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State of the Environment of the Black CCoommmmiiissssiiioonn oonn tthhee PPrrootteeccttiiioonn ooff tthhee BBlllaacckk SSeeaa AAggaaiiinnsstt PPoolllllluuttiiioonn SSTTAATTEE OOFF TTHHEE EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT OOFF TTHHEE BBLLAACCKK SSEEAA PPRREESSSSUURREESS AANNDD TTRREENNDDSS 1996 -2000 Istanbul, 2002 … The Ministers Responsible for the Protection of Environment of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution take note on the Report on the Environmental Status of the Black Sea submitted by the Permanent Secretariat of the Black Sea Commission. Recognizing the fact, that some positive trend in the state of the marine ecosystem has been observed during the recent years, the Ministers nevertheless remain concerned about the fate of this unique water body and call attention to the challenge of sustaining this process in the conditions of expected economic recovery in the Black Sea Region Ministerial Declaration of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution, Sofia, June 2002 Acknowledgements The Report —The State of the Environment of the Black Sea: Pressures and Trends 1996-2000“ was prepared based on national reporting of the Black Sea countries, previous studies and expertise from independent experts that have contributed to the preparation of exhaustive number of technical reports and background papers in the framework of the Black Sea Environmental Programme. Special appreciation is expressed to the national focal points of the Advisory Groups of the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (The Black Sea Commission) and the Permanent Secretariat for the preparation of this report. Special thanks are extended to the Ukrainian Center on Ecological Land Management for its kind permission to use satellite images. The preparation of this report was financed within the work of the project —Institutional Strengthening of the Commission for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution“, SUB/01/324570, co-financed by the by EC DG Environment. The Black Sea Commission thanks them for their support. Data presented herein, interpretations, statements, conclusions or any other representations do not represent the view or is in any other way binding to the European Commission. Table of Contents Introduction 1-1 Executive Summary 1-2 1 Black Sea Geography and the Area of the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution. 1-3 1.1 Geography and Hydrography 1-3 1.2 Climate 1-5 1.3 Geographical Scope of the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution 1-6 2 Pressures on the Black Sea Environment 2-7 2.1 Population 2-7 2.2 Nutrient Inputs from Land-based Sources 2-7 2.3 Priority Point Sources of Pollution 2-9 2.4 Insufficiently Treated Wastewaters 2-14 2.5 Inputs from Diffuse Sources of Pollution 2-14 2.6 Inputs from Other Pollution Sources 2-15 3 Pollution Levels. 3-17 3.1 Nutrients 3-17 3.2 Trace Metals . 3-27 3.3 Oil Pollution 3-29 3.4 Persistent organic contaminants 3-30 3.5 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 3-33 3.6 Radionuclides 3-33 3.7 Litter 3-34 3.8 Microbiological pollution 3-34 4 Biology and Biodiversity 4-36 4.1 Bacteria of the Black Sea 4-36 4.2 Phytoplankton and Zooplankton 4-36 Phytoplankton 4-36 Zooplankton 4-40 4.3 Benthic Communities 4-43 Benthic Macroalgae. 4-43 Impacts on Benthic Animals 4-44 Meiobenthos 4-45 4.4 Ichthyofauna 4-46 Commercially Important Species of the Black Sea. 4-47 Key Commercial Conservation Status 4-49 4.5 Marine Mammals 4-49 4.6 Exotic Species [44] 4-49 5 Key habitats. 5-49 5.1 Fish Nursery and Spawning Grounds 5-49 5.2 Protected Areas 5-49 Conclusion 5-49 Annexes References i -ist of Tables Table 2-1 The Population of Black Sea Costal Zone and Black Sea Basin, 1997-1999 [20, 31, 21, 36, 15, 30, ] 2-7 Table 2-2 The Estimated Input of Total Nitrogen into the Black Sea [37] 2-7 Table 2-3 The Estimated Input of Total Phosphorus to the Black Sea [22] 2-8 Table 2-4 Total Inputs from Priority Point Sources of Pollution, Georgia, 1996-2000 [21] 2-10 Table 2-5 Total Inputs from the Three Priority Point Sources of Pollution, Romania, 1996-2000 [31] 2-11 Table 2-6 Total Inputs from Priority Point Sources of Pollution, Krasnodar Kraij, the Russian Federation, 1996-2000 [36] 2-12 Table 2-6 Total Inputs from Priority Point Sources of Pollution, Ukraine, 1996-2000 [30] 2-13 Table 2-8 Dredged spoils dumped into the Black Sea between 1996-2000, th m3 [38, 21, 31, 33, 17, 29] 2-15 Table 3-1 Concentrations of Phosphates, Nitrites, Silicates, and Oxygen in Territorial Waters of the Russian Federation, 1996-2000 [19] 3-22 Table 3-2 Average Multi Annual Values of Nutrients‘ Concentration in the Surface Layer of Some Region of the Black Sea [24] 3-26 Table 3-3 Trace Metals in Sediments (Ag/g dry weight), mean values [23] 3-29 Table 4-1 Phytoplankton Values in the Ukrainian Black Sea Shelf from 1996- 2000 [22] 4-40 Table 4-2 Biomass of Memiopsis Leidyi and Beroye Ovata in Romania Coastal Waters (Romania) [2, 40] 4-41 Table 4-3 Zooplankton Biomass in the Ukrainian Black Sea Shelf from 1996- 2000 [24] 4-43 Table 6-4 Biomass and Abundance of Zooplankton in North Eastern Part of the Black Sea, Russian Federation, 1996 œ 2002 [ 39] 4-43 Table 4-5 Mean Annual Catches (in tons) of the Commercially Valuable Fish Species in the Black Sea during the Period 1967-1994 and from 1996-2000 [32] 4-46 Table 5-1 Main Wintering Grounds and Fishing Areas of the Black Sea [32, 16, 28, 41, 4, 10] 5-49 Table 5-2 Spawning and Nursery Grounds of Regional Importance in the Black Sea 5-49 ii -ist of Figures Fig. 1 Black Sea Bathymetry [43] 1-4 Fig. 2 Profile of the Hydrogen Sulfide Zone in the Black Sea [43] 1-4 Fig. 3 Satellite Derived Water Surface Temperature 1-5 Fig. 4 Black Sea Currents [22] 1-5 Fig.5 Long-term Inputs of Nitrogen in Coastal Waters of the Russian Federation [36] 2-8 Fig.6. Total Discharges of the Waster Waters into the Black Sea, million m3/year, Ukraine [37] 2-8 Fig.7. Discharges of Organic Matter and Suspended Solids into the Black Sea, thousand tons per year, 1997-2000, Ukraine [37] 2-9 Fig. 8 Oil Spills in the Black Sea, 1996-2001 [11, 14, 17, 29, 33, 37 ] 2-15 Fig.9 Mean Annual Concentration of the Nutrients in the Territorial Waters of Bulgaria, 1998-2000 [5] 3-18 Fig. 10. Annual Fluxes from Bulgarian Black Sea Rivers - tonnes/year [5] 3-20 Fig. 11. Mean Annual Concentrations and Fluxes of Nutrients in the Territorial Waters of Romania, 1988-2001. Sulina [23] 3-21 Fig. 12. Mean Annual Concentrations and Fluxes of Nutrients in the Territorial Waters of Romania, Constanta, 1988-2001 [23] 3-21 Fig. 13. Concentrations of Nutrients in the Territorial Waters of Turkey [7] 3-22 Fig. 13. Concentrations of Nutrients in the Territorial Waters of Turkey [7] (cont‘d) 3-23 Fig. 14 Average Annual Nutrient Concentrations in the Surface Layer of the North Western Shelf of the Black Sea (Ukrainian territorial sea and economic zone), 1959-2001 [24] 3-24 Fig. 15. Hypoxia Zones at the Black Sea Shelf, Ukrainian Bottom Layer of the North-western shelf of the Black Sea, 1973-2000 [24] 3-25 Fig. 16. Statistical Estimation of the Probability of Hypoxia [24] 3-25 Fig. 17. Concentrations of Nutrients and Their Ratios in the Black Sea Waters [34]. 3-27 Figure 18 Heavy metal concentrations along the Black Sea coast, Georgia [12] 3-28 Fig. 18a Inputs of Major Pollutants in the Black Sea Shelf, Ukraine [24] 3-29 Fig. 19. Concentrations of Hydrocarbons in the Bottom Sediments in the Black Sea, 1999 [22] 3-30 iii :ig, 20. Concentration of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Waters of Major Ukrainian Ports [22]. 3-30 Fig. 21. Concentrations of Polychlorinated Byphenils in the Bottom Sediments of the Black Sea, 1995 [22] 3-31 Fig. 22. Concentrations of Lindane and HCH Isomers in Bottom Sediments of the Black Sea , 1995 [22] 3-32 Fig. 23 Concentrations of DDT in Bottom Sediments of the Black Sea, 1995 [22] 3-32 Fig.24 Concentrations of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in the Bottom Sediments of the Black Sea, 1995 [22] 3-33 Fig. 25 Concentrations of Coprostanol, an Indicator of Faecal Pollution in the Bottom Sediments of the Black Sea [22] 3-34 Fig. 26 Traditional Phytoplankton Bloom in the Black Sea and Azov Sea 4-37 Fig. 27. Comparison of Satellite Images of the North-Western Shelf for Alga blooms [EEA images] 4-38 Fig.28 Chlorophyll A in the Black Sea (1998) [EEA images] 4-38 Fig.29 Chlorophyll A in the Black Sea (2000) [EEA images] 4-39 Fig. 30 Turbidity Map of the Black Sea. 4-39 Fig. 31. Change in Abundance of Mnemiopsis Leidyi , August-September [38] 4-41 Fig. 32. Changes in Biomass of Mnemiopsis Leidyi , August-September [38] 4-41 Fig. 33 Changes in the Biomass of Food Zooplankton in August œ September in the Black Sea [38] 4-42 Fig. 34. Changes in the Abundance of (A) Eggs and (B) Larvae of Anchovies in the Northeast Part of the Black Sea [39] 4-42 Fig. 34. Changes in the Abundance of (A) Eggs and (B) Larvae of Anchovies in the Northeast Part of the Black Sea [39] 4-43 Fig.
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