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Submarine Ring of Fire, 2006 i cover back ii Submarine Ring of Fire 2006 (SRoF’06) Mariana Arc Submarine Volcanoes R/V MELVILLE Cruise MGLN02MV April 18 – May 13, 2006. Apra, Guam to Yokohama, Japan Jason-2 dives J2-184 - J2-199 Chief Scientist: Robert W. Embley Captain: Christopher Curl. Jason Expedition Leader: Will Sellers Major funding from the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration Cruise Report compiled by: Susan Merle, Bob Embley and Bill Chadwick TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 SUBMARINE RING OF FIRE 2006 - MARIANA ARC EXPEDITION SUMMARY (Bob Embley)……………………………………………………………………………………………….1 1.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………….…..3 Figure 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Plate 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Plate 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………...….9 Plate 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………...11 1.2 OPERATIONS LOG………………………………………………………………………………………13 2.0 CRUISE PARTICIPANTS………………………………………………………………………………..19 3.0 SRoF’06 DISCIPLINE SUMMARIES……………………………………………………………………21 3.1 HYDROTHERMAL PLUME STUDIES…………………………………………………………………21 3.1.1 Mariana Arc Hydrothermal Plume Studies - 2006 (Sharon Walker, Joe Resing, Ron Greene)…………..21 3.1.1a CTD Sample Descriptions…………………………………………………………………………...……22 3.1.1b Vertical Casts and Towyos………………………………………………………………………..………23 Figure 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………25 Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………………..………………..27 Figure 4……………………………………………………………………………………………...…….29 3.2 GEOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………………………..31 3.2.1 Geological Studies at the Mariana Arc Volcanoes - 2006 (Cornel de Ronde, geology group)……….…..31 3.3 CHEMISTRY……………………………………………………………………………………………..33 3.3.1 Mariana Arc Vent Fluid Chemistry - 2006 (David A. Butterfield)………………………………….……33 3.3.1a Hydrothermal Vent Fluid Samples………………………………………………………………………..35 3.3.2 Vent Fluid Gas Analysis (Noble gases) - 2006 (Leigh Evans)………………………………………...….39 3.3.2a Gas Samples……………………………………………………………………………………………….39 3.3.3 Shipboard Measurements of Dissolved Hydrogen and Methane - 2006 (Ben Larson)………………...…40 3.3.3a CTD Samples Analyzed on SRI Gas Chromatograph for Dissolved Hydrogen and Methane……………41 3.3.4 Redox Potential (Eh) Measurements - 2006 (Ko-ichi Nakamura)………………………………………...42 3.4 MICROBIOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………...………43 3.4.1 Hydrothermal Fluid Microbiology - 2006 (Julie Huber, Sheryl Bolton)……………………………….…43 3.4.1a Microbiology Sample List and Analysis Overview…………………………………………………….....43 3.4.2 Microbial Mat Microbiology - 2006 (Richard Davis)………………………………………………….....45 3.4.2a Microbial Mat Suction Sample List…………………………………………………………………...…..46 3.5 MACROBIOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………...…..47 3.5.1 Macrofauna Summary - Mariana Arc 2006 (Verena Tunnicliffe, John Dower)…………………………..47 3.6 PUBLIC OUTREACH…………………………………………………………………………………….48 i 3.6.1 Educator at Sea (Lori Savage)………………………………………………………………………….…48 3.6.2 NOAA Ocean Exploration Submarine Ring of Fire Website (Susan Merle, Bill Chadwick, Bob Embley, Kyle Carothers)………………………………………………………………………………………...….49 3.7 NOAA Ocean Exploration Expedition Information System (Andra Bobbitt)………………………….…50 3.8 Bathymetry Mapping (Andra Bobbitt, Bob Embley, Susan Merle, Bill Chadwick)…………………...…50 Figure 5…………………………………………………………………………………………..………..51 Figure 6……………………………………………………………………………………………………53 4.0 NAVIGATION……………………………………………………………………………………………55 4.1 Jason-2 Navigation Summary (Susan Merle, Bill Chadwick)……………………………………….……55 4.1a System Used to Determine Final Navigation for Each Dive………………………………………...……55 4.1b Long Baseline Transponder Locations…………………………………………………………………....55 4.2 Jason-2 Vent Positions (SRoF’06)………………………………………………………………………..56 5.0 Jason-2 DIVES - SRoF’06………………………………………………………………………………..57 5.1 Jason-2 DIVE STATISTICS…………………………………………………………….………………..57 5.2 Jason-2 DIVE SUMMARIES……………………………………………………………………………..57 5.3 Jason-2 SAMPLE LOGS………………………………………………………………………………….61 5.3.1 J2-184 Seamount X Samples……………………………………………………………………………...61 5.3.2 J2-185 Forecast Samples………………………………………………………………………………..…61 5.3.3 J2-186 NW Rota-1 Samples…………………………………………………………………………….....62 5.3.4 J2-187 NW Rota-1 Samples…………………………………………………………………………….…63 5.3.5 J2-188 NW Rota-1 Samples………………………………………………………………………….……64 5.3.6 J2-189 NW Rota-1 Samples……………………………………………………………………………….65 5.3.7 J2-190 Esmeralda Samples………………………………………………………………………………..65 5.3.8 J2-191 NW Rota-1 Samples……………………………………………………………………………….66 5.3.9 J2-192 NW Rota-1 Samples…………………………………………………………………………….…66 5.3.10 J2-193 East Diamante Samples………………………………………………………………………...….67 5.3.11 J2-194 Ruby Samples…………………………………………………………………………………...…68 5.3.12 J2-195 Daikoku Samples……………………………………………………………………………….…69 5.3.13 J2-196 NW Eifuku Samples……………………………………………………………………………….70 5.3.14 J2-197 Daikoku Samples……………………………………………………………………………….…71 5.3.15 J2-198 Nikko Samples………………………………………………………………………………...…..72 5.3.16 J2-199 Nikko Samples……………………………………………………………………………...……..73 5.4 Jason-2 DIVE LOGS………………………………………………………………………………..…….75 5.4.1 J2-184 Seamount X Dive Log………………………………………………………………………….….75 5.4.2 J2-185 Forecast Dive Log………………………………………………………………………………....86 5.4.3 J2-186 NW Rota-1 Dive Log…………………………………………………………………………..….92 5.4.4 J2-187 NW Rota-1 Dive Log……………………………………………………………………………...97 5.4.5 J2-188 NW Rota-1 Dive Log………………………………………………………………………...…..107 5.4.6 J2-189 NW Rota-1 Dive Log…………………………………………………………………………….111 5.4.7 J2-190 Esmeralda Dive Log……………………………………………………………………………...116 5.4.8 J2-191 NW Rota-1 Dive Log………………………………………………………………………...…..125 5.4.9 J2-192 NW Rota-1 Dive Log……………………………………………………………………….……131 5.4.10 J2-193 East Diamante Dive Log…………………………………………………………………………140 5.4.11 J2-194 Ruby Dive Log…………………………………………………………………………………...156 5.4.12 J2-195 Daikoku Dive Log………………………………………………………………………………..162 5.4.13 J2-196 NW Eifuku Dive Log………………………………………………………………………….....172 5.4.14 J2-197 Daikoku Dive Log………………………………………………………………………………..180 5.4.15 J2-198 Nikko Dive Log………………………………………………………………………………..…186 5.4.16 J2-199 Nikko Dive Log…………………………………………………………………………………..194 Figure 7………………………………………………………………………………………………..…203 Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………………………………..205 ii Figure 9…………………………………………………………………………………………………..207 Figure 10………………………………………………………………………………………………....209 Figure 11…………………………………………………………………………………………………211 Figure 12……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..213 Figure 13…………………………………………………………………………………………………215 Figure 14…………………………………………………………………………………………...…….217 Figure 15…………………………………………………………………………………………………219 Figure 16………………………………………………………………………………………………....221 Figure 17…………………………………………………………………………………………………223 Figure 18…………………………………………………………………………………………………225 Figure 19…………………………………………………………………………………………………227 Figure 20…………………………………………………………………………………………………229 Figure 21…………………………………………………………………………………………………231 Figure 22………………………………………………………………………………………………....233 FIGURE CAPTIONS Cover. Red flash of molten lava at Brimstone site, NW Rota-1 volcano, SRoF’06. Figure 1. Mariana Arc bathymetry and satellite altimetry data, indicating the Jason-2 SRoF’06 northern and southern dive areas. Plate 1: Geology at Northwest Rota-1 and East Diamante NW Rota-1 a) Good example of gases exsolving from lava that has just erupted on the seafloor at Brimstone Pit. Typically we see sheets of CO2 bubbles in the foreground of the advancing hot lava, with bright yellow-colored, sulfur-rich plumes originating from the lava itself. The CO2 bubbles would 'pulse' while the sulfur plumes were directly correlated to lava extrusion. Image ~1.5 m across. b) Nice example of the erupting volcanic vent with abundant ash and in some cases blocks of lava (top, middle) falling out of the plume emanating from Brimstone Pit. Image ~2 m across. c) Rock recovered from the Brimstone Pit area, NW Rota-1. Spectacular example of molten sulfur oozing out of the vesicles. Also notable in this sample, are the clasts of more hydrothermally altered material (grey) which presumably come from a deeper hydrothermal system below the volcanic vent. Rock is ~12 cm across. d) Close-up of what was once molten sulfur that exsolved from the hot lava. Note the textures of the sulfur and how they show the sulfur originated from inside the rock, and has not coated the rock after it was formed. Image is ~2 cm across. East Diamante e) Top of the Five Towers vent site. The chimneys rise ~5 m above a massive sulfide mound which itself is 6 m tall. The chimneys are typically capped by beehives and expel vent fluids at the boiling point (~245°C) temperature at the depth of these chimneys (~345 m). Image is ~1.5 m across. f) View looking down on some ~1.5 meter (5 feet) tall dead chimneys that grew out of a field of lava boulders. The chimney at the top of the photograph has grown over the boulder while at the foot of the chimneys in the foreground lies another chimney that has fallen over. Image is ~ 2 m across. g) Section cut through a chimney collected near the base of the Five Towers site. Here, a definite zonation can be seen with Fe-oxide-rich exterior dominated by bright red hematite followed by white-colored zone dominated by barite (BaSO4), and finally a high-temperature Cu-rich zone dominated by chalcopyrite. Sample is ~20 cm long. h) Cross-section through one of the chimneys recovered from the Black Forest vent field, East Diamante. Center of the chimney is lined by chalcopyrite (Cu-sulfide) while the outer portions are dominated by sphalerite (Zn-rich) and pyrite (Fe-rich) sulfides. The exterior of the sample is covered by silica. Image is ~0.5 m across. iii Plate 2: Geology at Daikoku
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