Bab 2 Landasan Perancangan Dan Teori

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Bab 2 Landasan Perancangan Dan Teori BAB 2 LANDASAN PERANCANGAN DAN TEORI 2.1 Tinjauan Umum 2.1.1 Animasi Animasi awalnya berasal dari bahasa latin “ anima ” yang berarti jiwa, atau hidup, sedang dalam bahasa inggris berasal dari kata “ to animate ” yang berarti menggerakkan atau menghidupkan, jika dilihat dari kamus, artinya kurang lebih adalah sekumpulan gambar berurutan yang di gerakkan dengan cepat hingga menciptakan ilusi optik seakan akan hidup dan bergerak, Menurut Ibiz Fernandes dalam bukunya Macromedia Flash Animation & Cartooning: A creative Guide, animasi dapat diartikan “ Animation is the process of recording and playing back a sequence of stills to achieve the illusion of continues motion ” (Ibiz Fernandez McGraw- Hill/Osborn, California, 2002). Yang dapat diartikan, animasi adalah sebuat proses merekam dan memutar ulang kumpulan gambar yang berkesinambungan agar terkesan bergerak. Gambar 2.1 Gertie the Dinosaur (Sumber: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gertie.jpg) Jika ditelusuri, animasi sudah ada sejak zaman pra sejarah dari adanya gambar gambar di goa goa prasejarah, selanjutnya ditemukan di lukisan lukisan piramida di mesir dan kuil yunani. Kemudian seiring berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan, sejak 1824 benda benda yang menggunakan konsep ilusi optik mulai bermunculan seperti Phenakistoscope, zoetrope , dan Praxinoscope yang bisa dibilang cikal bakal proyektor, yang kemudian pada 1924, Winsor McCay membawa 3 4 animasi ke Era baru (Silent Era) dengan membuat film animasi Gertie the Dinosaur, dan menobatkan dia sebagai bapak Animasi Dunia. Animasi masuk ke jaman keemasannya (Golden Era) ketika Walt Disney memerkenalkan film animasi pertama yang memiliki suara, Steamboat Willie pada 1928, dan dan film animasi berwarna pertama di dunia di tahun berikutnya, dan mencapai puncaknya pada 1937 dengan film feature-length animasi pertama di dunia, Snow White and the Seven Dwarf . Gambar 2.2 Walt Disney, Mickey Mouse dan Goofy (Sumber: http://www.disneydining.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/walt-disney.jpg) Sejak diciptakannya televisi berwarna ada tahun 1951, animasi memasuki era baru yaitu era televisi (Television Era) , pada era ini, teknologi Cell-shaded ditemukan dan berhasil mempermudah proses pembuatan animasi hingga studio studio animasi semakin banyak bermunculan, seperti Hanna Barberra ataupun Warner Bros. selain studio, bermunculan pula channel channel televisi yang mengkhususkan diri untuk membuat dan menayangkan animasi seperti Nickelodeon dan Cartoon Network. Pada 1995, animasi kembali memasuki era baru dengan munculnya film animasi CGI pertama oleh Pixar, Toy Story, sejak itu animasi 3D berkembang pesat dengan banyak studio besar bermunculan seperti Dreamworks dan BlueSky, namun walau animasi 3D berkembang pesat, bukan berarti animasi 2D menghilang karena animasi 2D tetap bertahan dan mempunyai pasar sendiri yang didominasi oleh animasi Jepang, atau Anime. 5 Gambar 2.3 Hayao Miyazaki (Sumber: http://cdn.unleashthefanboy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/HAYAO-MIYAZAKI-animation.jpeg) Selain Animasi 2D dan 3D, animasi masih memiliki jenis lain diantaranya Stop Motion, Clay Animation, Puppet Animation, Silhoutte Animation , dan lain lain. 2.1.2 Sejarah Film Animasi Indonesia Sejak tahun 1933, banyak Koran lokal Indonesia yang memuat iklan Walt Disney. Kemudian pada tahun 1955, persiden Soekarno yang sangat menghargai seni mengirim seorang seniman bernama Dukut Hendronoto (pak Ook) untuk belajar animasi di studio Walt Disney, setelah belajar selama 3 bulan, ia kembali ke Indonesia dan membuat film animasi pertama bernama “Si Doel Memilih”, film animasi 2D tentang kampanye pemilihan umum pertama di Indonesia. Pada tahun 1963 pak Ook hijrah ke TVRI dan mengembangkan animasi di sana dalam salah satu program namun program itu kemudian dilarang karena dianggap terlalu konsumtif, sekitar tahun 1970, TVRI mulai menayangkan iklan dalam program “Mana Suka Siaran Niaga” dan pada saat itu pula animasi iklan nasional lahir. Pada tahun 70-an dijakarta dibangun sebuah studio animasi bernama Anima Indah oleh seorang warga Amerika Serikat, studio inilah yang memelopori animasi 6 Indonesia dengan menyekolahkan krunya di inggris, jepang, dan amerika, walau berkembang dengan baik, anima hanya berkembang di bidang periklanan. Pada era tahun 90-an sudah banyak bertaburan film animasi seperti Nariswandi Piliang dan Satria Nusantara, dan pada 1998 mulai bermunculan film film animasi yang berbasis cerita rakyat seperti bawang merah bawang putih, timun mas, dan petualangan si Kancil, bahkan pada era ini sudah banyak animator lokal yang menggarap animasi outsourcing terkenal seperti Doraemon dan Pokemon. Pada tahun 2000, studio Red Rocket Animation termasuk sebagai yang paling produktif dengan memproduksi serial animasi TV seperti dongeng Aku dan Kau, Mengapa Domba Bertanduk dan Berbuntut Pendek, Si Kurus dan Si Macan dan pada tahun 2003 berhasil merambah ke layar lebar dengan serial animasi 3D “janus Prajurit Terakhir” dan di tahun 2008, Indonesia berhasil membuat film animasi 3D pertama yang ditayangkan di layar lebar dan juga Go Internasional hingga Singapura, Korea, dan Rusia dengan film animasi berjudul “Meraih Mimpi”, karya yang berasal dari buku karya Minfung Ho yang berjudul Sing To The Dawn itu diproduksi oleh Infinite Frameworks Studio, Batam. Gambar 2.4 Sing to the Dawn (sumber: http://thefilmcatalogue.com/FilmArt/6315.jpg ) 2.1.3 Animasi Pendek Short story adalah karya animasi fiksi, itu biasanya. Definisi short story berdasarkan dalam lama atau panjanganya cerita. Short juga mempunyai format 7 termasuk bermacam-macam jajaran atau barisan dari jenis-jenis dan style dari cerita tersebut. Karakteristik dari Short Story - Short story biasanya berdurasi singkat , (dibawah 10 menit) - Short sto ry hanya fokus dalan satu kejadian saja. - Hanya mempunyai 1 alur cerita - Jumlah karakter yang sedikit - Sampulnya sebuah masa pendek dari waktu - Short story mempunyai element dramanya. Structure : exposition (pembukaan dari setting, situasi, dan tokoh utama). Masalah : (sebuah peristiwa adalah memperkenalkan conflik). Menaikan aksi dalam cerita. Krisis. Klimaks (puncak cerita). Resolusi dan moral 2.1.3.1 Animasi Pendek di Indonesia Gambar 2.5 The Escape dari Enspire Studio (http://b.vimeocdn.com/ts/334/163/334163607_640.jpg) Di Indonesia sendiri sepertinya lebih banyak insan kreatif yang memilih membuat film pendek dibanding animasi pendek, mungkin dikarenakan tingkat 8 kerumitannya yang lebih mudah secara teknis, kesimpulan ini didapat dari observasi penulis melihat kumpulan video dan mencari animasi animasi pendek buatan indonesia yang sepertinya jarang terlihat, dan diantara animasi animasi pendek Indonesia yang ditemukan penulis, diantaranya adalah: - Ipul dari A Ω Production, Animasi full 3D, , Drama - WachtenStaad dari Dawn Animation, Animasi full 3D, Historical, Action - Pada suatu ketika dari LakonAnimasi, Animasi full 3D, Drama - Alto dari Monso Kreatif, Animasi full 3D, drama, slice of life - Hebring dari Main Studio, Animasi full 3D, Comedy - ASIARAYA dari Anka Atmawijaya, animasi full 3D dengan intro bergaya brushwork, Drama, Historical - The Escape dari Enspire Studio, Animasi full 3D, Sci- Fi - Lonely dari HAC Production, animasi 3D yang dibuat dari kumpulan gambar 2D yang di tumpuk berlayer layer - Satria Bergitar dari Sugik, animasi 2D, Action - Badrun the Story, dari XII Multimedia 3, Animasi Flash 2D, Slice of Life Itu adalah beberapa contoh animasi short movie buatan indonesia, baik buatan individu maupun buatan suatu studio animasi, tentunya masih ada lagi yang lain, walau tidak sebanyak animasi pendek dari luar negri, namun berdasarkan observasi penulis, animasi animasi pendek indonesia hanya dapat digolongkan menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu: Flash Animation, animasi yang dibuat dengan bantuan program Flash, normalnya berbentuk 2D Full 3D animation, animasi full 3D yang hanya berusaha tampil se mulus mungkin dengan hanya sedikit dari animasi itu yang berusaha meningkatkan tingkat kualitas visual filmnya, tanpa menggunakan efek efek yang menarik, generic 3D 9 Dan penulis sama sekali tidak menemukan animasi 2D yang mulus sekelas anime jepang atau kartun klasik amerika seperti Tom & Jerry dan sejenisnya, hanya ada beberapa animasi 2D berframe rate sangat rendah 2.1.4 Drama dan Supernatural 2.1.4.1 Drama Drama adalah genre film yang bergantung pada perkembangan karakter yang realistik dalam menghadapi berbagai tema emosional yang dramatis, inti dari drama biasanya mengenai seorang karakter yang sedang menghadapi suatu konflik yang berpengaruh besar dalam hidupnya, biasanya melawan diri sendiri, masyarakat ataupun melawan fenomena alam, bisa dibilang drama adalah genre film yang paling luas karena dapat membawa genre genre lain sebagai bagian dari plotnya, dan drama biasanya, tidak sering, tapi biasanya dapat berakhir dengan akhir yang tragis atau setidaknya jalan keluar yang menyakitkan. 2.1.4.2 Supernatural Genre supernatural adalah genre yang bercerita tentang elemen elemen supernatural seperti hantu, dewa dewi dan keajaiban, film film supernatural biasanya menggunakan hal hal yang masih tidak diketahui logika umum, dan film film supernatural diakui cukup menegangkan, film film supernatural juga memiliki sub genre dari menggabungkan genre supernatural dengan genre lain seperti Supernatural – Comedy Genre ini menggunakan elemen elemen supernatural dengan mngkombinasikannya dengan efek komedi, sehingga elemen elemen supernatural di genre ini cenderung lucu dibandingkan seram, dan tergantung seberapa lucu humornya, genre ini dapat menarik penonton
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