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CBD First National Report

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CBD First National Report GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA PRELIMINARY FIRST DRAFT NATIONAL REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES LUSAKA; DECEMBER; 1997. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMNS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 1.0 COUNTRY BACKGROUND 6 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN ZAMBIA 7 3.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) 14 4.0 FORMULATION OF THE FRAME WORK FOR THE BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR ZAMBIA (BSAP) 21 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22 6.0 REFERENCES 22 7.0 APPENDIX 22 Framework for the Country Study. 2 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMNS ADEMADE Adminstrative Management Design for Game Management Areas CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBNRMP Community Based National Resources Management Programme CITES Convention for International Endangered Species ECAZ Environmental Conservation Association of Zambia ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia EIA Environment Impact Assessment EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act ESP Environmental Support Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Grobal Environmental Facility GMA Game Management Areas IDA International Development Association IUCN World Conservation Union LTBP Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources NCS National Conservation Strategy NCSR National Council for Scientific Research NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO’s Non-Governmental Organisations NORAD Norweigian Agency for Development NPWS National Parks and Wildlife Service PDF Project Development Facility 3 RNG Royal Netherlands Government SADC Southern African Development Community SPC Species Protection Commission UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WCSZ Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia WWF World Wide Fund for Nature ZEEP Zambia Environmental Education Project ZFAP Zambia Forest Action Programme 4 Executive Summary Zambia signed the Convention on Biological Diversity on 28th May, 1993. The Convention came into force towards the end of 1993. As a Party to the Convention, Zambia like all other parties, is bound by the Articles of the Convention. Zambia is endowed with an abundance of Natural resources and a rich biological diversity. It has been estimated that the country has more than 5,500 species of flowering Plants, 233 species of mammals, 731 species of birds, 145 species of repitiles, and over 200 fish species. Zambia has had a long history in the conservation and management of its biological resources through an elaborate network of nature reserves which includes 19 National Parks, 32 Game Management Areas, and protected forests and woodlands covering about 8.6% of the country. Zambia’s relative success in biological diversity conservation can be partly attribted to favourable climatic conditions, good vegetation cover and, a low population density averaging 12.2 persons per square kilometre over an area of 752,617 square kilometres. While Zambia can still boast of having a fairly rich biological diversity, the country is facing a number of socio-economic problems with potentially negative impacts which could seriously deplete the country’s biological diversity. Since signing the CBD, Zambia has embarked on measures to control depletion of its biological diversity by starting to address appropriate Articles of the Convention as follows:- (i) Strengthening of links with neighbouring countries in conservation and sustainable utilization of Wildlife resources in border areas with Malawi, Zimbabwe and Botswana and developing joint research and training programmes in fisheries with Zimbabwe on Lake Kariba and Tanzania, Zaire and Burundi on Lake Tanganyika. (ii) reviewing policy and developing national strategies and action plans to enhance capacities for conservation and sustainable utilization of the country’s biological resources. For example, in 1994 Zambia prepared and adopted a National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP); in 1996 the country adopted an Environment Support Programme; and in 1997 the country prepared the Zambia Forest Action Plan (ZFAP) and secured funding from GEF for the preparation of the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP). In 1997, Zambia developed Legislation on EIA which has now come into effect. (iii) strengthening the system of in-situ conservation of biological resources by repealing appropriate laws. For example measures for repealing the Wildlife Act, the Forestry Act and the Fisheries Act have reached an advanced stage. (iv) Initiating appropriate measures for ex-situ conservation of biological diversity has been done by involving the private sector and NGOs in the establishment of Game Ranches, Bird Sanctuaries, Crocodile Farms and herbaria and the 5 involvement of local communities in forest management through joint forest management mechanisms. (v) Strengthening and broadening of public awareness and community participation in conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is being promoted through establishment of CBNRMP such as the ADMADE, LIRDP, the UZNRMP, the Wetlands Programmes and Integrated Fisheries Management Programmes on Lake Kariba, Lake Mweru and Lake Bangweulu. Implementation of different Articles of the convention are being pursued. However, the scarcity of resources and inadequancy of trained and experienced manpower has been a major constraint in the implementation of the CBD by Zambia. In this regard, the approval by GEF of Zambia’s proposal to undertake Biodiversity Enabling Activity studies is most appreciated and is expected to enable Zambia move a step under in fulfilling her obligations towards the convention. 1.0 Country Background 1.1 Location and Size Zambia is a landlocked country situated in the Southern African Sub-region. The Country is approximately 752,617 square kilometres in size and lies between latitudes 8 or 18 degrees south and longitudes 22 and 34 degrees east. Zambia is surrounded by eight (8) neighbouring countries namely Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the north; Malawi and Mozambique to the east; Zimbabwe; Botswana and Namibia to the south; and Angola to the west. 1.2 Climatic Conditions Most of Zambia lies between 1,000 and 1,600 meters above sea level. The highest parts of the country are in the north east with the plateau gradually sloping to the south east. The country’s sub-tropical climate is characterised by three seasons; namely the hot dry season from August to October; the rain season from November to April, when temperatures range from 270c to 380c; the cool dry season which lasts from May to August and temperatures range from 160c to 270c. Mean annual rainfall rages from 700mm in the southern parts of the country to 1400 mm in the north. 1.3 Demography and Population Trends The population of Zambia is estimated at 9.2 million (CSO, 1996). The annual population growth averaged 3.7 percent between 1980 and 1990 and has declined to 3.2 percent per year since 1990. 42% of the population lives in urban centres while 58% live in rural areas. Population density varies from province to province but averages 12.2 persons per square km. The country’s population is characterised by extreme youthfulness with 49.6 percent being under 15 years of age (CSO, 1990). 6 1.4 Socio-Economic Trends Zambia attained political independence from Britain in October, 1964. At the time of Independence, Zambia was considered one of the wealthiest nations in Africa. However, the Human Development Report (UNDP, 1996) shows that Zambia’s GNP per capita now stands at US$ 270 compared with US$ 580 in 1975 when the economy started declining. The decline in economic performance has raised poverty levels in Zambia to about 70% of the population. In Zambia, poverty manifests itself through inadequate purchasing power and access to essential social services. The 1990 National Census reported fertility at 6.5 children per female; mortality at 11.7 deaths per 1000. As at 1992, 27% of Zambians had no access to health services; 54% had no access to safe water; and 60% had no access to sanitation (Zambia Demographic Health Survey - ZDHS). 2.0 Environmental Issues in Zambia With its land are of 752,617 km2. Zambia’s Natural Resources are the basis of the economy of the country, which is mainly based on Copper Mining, Agriculture and Eco-Tourism. Biogeographically, Zambia falls in the Zambezian biome and has some afromontane elements in the Julbernadia and Isoberlinia species northeast. The country is dominated by miombo woodland of Brachystegia; Mopane Woodlands are found in the Luangwa and Zambezi Valleys and in the West; extensive Wetlands and Flood plains are scattered a cross the country with patches of lowland forests in the northwest; and montane forests and grasslands occur in the northeast. The country has a highly vascularized river system along with water bodies that cover as much as 6% of the total land area. The country belongs to the Zambezi River Drainage System. It is estimated that at least 5,500 vascular plant species occur in Zambia (IUCN 1990). Also there are at least 233 species of mammals, 731 species of Birds, 145 species of reptiles and 200 species of fish. Three centres of endemism are known in the country: Luangwa valley, in the east; Mbala in the northeast; Solwezi-Mwinilunga in the Northwest. Twenty-two species of antelope occur in Zambia, including the Sitatunga, Waterback, Kafue Lechwe, Black Lechwe, Southern Reedbuck, Prikn,
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