicts. Kautilya has regarded included-Paidal (infantry), Ashva (cavalry), Hathi Varnashram system as the foundation of social (soldiers on elephants), Ratha (soldiers on chariot) organization. Kautilya has also mentioned about and the naval force. Military affairs were the occupations ofthese four Varnas (castes). Apart monitored by Antpal. He was also responsible for from these four Varnas, Kautilya has also managment and monitoring the bordering regions. mentioned about several other castes such as According to Megasthenes' (Indica) Chandragupta Nishad, Parshav, Rathkar, Kshata, Vedehak, Sut, Maurya had a huge army adorned with 6 lakh Chandal etc. Megasthenes has divided the Indian soliders on foot, 50 thousand horsemen, 9 thousand (Bhartiya) society into seven castes in his book elephants and 800 chariots. 'Indica'. These include Darshanik (philosophers), Kisan (farmers), Karigar or Shilpi (craftsmen or Judicial System- sculptors), Sainik (soldiers) Nirikshak (inspectors), Sabhasad and Shasak (ministers and 6

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administrators). In bis classification, Megasthenes across entire South India (Bharat). His capital was bas ignlm!d. the differeru:e of caste, colour and Pratisthan (modem Paithan) situated on the banks O(X)upation. ofriver Oodavari. After somo time ofthe death of Sa1Uami I. due to the invasions made by Shakas, During Maurya period, the condition of the power ofSatavahanas started decling and the women cannot be said to be progressive, but still, rule of Shaka KshaUapa dynasty began in thoywexein a b~positionaacompatedto Smriti Maharaahtra, which is known as Western period and they were allowed to mnany and performN"zyoga. Ksb.attapa Dynasty. G1lUtamiputra. Satakami who was the 231'11 ruler of Satavahan.a dynasty, Shunp Dyllatty- This dynasty waa eliminated the power of Westem Kshatnpas and founded in 18S BC by Pushyamitra Shunga. He re-establishedthepowor, was the chief commander of maurya king Brihadratha. Pwlhyamiira assassinated him and prosperity and rule of his dynasty. occupied the throne. He ruled till 151 BC. He Vasishthiputra Pulmn.avi got ma:nied to the conquered several wars and performed daughtclr of Shaka Mabaks\atrap Rwlradaman I, A.shvamedha Yajna twice during his reign. but ~ snatx:hed enSire kingdom from occupied Renowned Sanskrit gnrm:marian Patanjali waa bis him. which he by defeating 1hc Westau Ksb.attapas. Yagyaari (Satalmrm') who was the priest in the yajna. 2'1' rulerofSamvahanadynaaty, n:oo:upied some psrts After Pusbyamitra, Agnimitra, of region ftom the Kahatrapas of Ujjaini and Jyesbtbamitra, Bhadrak,. Bhagwat and Devabhuti restablished the glory of his dynasty. Yagyasri wcnthemajorrule:rs ofs!n:mgadyna.sty. Devabhuti circulated evlmll types of c:ummcies and ships wudcthroncclbyAmatyaVasudevaaroun.d73BC. we:re inscribed on some of thC!IIl. This shows that his emp~ extended nn the oceans.Alld!.crulc:rs of this dynasty were followers of Hinduism. They established the system of Vedic Yajnaa and Vamashramsystem in the society and cominuously fought against the foreign invaders - the Yavanaa and the Sh.akas. They provided huge grants to BnddhlstandJaina Vihams andmst hauses. In their period, trade and commen:o, agriculture and other industries developed significantly and currencies made of silver, copper. lead and bronze were in ~. 1.7 Coin• of Satnluma Period circulation. They were the first to establish the practice of granting land (Agrahar) to 1he Satavahana DyDuty- Brahmins, The Satavahana kings built many A person named Simuka laid the Chaityas and Viharas in Western Deccan. Karla foundation of Samvahana Dynasty in 60 BC in Chaitya is the most famous among them. This Andhra (the valley of riven Godavari and Chaitya is 40 metre long and lS metre high and is Krishna). This Dynasty is known by the name of anexcellcntexampleofChaityaan:hitec11.n. AndhraaswellasSatavahan.adynasty. Gupt.Dynuty(l7SAD-5SOAD)- Simulm's reign is xgarded dll37 BC.AJ\er KnsbMa Dynasty almost declined in Notth that, his son Satekami I became the ruler. Setakemi India(Bbarat) in about230AD, thenalargerpart of I took the Satavahana dynasty to great heights. landcameu:nde:rtheoccupationofShakaMurands, Satakami I perfOl'llled the Ashvamedha Yajna and whoconiioued to rule till2SOAD.Aftorthat, Gupta through this, he established his indisputable empiie Dynasty came into power in 275 AD. Sri-Oupta

was the founder of this dynasty. In Prayaga Chandragupta II also conquered Western Malwa Prashasti, Samudragupta has described himself as and Gujarat. He made Ujjain his second capital. the great grandson of Sri-Gupta. After Sri-Gupta, After attaining victory on Shakas, he adorned the Ghatotkacha became Gupta ruler. His title was title of'Vikramaditya'. 'Maharaja'. Kumaragupta Mahendraditya ( 414 AD - 455 Chandragupta I (320 AD-335 AD)- AD)- After Ghatotkacha, his son Chandragupta I After Chandragupta II, his son became a Gupta ruler. He attained the title of Kumaragupta became the ruler. Kumaragupta has 'Maharajadhiraja'. He married the Lichchhavi been regarded as the founder of N alanda princess Kumaradevi. In 319 AD, Chandragupta I University. His empire expanded from Saurashtra Started an era, which is famous by the name of to Bengal. In the last days of his rule, he had to face Gupta era (Samvat). revolt from Pushyamitra. Samudragupta (335AD-380 AD)- Skandagupta ( 455 AD-467 AD)- Chandragupta I appointed Samudragupta as his successor. His ideals were conquering and Although he was not the eldest son, unifying India (Bharat). He believed in Skandagupta became the successor of the imperialism. His court poet Harisen has described kingdom. It is evident from Junagarh Rock Edicts about his victorious military expeditions in records that Skandagupta renovated the Sudarshan Lake ofAllahabad Prashasti. These records are inscribed which was built by Mauryan rulers. It has been on the same pillar, on which Ashoka's Edicts are mentioned in Junagarh inscription that while inscribed. The rulers and countries which were ascending the throne, Skandagupta had to confront won by Samudragupta can be divided into 5 groups the Malechch Hunas. Finally, Skandagupta - The states of Ganga-Yamuna Doab, states of defeated the Hunas. Eastern Himalayas, the bordering states of Eastern Cultural Achievements of Gupta Dynasty- Vindhya region, Eastern Deccan and states of South India and Shaka and Kushana states. As per Gupta dynasty has great importance in the Allahabad Prashasti, he was never defeated in any cultural history of India (Bharat). Gupta rulers battle. Samudragupta possessed a very powerful were followers of Vedic Religion. Samudragupta navy, by which he strengthened his foreign and Kumaragupta I had even performed relations. 'Ashvamedha Parakrama' can be seen Ashvamedha Yajna. They also supported inscribed on his coins. He also excelled in fine arts. Buddhism and Jainism. The Chinese pilgrim Fa He has also been called an excellent poet. He Hien visited India (Bharat) during the reign of excelled in music also. His image ofplaying Veena Chandragupta II. As per his description, Gupta has been inscribed on a coin. He was a devotee of Empire was excellent in administration and crimes Lord Vishnu, but had equal respect for other rarely took place. The burden oftaxes was also less. religions. Sanskrit was the official language. Kalidasa - the composer of the play Abhigyan Shankutalam and Chandragupta II (380 AD-412 AD)- the great epic Raghuvansham, Shudraka- the Chandragupta II was the son of writer of the play Mrichchkatikam, Vishakhadatta Samudragupta. He has also been called Devaraja or - the writer of the play Mudrarakshasa and the Devagupta. He expanded his empire through reknowned koshkar Amar Singh were all present in marriage alliances and victories. He got his Gupta period. Ramayana, Mahabharata and Manu daughter married to Vakataka king Rudrasena. Samhita composed in their present form in Gupta After his death, Prabhavati became the real ruler by period. Great Mathematicians Aryabhata. making her younger son sit on the throne. Varamihira and Brahmagupta significantly

«~mribuu:dinthcdevelopmea~tofmathematiesand Brabmins was regarded to be the highest. Their Astrology during !he Gopta period. The decimal dulies were-studying, teachiDg, performing yajl188 system was inventl:d in this period, which llw:r and charity. The Kshatriyas weN reeponaible to reached Europe through the Arabians. Evidence of protect the nation. Vaishyaa were in the occupation mcl!itecture,. painting and me!Blhugical science of of 1mding and commerce. Shlldnls wen service tho limo is ovideD1 from the mnaillS in Jhansi , providors. InGupta period, thebondof~upati.ona K.anpur, Ajant& caves ,the iron pillar at Delhi, the wi1h ~ wcabned. Despite 1his. the basis of 80 feet IB1l copper statue ofthe Budd~!.& in Nalanda cutes remained preval~mt. Women had an and from the 7Y.t feet tall copper stattJe of the impo:rtam place in the society. In religious Budd~!.& in Sultanganj. activities, the presence of wife along wi1h the hu.sbll!ld was mandatmy. Women were edu.c:ated.. SodetyiD. theGupta Pel'locl· Veil (purdah) system was not pnmlient. At this Society was traditicmally divided in1o folll' time, eight types ofmarriages were prevalent. The pad8 during the Oup1a period. The place of practiceofSwayam.vara was there. Mudravasbalctj,

Southern tcrritori<'S unc.k:r nommal vass;~lilfi:C

Conquests of • Chand:101gupta (c. 320-335 CE)

S:ltnud ro~s:upt:a D (t. 335-c. 375 CE)

Choandr

Map 1.8 Gupta Empire

Fig 1.10 Golcl eoln.s dn:ulated by Clwulragapta Mamya

Kanma., Ambashtha, Parshava weN tbe mixed dynasty - Prabhabravatdhana. Rajyavardhana castes during Gupta period, K.syastha was a section and Harshavardhana. After the death of cl8.118 during Gupta period, but later, it emerged in Prabhakaravardhana, his elder son R.ajyavardhana the farm of a caste. WOlllell have been depicted ll.llCimded the throne, bu1 shortly after his ideally in litcmlture ofGupta period. In c:a.so ofnot coronation. ho was to 011gago in sovoral battles and haviDg a son. the wife had 1hc primary right to her WU aasassina~ by Gam ruler Sbasbanka in 606 lmaband'sproperty. AD. After this, his younger brother Vardhm Dylwty(Pull:yabbutl DyDuty)- Har!lh.avardban.a. (606-47 AD) became the ruler, This dynasty began in

Sitllation waa ememely critical at the Cime the South, his armies were forced to re1mu from the Harsha ascended the throD:e. Gaur (Bengal) ruler banks or river Narmada around 620 AD by king Sbasbanka had assassinated his elder brother Pulak:et!hin n. The boundaries of Harsha's empire Rajyawrdhana younger sister Raja.slni went away extended from snow laden mountains in the North, to an unknown place to save her li&. Soon. tillthe banks ofriver Narmada inthe South, Har&havardhana wu successful in fiDding the Ganjaam in the East and BaUabhl in the West. whereabouts of his sister. He entered into 811. Kannsujwuthecapitalofthishugeempire. alliaDce with kiDg Bhaskar Yerman of Kamrupa Harsha took the title of Mahanjadbiraja. and sent a large army against Shaslumlra, tho1J8h in He waa a. womhipper or Shiva and the Sun god.

c:::::J Emp.re of Harshavardhana

·. ,·

-·.·

Harshavardhana

Later, he was inclined towards Mahayana the Chalukyas ofVatapi. He eliminated the rule of Buddhism. Once in every five years, he used to Chalukyas in the South by defeating the last organize a large ceremony at the confluence of Chalukya king KirtiVerman-11. Krishna-I built the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, performed charity and famous Kailashnath temple ofEllora. Dhurva, the other works of public welfare. The Chinese fourth ruler of the dynasty, defeated the Gurjar traveller Hiuen Tsang also attended the sixth Pratihar king Vatsaraja and the fifth ruler Govinda ceremony ofthis kind. III defeated the Gurjar-Pratihar king Nagabhatta II and Pala king Dharmapala. He expanded the Pala Dynasty- empire of Rashtrakutas from Malwa region to The beginning of this dynasty is estimated Kanchi. The sixth ruler Amoghavarsha was peace to be around 750 AD in Bengal from Gopala. loving and he ruled for about 64 years. He made Dharmapala who was the second ruler of Pala Manyakhet (Malkhed) as the capital of dynasty is considered to be the most powerful ruler Rashtrakutas. Arabian traveller Sulaiman of this dynasty. He extended his empire up to considered Amoghavarsha amongst the world's Kannauj and even after getting engaged in a four greatest kings of that time. Krishna III and tripartite struggle with the Pratiharas and Indra III defeated Mahipala, the then ruler of Rashtrakutas, he remained successful in protecting Kannauj and forced him to flee. During the reign of his kingdom. His son and successor Devapala also the twelfth ruler Krishna III, a long struggle started emerged victorious in several battles. He shifted between the Rashtrakutas and the Chola kings of his capital from Pataliputra to Bengal. The the South. ambassador ofking Bal Putra Deva of Sumatra had Rashtrakutas were overthrown by the attended his royal court. After Devapala (81 0-850 Chalukyas of Kalyani. Chalukya king Tailapa AD), the power and might ofPala dynasty started to defeated Karka II of Rashtrakuta dynasty in 973 fade due to weakness of the rulers and invasions by AD and established control of Manyakhet. Gurjar - Pratihara rulers. During the reign of 9th Rashtrakuta kings were supporters of Hinduism. king Mahipala-I, the Chola king RajendraVerman- They built huge temples. They were nurturers of 1 had occupied the area till river Ganga around Sanskrit and Kannada literature. The Arabians 1023 AD. By the middle of 12th century, the have addressed the kings ofthis dynasty as Balhara strength ofPala dynasty weakened. (Balaraja). Kings ofthe Pala dynasty were followers of Buddhism and during their reign the Buddhist Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty- educational centres developed significantly. The This dynasty was founded by a lord the very famous Mahaviharas of Nalanda and name of this Nagabhatta in 725 AD. His kingdom Vikramshila got protection from them. The famous started from Gujarat, therefore the name of this Buddhist monkAtisha was present during the reign dynasty came to be known as 'Gurjara-Pratihara'. of tenth Pala king N ayapala, who had visited Tibet Nagabhatta-1 was extremely brave. He on an invitation of the king. Kings of Pala dynasty successfully confronted the invasions of the were great lovers of art and architecture. They gave Arabians who came from Sindh. Vatsaraja was the patronage to great sculptors like Dhiman and first king of this dynasty who took the title of Vitpal. Many reservoirs were built during the Pala Emperor. Vatsaraja's son Nagabhatta II invaded period are still present in Dinapur district. Ganga valley around 816 AD , occupied Kannauj and made it his capital. Nagabhatta II was defeated Rashtrakuta Dynasty- by Rashtrakuta king Govinda III, however, his This dynasty was founded by Dantidurga in descendants continued to rule Kannauj and its 736 AD. He made Nasik his capital. There were 14 surrounding regions till1018-19 AD. Bhoja I was kings in this dynasty. Dantidurga was a lord under the greatest ruler of this dynasty. He is also known

as Mihira Bhoja. He was the grandson of Madurai which was the capital ofthe Pandyas. Nagabhatta II. Arabian trader Sulaiman visited Chol Raj raj I (985AD-1013 AD)- India (Bharat) during his time. The next ruler was Mahendrapala, who was the disciple and protector He became all powerful ruler of South India of the great poet Raj ashekhara- the composer of a (Bharat) by occupying entire Madras (Chennai), play called Karpuramanjari. Mahendra's son Mysore, Coorg and Sinhala Dweep (Sri Lanka). He Mahipala was badly defeated by the Rashtrakuta built a Shiva temple named Rajarajeshwara king Indra III. During Mahipala's reign, the (Brihadeshwara) in his capital Tanjore. His son and Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty began to decline. After successor Rajendra I (1016 AD - 1044 AD) him, the other rulers - Bhoja II, Vinayakapala, possessed a strong naval power, had conquered Mahendrapala II, Devapala, Mahipala II and Pengu, Martban andAndaman-Nicobar islands. He Vijayapala somehow managed to maintain their waged a war aganist Mahipala, the ruler of Bengal rule till 1013 AD. During the time of invasion of and Bihar. His armies crossed Kalinga and reached Mahmud Ghaznavi, Rajyapala was the king of far off to Ganga by proceeding through or (Orissa), Kannauj. He ran away without confronting Southern Kausal, Bengal and Magadha. In order to Ghaznavi. Later, he accepted the sovereignty of commemorate this victory, he took the title of Mahmud. The neighbouring Rajput rulers were 'Gangaikonda'. His son and successor Rajadhiraja annoyed by this event. After Mahmud Ghaznavi ( 1044 AD - 1054 AD) was killed during the battle had returned, the Rajput kings defeated and killed of Koppam while fighting against Chalukya king Rajyapala under the leadership of Chandela king Someshwara. But, Veer Rajendra (1034AD -1069 Ganda ofKalinjar and Trilochanapala ascended the AD) defeated the Chalukyas in the battle ofKudal throne. After the rise of Gahadvala (Rathore) Sangamam and avenged the earlier defeat. Soon dynasty in Kannauj, the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty after, a battle of succession began among the was eliminated forever in the second quarter of 11th Cholas. As a result Rajendra Kulottunga- I (1070 century. The rulers of this dynasty didn't allow the AD - 1122 AD) ascended the throne. Rajendra Arabians to advance further. Kulottunga's mother was a Chola princess and his father was the ruler of Chalukya kingdom. In this Chola Dynasty (Northern Chola Region)- way, Kulottunga established a new dynasty named This was one of the three major states of Chalukya-Chola dynasty. He ruled for forty years. ancient Dakshinapatha. The other two were - CholaAdministration- Pandya and Chera (Kerala). In the inscriptions of Ashoka, this region has been described as an Chola administration was based on the Independent Region. The residents ofChola region Gram Panchayat system. To facilitate spoke Tamil. They produced high quality literature administration, the Chola kingdom was divided in Tamil language. Kular composed by into six provinces, which were known as Thiruvalluvar is an excellent example of this Mandalam. Kottam was the sub unit ofMandalam, development. Karikala (around 100 AD who was Nadu was the sub unit of Kottam, Gram and the First ruler of Chola dynasty, and laid the Kurram. In inscriptions, the assembly ofNadu has foundation ofPuhar or Pugar town, fought against been called Nattar and the units of the town have the Sinhalas and built a dam on the banks of river been called as Nagartar. Village representatives Kaveri with the assistance of Sinhali prisoners of were regularly appointed every year. Every war. He shifted the capital ofCholas from Uragpur Mandalam was fully independent, but there was no (Uruyur) to Kaveripatnam. Cholaking Vijayalaya's Central Legislature present to control the power of son and successor Aditya (around 880-907 AD) had the king. About one-sixth of land produce was defeated the Pallava king AparajitaYerman. received by the king in the form of lagan (land Aditya's son Parantaka-I had completely crushed revenue). This lagan could be paid in the form of the power of the Pallavas. He had also occupied grain or gold coins. The gold coins which were

c!rcula!ed durl!!a 1he O!.ola period Wjft ce1W en:!d!ectDnl~~ylo of!be ChoW ere u followl 'l:omi &Ill! il...,;p..l16 01III.C llrl8"'l••u•b em"" mdiNlltmmyroad&. etc. Tho !lltlva temple {ltailale}n•hwarallllltlle) of CllolaA:ft. lllzQoro bolhby~.-IiJmWlCII!aal~o ofD:nt.vidim mhileduxe. 'I1I.c l)'l1em ofcane1a in Tho Cho1u pcomolod the> ~ Soullt.lnilla(B~) lsaalft!tllm ChoW.~ ~~ylcot1hc PallaYa.t. Verlcus lcalmcaotD:nt.YIIIlm of~ IDd TaDjlbo ben 1011.011,1;

Gurjara - Pratiharas •

Chalukyas Kallnga CE GallflaS) Vengi CE Chalukyas)

India 900 AD • 26. Gangas 27. Tirabhukti

Ff&. 1.15 atatue olN.tuaJ• (Shiva)

Chota temples. The bell metal statues ofNataraja and Taujore. In the inscriptiou, tbe mention of Shiva built during Chota period are regarded to be First Pallava king is VJS!mugopa of Kanchi. the best. Gopuram style temple an:hitecture was Simhavisbnu ascended 1he throne in 1he Second developed in this period. half of sixth amtmy AD. After that, the Pallavas IUled for about two centuries. Major Pallava kings Society· included Maha!dmVcrman-1 (around 600-625 Chota kings were the followers of Shaiva AD), arsimhaVerman-1, NanimhaVerman.-D, sect. In the records ofroyal kings, performance of ParameshwarVerman-II, NandiVerman, ashvamedh.a yajna has also been mentioned. NandiVerman-D andAparajit. Womcm used to be tho property ownars in the Mahell:draverman wu a great an:hitl:ct. He society. Dasa and Devadasi systems ~ also built many temples of carved stones. prevalent. Mahell:drave:nn.an-:I also wrote a play named Pllllava))ynuty- Mattavilasa P,.basana. He also got dug tho IWle:rs ofthis dynasty ruled thep:tesantday Mahendra pond. He was defeated by Challlk.ya districts ofAn::ot, Madnls (Chennai), Trichinap;lli king Pnlakeshin-n in arotmd 610 AD. Maherldm's

PALLAVA IT?~ ~~ 64~~~~

Au1b...l an

Map 1.16- Pallava Empire

Fia1.18 Temple oCPaDava Period

Ftg 1.17 M•m•Dapuram ( MababaJipiii'Uil) ltJie of ardllteeture ofPallava period time. Chola kingRijadhiraja defemd Sattashreya, a Chalukya king. But, Somelhwar I IIVeagcd this IOD and Bl~CQCIIIO!' NarsimhaVemum (Mab•m•lla) defeat by not only defeating the Cb.ola king defeased PulW:&hiD n in 642AD and ~ed his Rajadhiraja in the battle of Koppam, but a1.1o capital Vatapi. but the Chal:ukyu took re~ of 115888&inated Rajadhiraja in this battle. The seventh their defeat in 655 AD. Chalukya king king Vikramaditya VII. who wu famous by the Vtkramaditya-1 defeated the Pallava king name of Viknmanka, occupied Kanc;hi. lllld Parameshwarvcrman and o«:upied his <:apital provided protection to the renowned poet Bilhana KIIDcbi The preceding Pallan rulers establilhed a who al.lo wrote a book named reestablished town Mmed Mama11apuram (Mahabalipuram) and Vikram&Dll:adevaeharita, based on the life of built five cbariot templea aver 1here. Here, rock - Vilaamaditya. Despite being Hindus, tho Cb.aluk.ya cut statu.es have been ca:rvccL Pallava rulers built kinga of Va1zlpi and Kalyani pvc patronage to temples in Kmchi too. Somo ofthe Pallava Nlcn Buddhism and Jainipn The Chalnkya kings built were worahippera of V111hnu, while others temples. Famaua jurilt Vijuane&hWIII'II, who had warlhippedSbiVll. composed the 'Mitaklbra' interpretation of ChalukyaDynuty- Yagyawa.lakya Smriti, lived in Kalyani which was the capital oftho ChalukyBs. Mitabbra is regarded Chalukya king Pulakeshin - I had umoffi<:ial.bookofHilldu laws. perfvnned .A.slmamodha Yajna. Chalukyu of Vatapi ruled from 550AD to 151 AD, excluding 13 (ill) Eitemal lavui.ODS and AnimiJatiOJill - yean from (642 AD - 655 AD). Among the Shahs,HunuancJKUJhallu- Chalukya micra, the fourth king - Pnlalcabin D Shaka was a Wlllrior tribe of Central Allia wu the most famous ruler. He occupied the throne which had owupied the entire region of Westcm in 608 AD. JUs empixe extended from river Ar,Mnistan and Balud!istan. From ba-e, The NIIIIDilda in the North to river JCaveri in the South. Sh•Jra• csme to India (Bharat) through Bol!!D PIN He was defeated by the Pallava king in around 71 AD. In the llDm4yana and the NmimhaVerman in 642 AD. Pnla)ceabin'a son Mahabharata, Sb.ab colonies have been Viknmaditya D re-eatabliahed the glory of the mmrtioned along with the Kambojas and Yawn.u. Chalukyas.. Cbalukya king Vlkramaditya ll In the writings ofiCalkac;hatya. invasion ofShalra• defeated the Rashtrakula Iring in 973 AD and onlndia(Bbanlt) has been described. and theybave follllde

the excavated coins and edicts that one of their the title of Maharajadhiraja by gaining control of branches established its domination in Uttarapath Punjab, Rajputana, Sindh and Malwa. Toramana's and Mathura along with lapse oftime they spread in son Mihirakula's reign began from 510 AD and Avanti, Saurashtra and Maharashtra. Sialkot was his capital. Mahirakul hated the Buddhist bhikshus. He destroyed various Maues and Azes have been among the monasteries and stupas. Malwa king Shaka rulers of Taxila. The Shaka power was Yashodharman defeated him. After his defeat, he demolished by the Pallavas in Taxila. Hammamas went to Kashmir and established his empire there. and Hagaan were the initial Shaka Kshtrapas of After the invasion of the Hunas, the Gupta Empire Mathura. In Singha-Sheershak-inscription came to an end and the political unity of India obtained from Mathura, the later Shaka king Rajbul (Bharat) ended. The country was again divided into has been called Mahakshatrapa. The Shakas of small parts. Mathura had expanded their empire up to Eastern Punjab. The Kushanas demolished the Shaka Kushan Dynasty- power in Mathura. Two rulers ofShahrat dynasty of Kushans are also known as Yuezhis or the Shakas - namely Bhumak and N ahapan are Toccharians. Yuezhi tribe was divided into five famous. These Shaka rulers annexed several parts. One of these tribes ruled some parts oflndia regions from the Satavahanas and they established (Bharat). their rule in Maharashtra, Kathiawar and Gujarat. During the reign of Nahapan, India (Bharat) had Kujula Kadphises I (15 AD-65 AD)- cordial trade relations with the western countries. It He established the glory of his tribe. He is evident from the coins excavated from a place merged Southern Afghanistan, Kabul, Kandhar called Jogalthambi, that Nahapan was defeated by and a part ofParthia in his empire. He also adopted Gautamiputra Satakarni. In Nasik insperction, Vedic religion. Gautamiputra Satakarni has been described as the destroyer of Shahrat dynasty. King Chastan, who VimaKadphises11(65AD-75AD)- established the Shaka dynasty in Ujjaini, is He ruled a large part of India (Bharat). He mentioned among the Shaka rulers of Ujjaini and was the follower of Shaiva sect. On some of his Kathiawar. In their edicts and coins, the rulers of coins, image of Tribhuja, Trishuldhari, this dynasty used the Shaka era. Chastan's Vyaghracharmagrahi, protector of Nandi - Lord grandson Rudradaman was an important ruler. We Shiva - have been inscribed. He circulated gold find information about him from Junagarh coins in his name for the first time in India. inscription. Rudradaman's empire extended up to East-Western Malwa, Dwarika, Junagarh, Kanishka- Sabarmati River, Marwar, Indus (Sindhu) valley, He is regarded as one of the important Northern Konkan and Vindhya mountain range. It rulers of India (Bharat). According to tradition, is evident from the excavated coins that Chastan's Fourth Buddhist Council was held in Kundalvana dynasty ended in 305 AD. in Kashmir under the Presidentship of Acharya Hunas- Parshva in Kanishka's time. His first capital was Peshawar (Purushpur) and his second capital was Huna was a barbaric tribe of Central Asia, Mathura. He started a new era in 78 AD, which is just like the Shakas, entered India (Bharat) from renowned in the name of Shaka era. Kanishka North-Western frontier. They were also called conquered Kashmir and established a town named 'Daityas'. First, they invaded India (Bharat) during Kanishkapur. He also gained victory over Kashgar, the reign of Skandagupta in around 458 AD, and Yarkand and Khotan. A gold coin which has been were defeated. After some time, a chief named excavated from Mahasthan (Bogra) has a standing Toramana destroyed the Gupta empire and gained statue of Kanishka inscribed on it. Another statue

of Kani&hb has been found in Mathura. In dlis Panhava, Vasmnitra and Ashvaghosha, famous statue, he is weerin,g a robe up to his knees wi1h malhematiciana like Nagamjuaa and reii:OWIIed heavy boom. On a copper coin, Kanishka has been surgeons~ Clwak were pre6CJit. The Mahayana shown performing sacrifice at an altar. In the royal sect of Buddhism advanced and spread during court of Kanish'ka• Buddhist intellectuals like Kanisb'ka'smign.

SOGDIANA FERGHANA CHINA

BACTRIA PAnl•~~l..;l,i Bactra • • sur.kh *Baaram HINDU-KUSH GANDHARA

ARAC OSIA KUSHAN EMPIRE GEDROSIA? Saketa • U.Uain Pataliputra• WEST-ERN• • Vidlsa SATRAPS • • • Kundina Champa Bal'Ygata Pune • * Pratishthana SATAVAHANA EMPIRE• Amaravati

PANOYAN CHOLAS KINGbOM

;. ' . ~------~·; ------~ Fig. 1.19 KUJban Empire

Fig. l.ll Coim ofKUJban Period

In North India (Bharat), the Kushan kings battle. ruled till 230 AD. At that time, India's (Bharat's) 8. Aryabhata, Varamihira and Brahmagupta trade with Rome was extremely profitable as a significantly contributed to the development result India became very prosperous. of mathematics and astrology in the Gupta period. Assimilation- 9. Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty was founded by a Shaka, Hunas and Kushanas - all three lord named Nagabhatta in 725 AD. As his were foreign tribes. Indeed, they ruled India empire was established in Gujarat, hence the (Bharat), but gradually, they assimilated into name Gurjara-Pratihara was conferred on this Indian (Bharatiya) society and culture. Due to the dynasty. liberalist policy of the Indians (Bharatiyas ), these 10. Chola ruler Rajadhiraja I built a Shiva temple barbaric tribal clans became a part of society. The named Rajarajeshwara (Brihadeshwara) Kushana rulers were ardent followers of Vedic temple in his capital Tanjore. Bell metal religion and they remained loyal towards Shaivite statues of Lord Shiva built in Chola period are sect. Service of Buddhism done by Kanishka made regarded as excellent works of sculpting. him one ofthe greatest kings to rule India (Bharat). 11. In Nasik records, Satavahana ruler Gautami Important Points Satakarni has been described as 'the destroyer 1. Information about the Republics of Shaharat dynasty' because he had (Mahajanapadas) is obtained from the destroyed the Shakas. Mahabharata, Buddhist Literature and 12. Kanishka started a new era in 78 AD which is Chanakya'sArthashastra. known by the name of Shaka era. 2. Kabul, Herat, Kandhar, Baluchistan, the Punjab, Ganga-Yamuna Plains, Bihar, Very Short Answer Type Questions- Bengal, Gujarat, Vindhya and part ofKashmir 1. Which were the major Mahajanapadas of were included in the vast empire of Rajasthan? Chandragupta Maurya. 2. What was the name of the Greek ambassador 3. The ideals which were laid by Ashoka for the who visited Bindusara's court? purpose ofmoral upliftment ofmankind came 3. What is the name of Ashoka as per the to be known as Dhamma. According to him, Puranas? renouncing evil actions, welfare of all, 4. Who was the last Mauryan Ruler? compassion, charity, truth and purity of 5. What was the work of an officer named actions is Dhamma. 'Samaharta'? 4. Most ofAshoka's records are in Brahmi script, 6. Write the name of the book written by though his rock edicts from North-west India Kautilya. (Bharat) are in Kharoshti script which have 7. Name the ruler in whose reign Patanjali was been derived from Aramaic. James Pricep was present. the first person to become successful in 8. What is the name ofthe most powerful ruler of interpreting the rock edicts ofAshoka. Satavahana Dynasty? 5. According to Kautilya, the seven components 9. Who was the author of'Allahabad Prashasti"? of a state are - Raja, Amatya, Janapada, In which ruler's court was he present? Durga, Sena and Mitra. 10. Name the lake built by the Mauryas which 6. All the Satavahana rulers were ardent was renovated by Skandagupta. followers of Hinduism. They established 11. Write the names of literary creations of Vedic Yajnas and Varnashrama system and Harshavardhana. confronted the Yavanas and the Shakas. 12. Name the religion which was followed by 7. According to Allahabad Prashasti, rulers ofthe Pala dynasty. Samudragupta was never defeated in any

Short Answer Type Questions 2. Give a description of administration and society ofMauryan period. 1. Name the Republics mentioned in the 3. Describe the major rulers of Gupta dynasty Mahajanapadas. 2. Write the essence ofAshoka's Dhamma. and write a short note on cultural achievements during this period. 3. Elucidate the cultural contribution of 4. Give a detailed description of Chola and Samudragupta. Chalukya empires ofthe South. 4. Give a brief description of Rashtrakuta Dynasty. 5. Write a short note on Chola administration. 6. What do you know about Pallava dynasty? 7. Mention the contribution ofKanishka. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Describe the Mahajanapadas and give an introduction of the major Janapadas of Rajasthan.

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