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Interdependencias Identitarias Entre Las Islas Canarias Y El Caribe Hispano

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Interdependencias Identitarias Entre Las Islas Canarias Y El Caribe Hispano Canaribeñidad: Interdependencias Identitarias Entre Las Islas Canarias Y El Caribe Hispano A Través De Sus Producciones Literarias Y Culturales by Xiomara Núñez-Rodríguez A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved April 2019 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Emil Volek, Chair Carmen Urioste-Azcorra Jesús Rosales ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2019 ABSTRACT The Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago located on the African coast, 100 kilometers west of Morocco and the Sahara. Conquered by Spain at the end of the 15th century and now part of the Spanish State, the position of this archipelago as a tricontinental transit point has led to a colonial history of the islands that is common to that of the Caribbean, characterized by the assimilation of its indigenous populations, the sugar plantation and the Atlantic slave-trade, the emergence of a New World, the continuous migrations of the Canary Islanders to the Caribbean, the development of a pro-independence movement, and the touristification of the Canarian/Caribbean paradise, to name a few aspects. The identity of the Canary Islands, however, has remained obscured in the discussion of vague concepts such as tricontinentality or bridge-between-continents, when not considered just a slightly different Spanish region. From the Caribbean, local authors have questioned their own identities proposing concepts of creolization, relation, or a meta-archipelago. The common ideas explored by intellectuals in both archipelagoes include the concepts of coloniality, modernity, mythologization of the island, fragmentality, atlanticity, borderland, and ultra-periphery, among others. Thus, this dissertation connects the Canary Islands and the Caribbean by exploring the inter-connectedness of their identity-based discourses, and applies the postcolonial theories developed in the Caribbean to the Canary Islands. By analyzing the works of Fernando Ortiz, Antonio S. Pedreira, Édouard Glissant, Jean Bernabé, Patrick Chamoiseau, Raphael Confiant, Antonio Benítez-Rojo, José Luis González, Juan Flores, Gustavo Pérez-Firmat, Walter Mignolo, Enrique Dussel, Gloria Anzaldúa, i and Juan Manuel García-Ramos, among others, this dissertation proposes the term Canaribeñidad to define the bilateral, common development of national identities in the Canary Islands and the Caribbean, highlighting the Canarian contributions to the Caribbean identity (the foundation of the Cuban literature, the guajiro/jíbaro, brujería…) and vice versa (independence and national discourses, diasporic experience, music, tobacco, the sensitivity of fraternity to the Caribbean…). The corpus analyzed in this dissertation includes transatlantic literary works from the first chronicles of the Conquest to examples of theater, novels, essays, journalistic articles and poetry from the 16th century to the 20th century. ii RESUMEN Las Islas Canarias son un archipiélago de la costa africana situado a cien kilómetros de la costa de Marruecos y del Sáhara Occidental. Estas islas fueron conquistadas a finales del siglo XV y son actualmente parte del Estado español, y su posición como punto de paso tricontinental ha facilitado una historia colonial que es paralela a la del Caribe y que está caracterizada por la asimilación de sus poblaciones indígenas, las plantaciones de caña de azúcar y el comercio esclavista atlántico, la emergencia de un Nuevo Mundo, las migraciones constantes desde las Islas Canarias hacia el Caribe, el desarrollo de movimientos independentistas y la turistificación del paraíso caribeño/canario, entre otros aspectos. La identidad de las Islas Canarias, si embargo, ha permanecido en una posición ambigua en la discusión de conceptos de tricontinentalidad o puente entre continentes, cuando estas islas no son simplemente consideradas como una región más de España con ligeras diferencias. Desde el Caribe, varios autores regionales han cuestionado sus propias identidades proponiendo los conceptos de creolización, relación o meta-archipiélago. Las ideas comunes exploradas por intelectuales de ambos archipiélagos incluyen los conceptos de colonialidad, modernidad, mitologización de la isla, fragmentación, atlanticidad, frontera y ultraperiferia, entre otros. De esta manera, esta tesis doctoral conecta las Islas Canarias y el Caribe a través de la exploración de sus discursos identitarios, y aplica a Canarias las teorías poscoloniales desarrolladas en el Caribe. Partiendo del análisis de diversos trabajos de Fernando Ortiz, Antonio S. Pedreira, Édouard Glissant, Jean Bernabé, Patrick Chamoiseau, Raphael Confiant, Antonio Benítez Rojo, José Luis González, Juan iii Flores, Gustavo Pérez-Firmat, Walter Mignolo, Enrique Dussel, Gloria Anzaldúa y Juan Manuel García Ramos, entre otros, esta tesis propone el término canaribeñidad para definir el desarrollo bilateral y común de las identidades nacionales en las Islas Canarias y el Caribe, destacando la contribución canaria a la identidad caribeña (la fundación de la literatura cubana, el guajiro/jíbaro, la brujería…) y viceversa (discursos independentistas y nacionalistas, la experiencia diaspórica, la música, el tabaco, el sentido de fraternidad con el Caribe…). El corpus analizado en esta disertación incluye obras literarias transatlánticas, desde las primeras crónicas hasta ejemplos de teatro, novelas, ensayos, artículos periodísticos y poesía de los siglos XVI-XX. iv A mis padres, que han sido partícipes del desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral desde el comienzo, y cuyo esfuerzo y apoyo incondicionales desde el primer momento de mi vida han permitido que esté donde estoy hoy. Gracias por ser siempre el mejor ejemplo a seguir. Gracias por ser siempre mis mejores amigos. A Bruno, mi compañero, amigo y cómplice siempre. Gracias por el continuo trabajo en equipo, por devolverme siempre la confianza, por enseñarme tantas cosas y hacerme sentir impaciente por compartir cada nuevo proyecto. A mis abuelos, por su fortaleza y por compartir sus historias, que son parte de las historias comunes aquí contadas. Gracias por todo el cariño y por el ánimo sincero, aunque esté a miles de kilómetros. Siempre pienso en ustedes. v AGRADECIMENTOS Agradezco a los miembros de mi comité, al Dr. Emil Volek, la Dra. Carmen Urioste-Azcorra y el Dr. Jesús Rosales, por todo su apoyo, comentarios y sugerencias en el proceso. Muchas gracias a Pepe por ser mi mentor por tantos años, y a Ardiel y Judit por todos sus ánimos y la emoción compartida. Muchas gracias a mis compañeros del doctorado, por acompañarme en esta etapa y por animarme tanto. Gracias a mis amigos de Canarias y de Madrid, por todas las conversaciones e ideas, y por compartir el desarrollo de nuestros proyectos académicos. vi TABLA DE CONTENIDO CHAPTER Page INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1................................................................................................................ 13 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................... 13 2. CANARIAS ULTRAPERIFÉRICA: ¿EN LA ULTRAPERIFERIA DEL PENSAMIENTO DECOLONIAL? ......................................................................... 15 2.1 Canarias: tubo de ensayo y estación de abastecimiento en la autopista Atlántica ............................................................................................................... 16 2.2 “De la color de los canarios, ni negros ni blancos”: Canarias en el primer contacto europeo con la otredad........................................................................... 18 2.3 Bárbaros mitológicos anclados en el tiempo.................................................. 22 2.4 La idea de África / América Latina / Canarias: somos la eterna San Borondón .............................................................................................................................. 25 3. DE MARTINICA A CANARIAS: DISQUISICIONES SOBRE LA CREOLIDAD........................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Es blanco o negro ........................................................................................... 31 3.2 ¿Quién es creol? ............................................................................................. 35 4. ANTILLANIDADES E ISLAS QUE SE REPITEN ....................................... 47 4.1 Antillanidad .................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Islas repetidas: Cuba y Canarias .................................................................... 50 vii 4.3 Más islas repetidas: Puerto Rico y Canarias .................................................. 61 4.4 Canaribeñidad diaspórica: unos apuntes iniciales .......................................... 66 CAPÍTULO 2................................................................................................................ 68 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................... 68 2. ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LAS CRÓNICAS: LOS MISTERIOS DEL ORIGEN Y SU USO CONTEMPORÁNEO ........................................................... 68 2.1 Guanches: preguntas sin respuesta y apropiaciones de las ausencias. ........... 68 2.2 El guanche/taíno contemporáneo: la reivindicación y la mercantilización del ancestro primitivo ...............................................................................................
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