American Public University the Historians

AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

THE HISTORIANS' QUEST FOR MORALITY

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO

THE FACULTY OF DR. JOHN CHAPPO

IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS IN GLOBAL HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

J MICHAEL ANDERSON

CHARLES TOWN, WEST VIRGINIA

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...... iv

INTRODUCTION...... 1

Morality in History...... 6

Modern Historians Endeavoring Objectivity Hinders the Historical Quest of Morality...... 38

Deniers of Historical Events Hinder Historical Teaching of Morality...... 44

The Effects of Morality or Immorality in Politics and Geography...... 50

The Effects of Morality or Immorality in Education...... 55

The World Needs a Renaissance or a Revival of Morality...... 62

APPENDIX...... 87

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 88 iv

ABSTRACT

Briefly summarize the thesis and contents of the paper (Turabian A.2.1). 1

INTRODUCTION

Read any newspaper; listen to any radio news broadcast; watch the world television networks and it quickly becomes obvious that people are not at peace with one another or with themselves. Frustrations from individual daily living conditions in governments, and lack of understanding and respect to fellow man cause uprisings against historic regimes, and religious establishments. But, all countries must harness the wisdom of religion to solve their economic and social problems in hopes of creating peace between the world powers divided between the

Israelis, the Arabs, the Iranians, the Turks, the Kurds, the Armenians, the Americans, the

Africans, the Europeans, and the Asians without violent confrontation. There must be a comprehensive transformation of hospitality, generosity, strong family ties, and true empathy for the needs and feelings of others. This comes from the historian’s quest for morality, which can dramatically effect change. World History offers an overview of the entire history of humankind. In identifying the major characteristics or elements of civilization (the development of religion, the calendar, writing, the specialization of workers, the rise of cities, advanced technologies, and the development of complex institutions), major emphasis is placed on the study of significant people, events, and issues from the earliest times to the present. As historians try to find answers from the past to better understand the future, it is important to review the early major civilizations of the world (the early Near East, the early Indian, the early

Chinese, and the early Americans). The fact that many roots of antiquity—especially, that of world ancestries—have many Biblical origins and must be realized as accepted. Traditional historical points of reference in world history are identified through analysis of important events and issues in world civilization. Historians evaluate the causes and effects of political and economic revolutions and examine the impact of geographic factors on major historic events while identifying the historic origins of contemporary economic systems. This process causes 2

analysis of the evolution of democratic-republican governments. Speculative analyses of historic

documents question their influences. The historical developments of important legal and

political concepts are traced through the world, while examining the history and impact of the

major religious and philosophical traditions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and

Judaism). These developments are questioned in ways of measurement through the connections

between major developments in science and technology and the growth of industrial economies,

and the process of historical inquiry to research, interpret, and use multiple sources of evidence.

When looking at history, historians break the story into divisions. Whether contemplating the

coming of civilization, the birth of civilization, empires and cultures of the ancient world,

consolidation and interaction of world civilizations, the world in transition, the enlightenment

and revolution of the East and the West, the modern world, or global conflict and change, the

application of discovery forces the historian to consider the constant quest for morality in history

and its consequential impacts. It is important to view the concepts of morality in relation to

secular morality, spiritual morality, and mere social convention in the quest for morality in

history. When historians seek historical concepts of morality, it is necessary to analyze the

various parts of social science. Social science, at first, focuses on the local community and

family; then, it is realized as a discipline-based and content-specific, which includes various

fields which involve past and current human behaviour and interactions in sociology, history,

political science, economics, religion, geography and anthropology. It begins in the roots of

ancient philosophy—the Law of Moses, the Hammurabi Law Code (died c. 1750 BC)—first king

of Babylonian Empire, Solon (c. 638 BC–558 BC)—Athenian Lawmaker, Lycurgus of Sparta

(800 BC?–730 BC?), Spartan Lawgiver, etcetera. The recent developments came forth from the

moral philosophy of the time of the eighteenth century and were influenced by the Age of

Revolutions, such as the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution and philosophers such 10

and Mongolia, confirms this statement, “There is nothing new in the attempt to understand

history as a whole. To know how humanity began and how it has come to its present condition is

one of the oldest and most universal of human needs expressed in the religious and philosophical

systems of every civilization.”7 Man already clearly knows the answer concerning existence, but

denial of the reasons for fallen man and justification of dementia pushes farther away from the

answer. This is very sad because God gave man the answer at Creation. A world that professes

wisdom shows ignorance by challenging the very existence of God, and exchanging truth for

fairy tales. In Jim Barrie’s version of the fairytale, Peter Pan, the Darling children are lured to

fulfill their dreams, believing they can do things inhuman. Unfortunately, the world is being

lured in the quest of personal lusty fulfillments, and materialistic goals. It is okay to desire better

as long as the desire does not replace certain realities. Before man should focus on the existence

of humanity, though, the attention should be on the Divine existence. Man’s existence has been

marked by necessity and desperation, which should have caused man to seek God’s face but,

instead, has drifted further from God. Before the human race can ever come to grips with the

reality of the origin of his existence, he needs to pray the prayer of Job, “Oh that I knew where I

might find him! That I might come even to his seat!--I would order my cause before him and fill

my mouth with arguments.--I would know the words which he would answer me, and understand

what he would say unto me (Job 23: 3-5, KJV). Man needs to earnestly seek God, the source of

all of life’s answers. Before the communication age of technological advancements of cell

phones and emails; travel enhancements through the use of supersonic jets; before over 192

countries established independence from their mother countries—including the breakup of the

Soviet Union, after 1990; before world growth population rates reached over 6 billion people—

with Asia, South America, and Africa flourishing; before controversial issues like “most-favored

7. David Christian, “Series Editor's Preface,” in A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), xi. 11 nation” statuses became paramount in historical and economical debates; before the Yangtze

River was damned to prevent mass destruction from flooding; before there was man, or even an earth formed for his inhabitance; and before there were angels and cherubs to sing and dance about in poetry, there was God! Civilization cannot exist without God. The refusal to discuss

God in civilization and the denial of HIS existence shows that the history of mankind is very unpleasantly uncivilized because, without God in civilization, the faults of man, in spite of his great accomplishments, are like a very selfish animal. The question of misery in the world was even addressed by the Buddha, Prince Siddhartha, over 2,500 years ago. R.P. Lebret said it correctly, when he said this about civilization, “Civilization ceases when we no longer respect and no longer put into their correct places the fundamental values, such as work, family and country, such as the individual, honor and religion.”8 It is obvious that the world as we know it has lost its respect for the individual, the family, country, and religion. This lack of respect questions honor. God-given freedoms have been replaced with demented forms of bondage.

Thomas Jefferson, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States of America, posed the question, reminding, with conviction, that liberty is a gift from God, “Can the liberties of a nation be sure when we remove their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people, that these liberties are the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with His wrath.”9

It has been said that truth is stranger than fiction, but, while fiction never becomes truth, fiction is often believed as truth. Much fiction has assumed the roles of history. History is so vast, in order to grasp better meaning, it is easier by dividing the world into blocs which include: the

8. R.P. Lebret, “Best Quotes Poems,” Retrieved from http://www.best-quotes-poems.com/civilization- quotes.html (accessed December 2, 2009).

9. Thomas Jefferson, “The Library of Oratory, ancient and modern, with critical studies of the world's grea orators by eminent essayists,” Internet Archive, Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/stream/libraryoforatory08depeuoft/libraryoforatory08depeuoft_djvu.txt (accessed December 3, 2009). 12

modern West, the Islamic crescent, South and much of Southeast Asia, East Asia, the Latin

South, Great Africa and the Caribbean, and the Pacific region. Marshall Hodgson, a former

Islamic Studies academic and a world historian at the University of Chicago, and placed Islamic

history in a broader context of modern world history. In Rethinking World History, Hodgson

argues for one history, “There is but one history—global history—and that all partial or

privileged accounts must necessarily be resituated in a world historical context.”10 However, it is

a natural human phenomenon to question individual societies and civilizations. We want to

know the differences regarding our civilization in comparison to other civilizations and,

somehow, feel superior; but, man, without God, is inferior. Many things from the past relates to

the modern age. Different cultures in our modern age have qualities in common to those

centuries ago. In the comparison, people scrutinize interlocking complex rulers and subjects,

governments and laws, arts and letters, cultures and customs, cities and villages. Most people

accept the fact that our history is one with the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia (the cradle of

civilization), Persia, and other Middle Eastern lands. Even in the light of modern science and

technology, philosophy, and mathematics, credit is given to the Hebrews, the Mesopotamians,

the Egyptians, the Persians, and the Greeks. This quest of history and morality demonstrates

existence in a world of wrenching change and rising conflict between nations. It is obvious that

the world is turbulent. People are shackled by violent oppressions and diversions from the truth;

and lies will bring damnation. Every student that has ever taken a health class knows that to be

healthy, one must be mentally, physically, socially, and spiritually healthy, but the world is very

sick and unhealthy because it subverts the realities of existence and Godly morality. John

Dewey, an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, along with Charles

10. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, “Part III: The discipline of world history: 12. Conditions of historical comparison among ages and regions: The limitations of their validity: Structural Unity: Its Effects On The Bases of Comparison,” in Rethinking world History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and world History, Cambridge ed. (New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 272-73. 13

Sanders Peirce, and William James, is recognized as one of the very influential founders of the

philosophy of pragmatism and of functional psychology. In Reconstruction in Philosophy,

Dewey shows the difference in man and animals by comparing memory of past actions and the

reminder throughout life, “Man differs from the lower animals because he preserves his past

experiences. What happened in the past is lived again in memory . . . Man lives in a world where

each occurrence is charged with echoes and reminiscences of what has gone before, where each

event is a reminder of other things.11 The origin of history is very important because the

acceptance of that origin is in direct relation to the acceptance of the originator or the Creator.

Without time, there would be no history. These statements invoke debate and defense of Biblical

teachings and Christianity. The story of man, power, and the rise of civilizations only affirm the

original story found in the Bible—God’s story. So, really, history is HIS-story. When being

skeptical of Biblical truths, let us remember that the Bible has been validated on many occasions.

In defense, the Bible was written by over forty different authors; covering over fifteen hundred

years of history; on a least three different continents. Many times the Biblical record is the only

record of a lost civilization or people. Suddenly, the record is consulted by archaeologists and

confirmed. Then, at some moment in time, authenticity is credited to Divine inspiration, which

literally translates as being “God-breathed or inspired.” When this is the case, scholars are left to

speculation to determine the history, but they, at the same time, admit personal error and

authenticate the Scripture. The truths found in the Bible are like a buried treasure waiting to be

unearthed. For example, the Scripture states that the life of the flesh is in the blood. For so

many years people were bled in an effort to heal their diseases and many died. Today, people are

not bled, they are given blood transfusions. During Christopher Columbus’ time, it was

commonly believed the world was flat and ships were limited to the distance of travel.

11. John Dewey, “Chapter I. Changing Conceptions of Philosophy,” in Reconstruction in Philosophy, Enl ed. Beacon paperback 48 (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2004), 1. 31

historical existence. The question of good cannot now be separated from the question of life, the question of history.33

What are the issues concerning history? When studying history, it is important to study religion,

psychology, sociology, and some works of literature. [As a side-note, it is rather awkward to

witness nations that do not emphasis the study of literature. Because studying literature teaches

people how to think, these nations seem to have some backward thinking]. Historians, form

broad perspectives, are forced to view different world cultures, and different sociological ideas.

In the process of learning historical research methods, examining historiographical works, and

analyzing different scars of historical events like the Jewish Holocaust, Tiananmen Square, and

the world revolutions, some historians realize the need for solid answers to the problems of

society. C. Thomas McIntire is an accomplished professor of history and religions at the

University of Toronto. In God, History, and Historians, McIntire confirms the issues of history

and the need for morality in history, and the renewed Christian interest in history,

The range of issues concerning history to which they [main contributors] and others have addressed themselves covers the theology of history, the philosophy of history, and historiography. It includes questions of the meaning of history, time, the nature of history, God’s work in history, laws in history, religion and culture, the character of historical study and historical knowledge. The renewed Christian views of history are no narrow phenomenon.

It is important to view the concepts of morality in relation to secular morality, spiritual and

morality, and mere social convention in the quest for morality in history. When historians seek

historical concepts of morality, it is necessary to analyze the various parts of social science.

Social science, at first, focuses on the local community and family; then, it is realized as being

discipline-based and content-specific, which includes various fields involving past and current

human behavior and interactions in sociology, history, political science, economics, religion,

geography, and anthropology. It begins in the roots of ancient philosophy—the Law of Moses,

33. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, “Part One: VI. History and Good: Good and Life,” in Ethics, ed. Eberhard Bethge, trans. Neville Horton Smith (First Touchstone. 6th German Edition; reprint, New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1995), 1995, 75. 32

the Hammurabi Law Code (died c. 1750 BC)—first king of the Babylonian Empire, Solon (c.

638 BC-558 BC)—Athenian Lawmaker, Lycurgus of Sparta (800 BC?-730 BC?), Spartan

Lawgiver, etcetera. The recent developments came forth from the moral philosophy of the time

of the eighteenth century and were influenced by the Age of Revolutions, such as the Industrial

Revolution and the French Revolution and philosopher such as Diderot and Rousseau. In a time

of modernization, the senses of historians have become lulled by the liberal pressures of the

times. What is the impact of morality on history as it relates from the past to the present? Can

the historic discovery of the physical, the legal, the social, the religious, and the moral sanctions

of conduct impact an awakening to the consequences of global history and change? How were

people like, Mohandas Gandhi, Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King, Jr., the Dalai Lama, Joseph

Stalin, Augusto Pinochet, Adolf Hitler, Osama Bin Laden, and Pol Pot alike? How were they

different? How have different feelings of empathy historically shaped events of the past? How

ill they impact the future? When viewing the history of creation, from the Garden of Eden to the

present day, we realize that humanity is the highest, wisest, most principled creature and is also,

simultaneously, since the slaying of Abel by his brother, Cain, the lowest, cruelest, and most

blood-drenched creature. Morality is based on some stages of cognitive development.

Psychologist, Robert Barron, in Understanding People: Children, Youth, and Adults,

Lawrence Kohlberg identifies six well-defined stages at three different levels through childhood and adolescence based on a sense of right and wrong. These stages represent growth of moral concepts or ways of judging, and not moral behaviour. His stages are based on Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. The three different levels are: Level 1, based on punishments and rewards; Level 2, based on society conformity, and Level 3, based on moral principles. As individuals develop in their thinking processes, they can make moral judgments, and examples of kinds of behaviour which are typical at each level are identified.34

34. Robert Barron, J. Omar Brubaker, and Robert E. Clark, “Chapter 1. Understanding Human Development,” in Understanding People: Children, Youth, and Adults, Third ed. (Wheaton, IL: Evangelical Training Association, 1989), 8-9. 33

As these stages of morality are truly innate, it stands to reason that our highly developed

sense of morality should separate humans from other creatures. Do we understand good and

bad? Do we know the difference in right and wrong? Do we feel the pain of fellow man? If not,

we have cheated our potential for development. G. Clotaire Rapaille, is a French-born American

market researcher, author, and internationally known expert in Archetype Discoveries and

Creativity. In The Culture Code: An Ingenious Way to Understand Why People Around the

World Live and Buy as They Do, Rapaille discusses cultural behaviours and ideas concerning

age, patience, sophistication, and the understanding of limitations as they relate to older cultures,

Our cultural adolescence informs our behaviour in a wide variety of ways. It is an incredibly powerful part of our reference system, maybe the strongest in our culture. The theme of adolescence shows up in nearly every American discovery session. Conversely, themes associated with age—patience, sophistication, and the understanding of limits, among others—emerge with great regularity in discovery sessions held in older cultures.35

As previously mentioned, Kluger, discusses the savageness and the splendor of an

individual, “If the entire human species were a single individual, that person would have been

declared mad . . . The madness would lie instead in the fact that both of those qualities, the

savage and the splendid, can exist in one creature, one person, often in one instant.”36 Without

morality, the report of history becomes precisely what groups like Marxists, proponents of

feminism, and their demonic hosts want it to suit—totally malleable to whatever ideological

vanity or lie they propose at any given moment. Two recent articles in Time magazine poses

questions of morality in a worldwide sense—especially the United States. When these articles

are shared with students, very interesting responses are solicited. It is apparent that conservative

Christian ideas greatly conflict with secular notions of morality. Perhaps it is important for some

35. Clotaire Rapaille, “Chapter 2. The Growing Pains of an Adolescent Culture: Codes for Love, Seduction, and Sex: If You Don't Kill The King, You Can Stay Young Forever,” in The culture Code: An ingenious way to understand why people around the world buy and live as they Do (New York: Broadway Books, 2006), 64.

36. Kluger, “What Makes Us Moral,” 58. 3636

Revolution. Charles Dickens, in A Tale of Two Cities, provides a very appropriate comment concerning mankind and immorality,

Crush humanity out of shape once more, under similar hammers, and it will twist itself into the same tortured forms. Sow the same seed of rapacious license and oppression over again, and it will surely yield the same fruit according to its kind . . ..

Six tumbrils roll along the streets. Change these back again to what they were, thou powerful enchanter, Time, and they shall be seen to be the carriages of absolute monarchs, the equipages of feudal nobles, the toilettes of flaring Jezebels, the churches that are not my Father’s house but den of thieves, the huts of millions of starving peasants! . . . Changeless and hopeless, the tumbrils roll along.3939

As these dung carts roll down the street, education is suppressed—trying to objectively appeal, without offence, to every amoeba in the classroom, and on the school boards of education, crime and punishment, under the guise of concern for the treatment of humanity, become an unreasonable burden on society. Prison chaplains cannot rehabilitate inmates because the state forces them to treat all ideas of religion as equally the same; wonderful non-profit organizations, like the Boy Scouts of America, are confronted and reprimanded for teaching Godly morals, and

Christian codes of conduct; historians must remain objective to the point of depressing and denying truths of history, while trying not to offend the agnostic, atheistic, evolutionist, and the

Freudian psychoanalysis of egos without personal responsibility. In the mean time the dung carts the streets of society with reeking human waste. Infection and disease rampantly destroy our communities. There has to be an answer to all the chaos. Just as the sculpture entitled,The

Thinker , by Musee Rodin, depicts a man in sober meditation of the internal struggle of intellect regarding the eternity of Heaven, eternal life, and Hell, eternal damnation, the world needs to contemplate the moral condition of humanity through the works of history. This is the only solution to overcome the pessimistic story of mankind, which are infiltrated with stories of injustice, unhappiness, and oppressive brutality. This is the way to learn the many lessons ofof

3939. Charles Dickens, “The Third Book: The Track of a Storm: 15: The Footsteps Die Out for Ever,” in A A Tale of Two Cities (First Signet Classic Printing , vol. 0. reprint, New York (Busch Introduction, n.d.), under "Signet Classics, 1997), 362." 3737 history. Citizens of the world have a responsibility to promote the protection of federal, state, and local laws in Godly conduct to improve the lives of friends, family, and neighbors. 3838

Chapter 2

Modern Historians Endeavoring Objectivity Hinders the Historical Quest of Morality

Sometimes historical objectivity gets interpreted as accepting any theory riding on the

winds of change as absolute truth. This contradicts personal religious convictions and moral

obligations. Truth and the historian’s story should interconnect in an overlapping manner of

credence. The story authenticates valuable scientific academia. In contrast, prominent historical

influences dominate the world of scholarship and determine to control the waves of freedom and

diversity. Fictional stories, myths, and legends camouflage truth and replace it with unreal

semblances. The whole world seems to accept these “wives tales” and distortion clouds the

purposes of mankind and scholarship. Instead of progress, society digresses from the common

understanding and acceptance of other peoples. Shrouding truth in myth will never be the

solution. While many debate the origins of mankind, and in the understanding that neither

predominant theory of man’s genesis, has been totally proven, the theory of creation,

respectively, is more provable than the theory of evolution. The history student is blatantly

compelled to ignore the supporting evidence and the consequences of Creation, to either accept

the theory of evolution as absolute truth or dispute it—but, that is not allowed in educational

environments. There are many questions that every history student is forced to contemplate.

This quest includes seeking similarities in world civilizations and how each civilization has b een

influenced by certain or common aspects. The basis of the argument concerns humanity and the

responsibility to society. History teaches us to consider what it means to be a participant in the

human drama. Our understanding of our identity: who we are, where we came from, and where

we are going comes from many stories of our past. These stories powerfully influence our

understanding of history. Of course, these stories are told and re-told from different 39

perspectives. As such, they will be the most controversial areas of human knowledge.

Historians endeavor to be neutrally objective and unbiased. Perhaps this has a place but the

liberal proponents of history that advocate objectivity have caused people to deny the truth of

history. How is scholarship maintained when it is expected to write and speak in support of

redundant fairy tales? Anna Green is the senior lecturer in the History Department at the

University of Exeter. According to her website she is interested in the research in the field of

public history ad oral history with an interest in the diverse ways the past is represented and

understood through heritage sites, museums and the media. Her research explores the

contribution oral histories make to contemporary questions in twentieth-century social and

cultural history and, in particular, our understanding of historical consciousness. In The Houses

of History: A Critical Reader in Twentieth-Century History and Theory, Green refers to the

Empiricists ideas of history and mentions Leopold von Ranke, who “argued that historians

should refrain from judging the past and simply write what actually happened . . . Ranke

perceived human history as the working out of God’s will.”40 Rights, privileges, duties, and

obligations vary from country to country according to the purposes and forms of government of

each. While people have the responsibility to respect the rights of other governments, they also

have the responsibility to speak out and take action to change injustice and the violation of

human rights by other governments. There are democratic answers to global questions. The

problem with current objectivity in history is that, in modern times, if you speak out, you are

being judgmental, intolerant, and disrespectful according to the liberal proponents of history. It

remains important to place emphasis on the ease of explaining cultures and histories from the

correct Divine viewpoint. When perverted theories appear as scientific law, problems arise that

hinders human benefit. Mankind denies God-given choices of either truth or rhetorical

40. Anna Green, and Kathleen Troup, “1. The Empiricists,” in The houses of History: A critical reader in twentieth-Century history and Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 2. 40

imagining in justifying their own dementia. Strong delusions pervade man’s analytical thinking

and promote deceptive data that prevents man from reaching higher heights of development.

Unbiased historians trying to show a pretense of objectivity is hindering the historical teachings

of morality. Modern historians’ concern about offense hinders accurate presentation of facts.

Oscar Handlin was a Russian Jew, and an American historian, who taught at Brooklyn College.

His work centered around U.S. immigrants and their influence on culture. He was a Pulitzer

Prize winner for the book, The Uprooted. In Truth in History, Handlin comments intensely on

the crisis of history, negligent historians, propagandists, politicians, dramatists, novelists,

journalists, and social engineers,

The crisis in history is the result not the death of the past but of its misappropriation. Its negligent guardians have lost command. Confused by new gadgets, internally divided and distracted by the racket outside, they have allowed their subject to slip into the hands of propagandists, politicians, dramatists, novelists, journalists, and social engineers.41

There is a false security in not facing the truth and consequences of the world’s actions.

What is the purpose of history? Where is the benefit of history—especially, when many

historians tell the same story from the same perspective? When errors are made and are still

treated as infallible truth, the credibility of the text and the author is at stake. It seems that truth

is shrouded in defense of theory. This hinders the real discoveries of authenticity and applicable

meanings to history. Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr. discusses the importance of history,

History does not repeat itself, even if historians repeat other historians . . .

Historians do not treat all recorded events as being equally important, any more than you would if you were calling home just after you had arrived at a new place . . .

We ask not only what events occurred but also why.42

The psychologist Sigmund Freud erringly taught that man can blame his vile actions on

someone else. Man must become responsible for his own actions. Contrary to many historian

41. Handlin, Truth in History, 21.

42. Goldschmidt, A Concise History of the Middle East , 2-3. 41

proponents of objectivity, history is never a neutral story or a complete worldview because

history is always an individual’s story. These personal histories are diverse social histories.

They are not objective because they are interpreted through the personal experiences of daily

living, their family views, and the memorabilia of pictures and artifacts. To live life to the

fullest, there must be recognition of the vast difference between making a living and building a

life. Understanding the importance of life begins with realizing its great value. Life refers to the

existence of an individual within certain time limits. These limits vary according to God’s plan

for each person. A distinction must be made between physical and spiritual life. The value of

life can be seen both in how people and God evaluate life. Wars, religious beliefs, motivations,

superstitions, and ideologies reveal much of how people value life. The differences in evaluation

are easily seen by comparing the values in those nations which have retained some allegiance to

Christian ideals to those which have rejected them. In countries where Christian principles are

practiced, a higher value is evidenced. Historians seek to promote in seeking commonality

among all peoples of all civilizations. However, in their views of objectivity, they have become

liberal in their thinking and exhibit a deceptive type of world conformity, meaning when

historians parrot the acceptable ideas of modern objectivity, the story is deception. It is very

similar and relevant to the practices of deception in warfare. Michael Dewar, in The Art of

Deception in Warfare, discusses the “tendency . . . for the mind to be lulled by regularity and

routine. It tends to pay less attention to events which occur again and again and is not good at

spotting marginal or gradual changes.”43 Yet, the recklessness of mundane history teachers and

textbooks has lulled society from the realities surrounding them. Historians need to wake up

from their slumbering! History should be an alarm clock to society—not just mundane dates of

wars and rulers. Objectivity is teaching or promoting immorality instead of morality! Man was

43. Michael Dewar, “1. Towards a Theory of Deception,” in The art of deception in Warfare, Newton Abbot, Devon: David amp; Charles Publishers ed. (New York, NY: Sterling Pub., 1989), 10. 48

subjugation of the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, in 1931, “the goal of which was to

subjugate the entire land and its people.”50 A nation that unjustly endures such repression and

persecution grows tired and weak from fighting. Many times, they just give in to the demands

surrounding them. Is this what is happening in the history academic? Are conservative moral

historians wilting to the pressures of liberal immoral historians?

Huntington discusses the higher levels of civilization through the advancement of greater

education, awareness, and understanding of the human society in a modern society but he also

talks about the rise of chaos, and moral reversion in prophetic form,

Conceivably modernization and human moral development produced by greater education, awareness, and understanding of human society and its natural environment produce sustained movement toward higher and higher levels of Civilization . . .

Modernization has generally enhanced the material level of Civilization throughout the world. But has it also enhanced the moral and cultural dimensions of Civilization? In some respects this appears to be the case. Slavery, torture, vicious abuse of individuals, have become less and less acceptable in the contemporary world . . .

Much evidence exists in the 1990s for the relevance of the “sheer chaos” paradigm of world affairs: a global breakdown of law and order, failed states and increasing anarchy in many parts of the world, a global crime wave, transnational mafias and drug cartels, increasing drug addiction in many societies, a general weakening of the family, a decline in trust and social solidarity in ,many countries, ethnic, religious, and civilizational violence and rule by the gun prevalent in much of the world. In city after city—Moscow, Rio de Janeiro, Bangkok, Shanghai, London, Rome, Warsaw, Tokyo, Johannesburg, Delhi, Karachi, Cairo, Bogota, Washington—crime seems to be soaring and basic elements of Civilization fading away.51

Is the lack of the acceptance of Christianity the cause for such means of annihilation?

What about the Christian slaveholders in the United States? What about the cruel treatment of

mankind through slavery that was justified in the name of Christianity? What about the

thousands of people that died during the Crusades in the name of conquer and domination? This

type of cruelty is unjustifiable and has no Scriptural precedence. The world would be better off

50. John Rabe, “Part I: From John Rabe's Nanking Diary: Chapter 1: How It Began,” in The good man of Nanking: The diaries of John Rabe, ed. Erwin Wickert (New York: Random House, 1998), 3.

51. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and The Remaking of World Order , 320-21. 49

had the Jewish holocaust, the Rape of Nanking, ethnic cleansing, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and

others had never occurred; but to forget these atrocities and to deny their happenings would be

more detrimental to society. It is important to take initiative to learn from the mistakes of the

past. It is important to maintain sharpened swords and stay prepared to defend the truth of

history against deniers. 50

Chapter 4

The Effects of Morality or Immorality in Politics and Geography

Much has already been said concerning morality of certain nations and geographical

regions. This is appropriate because of the interconnection between religion, geography, and

politics. Citizenship, as debated by the Greeks, is the set of privileges and freedoms, duties and

responsibilities of people living in a governed community. Government has obligations to its

citizens and citizens have obligations to their government. The basic rules of citizenship lie in

the balance between what the government does for the people and what it asks of them in return.

The interdependence of today’s world has broadened the meaning of civic virtue, our obligation

to do the best for all people in our communities. Civic virtue no longer means only defending

our nation when it is threatened. It also means respecting the global diversity of other people so

that the world community can cooperate for the good of all and, hopefully, avoid conflict. But,

how can this happen, without morality? Dewey, discusses the purpose of government and relates

it to the moral responsibility to its citizens and to every member of society,

Government, business, art, religion, all social institutions have a meaningful, purpose. That purpose is to set free and to develop the capacities of human individual without respect to race, sex, class or economic status. This is one way of saying that the test of their value is the extent to which they educate every individual into the full stature of his possibility. Democracy has many meanings, but if it has a moral meaning, it is found in resolving that the supreme test of all political institutions and industrial arrangements shall be the contribution they make to the all-around growth of every member of society . . . We are weak today in ideal matters because intelligence is divorced from aspiration. The bare force of circumstance compels us onwards. When philosophy shall have co- operated with the course of events and made clear and coherent the meaning of the daily detail, science and emotion will interpenetrate, practice and imagination will embrace. Poetry and religious feeling will be the unforced flowers of life.52

When the world’s citizens judge how other nations respect or violate values such as

justice, freedom, equality, diversity, honesty, dignity, due process, and ethical behavior, they are

compelled to judge their own values and national character in regard to tolerance or intolerance

52. Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy, 186, 212. 62

Chapter 6

The World Needs a Renaissance or a Revival of Morality

Much of today’s generation lives in the present, fails to reflect on the past, and hence has forgotten much of the history that has given certain movements strength. Many lack the strength of historical connectivity that establishes a healthy self-image. By not understanding where they came from, they hardly know who they are. With a weakened self-image, they fall to compromise and spiritual erosion. Terrell, comments on iniquity and its influence on humanity,

“Scripture and history bear witness to the “mystery of iniquity.” What is this mystery, and where does it originate? Moreover, how does it affect its influence upon human life in thought, culture, and institutional life?”65 Insight into the past lends strength to the present: a strong personal identity and a healthy self-image result from grasping history. The study of history and developments religious—especially, Christian—history will fortify the believer and give greater definition to current movements of the twenty-first century, which also helps define the many attributes of personal identity. History tells the modern story, but many Christian movements find their roots in the Bible and stands upon the Holy writ. Identity is made of up many attributes, which include philosophy, creeds, traditions, and personalities. Philosophy contributes to some people’s understanding of their identity. For example, philosophies of evolution, behavioral psychology, relativism, pluralism, and humanism tell some of who they are and why they live. Creeds contribute to some people’s understanding of their identity.

Condensed statements of doctrines and dogmas give them a sense of their existence. However, with the Bible standing as the ultimate resource of truth, a strong and healthy identity emerges that resists compromise and spiritual erosion. Traditions testify of people’s identity. They express who they are through their lifestyle. Their worship traditions speak of their religious identity; their social and family traditions speak of their cultural identity. Those that build Bible

65. Terrell, Resurrecting the Third Reich: Are we ready for America's modern Fascism, 19. 63 norms into their traditions of life establish a Biblical identity and experience great strength of character. Personalities contribute to a person’s identity. Parents, teachers, and role models superimpose an identity and understanding of personal value and worth. Those that allow the

Bible to serve as the primary source of personal identity find a root system that holds them throughout life’s every storm and compels them to do God’s will. Some allow heretics from history to superimpose an identity upon them. Some have attempted to link 21st century movements with purported champions of the doctrine from the past. Bonhoeffer states, “The knowledge of good and evil seem to be the aim of all ethical reflection.”66 Does the future carry an authority superior to anything that has actually happened? Ultimately, the Bible emerges as the supreme source to give a person or movement a solid identity. The individual finds security and health in comprehending that God shaped him or her into a special, unique soul made in the image of God; likewise, some movements find purpose and direction by embracing Bible-based identity. Rather than a foundational identity that comes from man’s philosophies, creeds, traditions, or personalities, the Word of God, unshakable in Biblical security, is the acceptable force of the modern day approach to effectively touching this world that has faced much opposition obligated to oppress and obliterate the things of God.

Because of what is referred to as the “Dark Ages” of Christianity, the story begins at the

Renaissance and continues beyond the Protestant Reformation. Before the European

Renaissance, people had learned to love more the writings of the great authors than the Author of

Life Himself. Men became philosophers giving justification to their immoral lusts and standards of living. Religious creations cause man to forget the purpose and fulfillment of life. James

Allen, was a British philosophical writer, known for his inspirational books and poetry, in As a

Man Thinketh,

66. Bonhoeffer, “Part One: VI. History and Good: Good and Life,” 21. 64

Men will continue to have impure and poisoned blood so long as they propagate unclean thoughts. Out of a clean heart come a clean life and a clean body. Out of a defiled mind proceed a defiled life and a corrupt body. Thought is the font of action, life, and manifestation; make the fountain pure, and all will be pure.67

However, Donald Spoto, an American celebrity biographer, Catholic theologian, and former

monk, who, in Joan: The Mysterious Life of the Heretic Who Became a Saint, informs modern

readers of the role of piety in the Middle Ages—specifically, that of Joan of Arc,

Piety . . . was not so rare at a time when faith and its practice were mainstream aspects of medieval life; indeed, to be a European meant to be a citizen of both the temporal and spiritual realms comprising Christendom. The intellectual notions of agnosticism or atheism did not exist; it was universally accepted that the world belonged to God and was permeated with His presence. Hence the language of faith was like a common country in which all people lived, and this gave them a certain stability and social cohesion, whatever the state of the region or the institutional Church.68

Numerous preliminary influences set the stage and prepared the world for revival

including the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Gutenberg Press, Calvinism,

Arminianism, John Wesley, Methodism, the Age of Enlightenment, the Scientific Method, the

Holiness movement, the American Civil War, the ideal of Manifest Destiny, Premillennialism,

Dispensationalism, and the era of Restoration. Feudalism and medieval life of the Middle Ages

left European human life bankrupt of worth and cultural expression. However, the Renaissance,

fueled by the reemergence of individual worth as emphasized by the Humanists, revitalized both

literary and cultural achievements of the great preceding civilizations, Greece and Rome. Those

promoting advancement attempted to improve human society through classical education, which

relied on teachings from ancient texts and emphasized a range of disciplines, including poetry,

history, rhetoric, and moral philosophy. The Renaissance influenced life in Europe throughout

the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries and became the intellectual fuel for the

Protestant Reformation, which in turn provided the foundation stones for other evangelical

67. James Allen, “Effect of Thought On Health and The Body,” in As a Man Thinketh (Westwood village, Los Angeles, Calif.: inc.-U.S. library association, 1933), 35.

68. Donald Spoto, “One: Of War and Occupation (1412-1423),” in Joan: The mysterious life of the heretic who became a Saint (New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2007), 6. 65

movements, as already mentioned. The Reformation, the great sixteenth-century religious

revolution, brought to an end to the ecclesiastical supremacy of the pope in Western Christianity

and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. When Martin Luther first defied the

authority of the Catholic Church with his published theses in 1517, he desired a church revival;

however, his hunger for Bible conformity initiated an avalanche of religious fervor and activity

that impacted subsequent centuries with a drive for Bible exploration and interpretation.

Protestantism that began in protest to the Catholic Church later initiated movements that pursued

solid Bible doctrine that greatly enhanced many evangelical movements. The importance of the

Chinese printing press has already been mentioned. But, history shows that the printing press,

credited to Johannes Gutenberg, stands as one of the most significant inventions and powerful

influences in human history, both religiously and secularly. With the availability of the printed

page, human literacy increased, and both clergy and laity read their Bibles. The printed Word in

tracts and newspapers powerfully promoted advancement. Following Martin Luther, the works

of John Calvin and his Holland challenger, Dirck Volckertszoon Coomhert, greatly influenced

concepts of Divine sovereignty, human freedoms, and theological concepts. The Age of

Enlightenment emerged in the 18th century as a period of intellectual curiosity and

experimentation. People had come to assume that through the use of reason, an unending

progress for humanity would be possible—progressive advancement in knowledge, technical

achievement, and even moral values. The Enlightenment thinkers followed the philosophy of

John Locke and understood that knowledge resulted from experience and observation guided by

reason, rather than authoritative sources, such as Aristotle and the Bible. They taught that proper

education could improve human life, and therefore placed great premium on the discovery of

truth through the observation of nature. Restoration denotes the restoration of what was lost

from the relationship with God and man. 66

Fear fills the land. People are caught in the crossfire of political and religious forces which are in violent conflict. They are cowed by economic fear as they eke out a meager existence. They cringe under the ever-watchful eyes of competing religious factions that work hard to make community and religious life as impossible as possible. These times intimidates and causes feeling of vulnerability on several fronts. The war on terrorism, Bin Laden, a topsy- turvy stock market, corporate corruption, and industry downsizing all holds people hostage to fear. It is imperative that we recognize and accept our individual giftedness in the deepest recesses of our spirits. A strategy of the enemy is the devaluing of humanity, the crown of God’s creation. C. Thomas McIntire, in God, History, and Historians, discusses the renewal of interest in history,

The renewal of interest in a Christian view of history emerges from two main sources. The secondary one is the “problem of history” in Old and New Testament studies and theology. The primary one is a response to the catastrophes of our secular age and the search for an alternative view of human nature and human history.69

Religion becomes a method of power welded by man to subdue his subjects. For example, the ways the major world religions have viewed the roles of women and treated them have been immoral. Outside of Christian views of women, religion perverts images and roles of women by embellishing rowdy sexual acts of incest and orgies. Then, subverts and treats women as animals only fulfilling men’s sickly lustful desires. Numerous icons of the Mother goddess and the relationship of fertility have been discovered in almost every civilization. Worship enfolds ritualistic and mysterious orgies celebrated with drums and dance and the constant presence of lewd ecstatic women. Many times wine and other more powerful aphrodisiacs are used to help sex flow freely. Where is the sacredness in fulfilling man’s lusty pleasures? Women were subjected to the sacrilegious belief that their sole purpose was to fulfill man’s demented

69. C. T. McIntire, ed., “Introduction: The Renewal of Christian Views of History in an Age of Catastrophe: Christianity and History,” in God, History, and Historians: An Anthology of Modern Christian Views of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 5. 67

unrepentant vulgar nature. Images of mother and child, unearthed in archaeological digs,

demonstrate man’s demoralized manners of treating women as property for such self-fulfillment.

Many times these images are seen as cultural icons to promote immorality camouflaged as

images of worship. In studying mythology, an extraordinary pattern is seen of the relationship of

symbolic images from the sacred mother goddess to the heightened worship of Mary, the mother

of Jesus. The question that should be asked of political scientists, historians, and sociologists

concerns not only the value of the sexes but of humanity. People in the West tend to be religious

possibly because many have relegated religious questions to religious specialists. (Primitive

tribes have their own experts—shamans, witch doctors.) But many experts and religious

specialists in the West, ashamed of their field, tend to remove religion from the people rather

than bring it to them. Our church structures symbolize a system that relinquishes responsibility

to the priest or pastor. Religion becomes a social entity that provides clout and status to it

adherents. From the Christian point of view, it is relevant to remind the world, that Jesus Christ

did not come to establish religion, but to give salvation. The Romans and the Jews had

traditional religion. Jesus Christ came to “set the captives free.” Jesus Christ came to “give life,

and give it more abundantly.” Jesus Christ brought salvation to the masses. And, if women ever

had a true friend, it was Jesus Christ. Examples of this friendship include the sisters of Lazarus,

Mary and Martha, with whom Jesus often stayed; the forgiving Jesus with the Samaritan woman

at the well; the adulterous woman the Pharisees tried to trick Jesus or make HIM stumble

concerning the Mosaic Law. Jesus writing in the sand caused the hypocritical Pharisees to flee,

showed mercy, love, and forgiveness when the Law showed death. How many tsunamis have to

destroy world cities? How many buildings and lives must be destroyed by terrorists? How many

mortal vicious events are needed to cause the world to embrace the truth that is being replaced by 84

Christianity are real. The goal of Hinduism is to complete the tasks of your caste in order to reach Brahman. The goal of Buddhism is to extinguish the flame of desire. The goal of Islam is to obey God, not to know HIM personally. The goal of Christianity is to know God. Hinduism,

Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity are all tolerant of other religions; except Islam believes that all others are infidels and Christians believe in loving fellow man while not approving of any other religions. The concept of God in Hinduism and Buddhism is that of impersonal. In Islam, it is absolute, transcendent or beyond comprehension of the universe or material existence, but capricious, impulsive or unpredictable. In Christianity, the concept of God is personal and transcendent. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam there is no resolution of sin; whereas, in

Christianity, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ gave the resolution of sin through the applications of repentance, baptism, and the infilling of the Holy Spirit. In Hinduism, salvation comes by transmigration through different bodies. In Buddhism, salvation comes by individual effort. In

Islam, salvation comes through a moral life. In Christianity, salvation comes by faith in and the grace of God. The slogan for Hinduism is, “I am Brahman.” There is no slogan for Buddhism.

The slogan for Islam is, “There is no God but Allah.” The slogan for Christianity is the realization of the divinity of Jesus Christ. JESUS CHRIST is the FATHER, in CREATION;

JESUS CHRIST is the SON, in REDEMPTION; JESUS CHRIST is the HOLY GHOST or

COMFORTER, in our hearts. The present status of the founders of Hinduism, Buddhism, and

Islam are dead. The present status of the founder of Christianity is raised and lives forever more.

The Creator exalts the creation and motivates them to high exploits as HE patiently works HIS eternal plans. God does not need society. Society needs God. God has not disappeared. God is ever present; always reaching for man. The convicting power of God should not merely be experienced in Sunday School, though that would be a good place to start. The reach reverberates in daily lives throughout the world. All the exploits mankind adventures eventually 85

demands reconcilement with the Creator, the Redeemer, and the Righteous Judge off mankind.

Today’s problems, though they be complex, whether they be of criminal dementia, humanistic

oriented, deviant designed products of hell, can be resolved and solved when people begin living

the Bible.

On the surface, historians and society, as a whole, feel secure and have a false assurance

that they no longer look back to the past cultures and religions of man, and of God for

inspiration. The modernization of society involves social and intellectual change. Various

scientific and industrial projects have helped increase population and enhanced living conditions.

A new modicum of new standards increased education. As mass production grew to sustain a

growing economy, people began living above the subsistence levels talked about by Eric Wolf.

Nations reached out to segregated groups, such as Jews and Africans, so that mainstream cultures

have become more integrated. The levels of knowledge have greatly increased and overcome

many religious differences and spiritual ideals, which were thought to impede the progress of

societies, scientists, monarchs, and governmental officials. The Italian Renaissance inspired the

Protestant Reformation, which brought Christian revival. Declarations of independence on the

political, intellectual, religious, and social fronts made a fundamental difference. This revival,

like the fire of Pentecost, brought inspiration of freedom. Religion often enslaves people, but

salvation liberates. This sparked the smoking flaxes of democracy, pluralism, toleration, and

human rights. All of these ideals were needed by modern states. Democratic basics made

government more efficient and productive. These concepts made adherent governments

indomitable. Similar to today, society was experiencing a painful transformation. The bloody

revolutions, reigns of terror, genocide, violent wars of religion, the despoliation of the

countryside, vast social upheavals, exploitation in the factories, and the spiritual malaise and

profound anomie in the new megacities of yesterday and recurring today in similar violence of 86 cruelty, revolution, and disorientation in the developing countries, which are making an even more difficult rite of passage to modernity. The only sure foundation is Jesus Christ and the major very important tenets of the Christian Faith. History describes many different times or eras of the different cultures as utter devastation. Society was divided with misunderstanding.

Individuals were disturbed at the realization of their familiar countries becoming strange and unfamiliar, like a friend disfigured by disease and unrecognizable. Many times these countries were ruled by foreign secular law-codes that were incomprehensible. Modernized towns have replaced the old city—a relic of a superseded age. This description of the past applies to descriptions of the modern world. People are disoriented and lost in the winding alleys and apparent chaos. People are resentful at feeling out of control of their destinies. They feel severed from old connections with their own roots and are experiencing a sinking loss of identity. The city of man is temporary. The city of God is eternal. Psalms 48:8 refers to the

“city of God,” “As we have heard, so have we seen in the city of the Lord of hosts, in the city of our God: God will establish it for ever.” All seems to be despair and negative but, as the

Christian hymnal proclaims, “He abides with me.” “The Comforter abides with me!” Historians have the responsibility to reach the unreached by seeing the unseen—Jesus Christ, the manifestation of God. 9191

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