By Spencer Alan Jones in Masters of Arts in Biblical Studies We Accept This Thesis As Conforming to the Required Standard
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SYNTAX IN THE SEPTUAGINT: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RELATIVE CLAUSES IN GREEK NUMBERS by Spencer Alan Jones A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Masters of Arts in Biblical Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Dirk Büchner, DLitt; Thesis supervisor ............................................................................... Dr. Robert J. V. Hiebert, PhD; Second Reader TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY May 2015 © Spencer Alan Jones ABSTRACT When compared with compositional works of Koiné Greek, the syntax of the Septuagint can appear peculiar in some ways and quite familiar in others. In order to provide an approach that accounts for this peculiarity and enables rigorous syntactical interpretation of the Septuagint, this thesis develops a hypothesis that Septuagintal syntax is reflective of Koiné syntax with a measure of Hebrew influence. It then sets forth a methodology that takes into full account both Greek syntactical strictures and Hebrew interference, and situates this methodology among other approaches to Septuagintal syntax. Subsequently, this study applies its method to a detailed analysis of a few aspects of relative clauses in the Septuagint, namely, the variation of relative pronouns and use of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses. It concludes that the method followed in this study is successful in analyzing the unusual syntax of the Septuagint and could be applied broadly to the many varied syntactical phenomena. SIGLA AND ABBREVIATIONS Sigla 1º, 2º, etc. first occurrence, second occurrence, etc. 2x, 3x, etc. feature under consideration appears two or three times, respectively, in a given verse * This indicates either that the sentence is ungrammatical or, with reference to Greek or Hebrew sentences, that the author has composed them and they are found in no primary source > becomes (used for development of words or syntagms) < develops from (used for development of words or syntagms) ( ) enclosed letter(s) or word(s) resolve a Greek abbreviation [ ] enclosed letter(s) or word(s) are omitted from the manuscript { } enclosed letter(s) or word(s) are superfluous in the manuscript \ / enclosed letter(s) or word(s) are supralinear in the manuscript General Abbreviations Abbreviations follow those specified in the SBL Handbook of Style, chapter 8 and Appendix H. In addition, the following will be used: ca. circa col. column f. fragment G translator of Greek Numbers HN head noun (also called antecedent). κτλ. καὶ τὰ λοιπά = and the rest l. line MC matrix clause (i.e., the independent or main clause) MS(S) manuscript(s) RC relative clause Primary Text Abbreviations All abbreviations for Greek and Latin follow those specified in the SBL Handbook of Style Appendix H. Abbreviations for Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha follow SBL Handbook of Style 8.3.3 and 8.3.4, respectively. Abbreviations for Judean Desert Texts follow SBL Handbook of Style §8.3.5 and Appendix F. Abbreviations for Septuagint manuscripts and manuscript groupings will follow those used in the Göttingen Septuaginta volumes. Abbreviations for papyri follow the checklist of editions, available online at http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/papyrus/texts/clist.html. i Where no suitable abbreviation is found, the name of the text is given in full. In addition, the following abbreviations will be used: BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (ed. K. Elliger et al.; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1967) Diod. Diodorus Siculus (1st cent. BCE) Hb Num Hebrew Numbers, as represented in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia unless otherwise noted Gk Num Greek Numbers, as represented in John W. Wevers’ Numeri unless otherwise noted LBdA La Bible d’Alexandrie (ed. Marguerite Harl; Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1986–) LXXD Septuaginta Deutsch (ed. Wolfgang Kraus and Martin Karrer; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2009) MT Masoretic Text, as represented in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Secondary Sources, Journals, and Series Abbreviations BDF F. Blass, A. Debrunner, and R. W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961) BDAG Frederick W. Danker et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (3rd ed.; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000) BIOSCS Bulletin of the International Organization of Septuagint and Cognate Studies CBET Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology JBL Journal of Biblical Literature J–M Paul Joüon and Takamitsu Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (2nd ed.; Roma: Gregorian and Biblical Press, 2011) JNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages Kühner–Gerth Raphael Kühner and Bernhard Gerth, Ausführliche Grammatik der Griechischen Sprache (2 vols.; Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1989–1904) JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series NGTN John W. Wevers, Notes on the Greek Texts of Numbers (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998) Mayser Edwin Mayser, Grammatik der Griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit (2 vols.; Berlin: de Gruyter, 1906–1934) MSU Mittelungen des Septuaginta-Unternehmens LHBOTS Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies LEH Johan Lust, Erik Eynikel, and Katrin Hauspie. Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint (Rev. ed.; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2008) LSJ Henry G. Liddell et al., A Greek–English Lexicon (9th ed.; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940) ii Robertson A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1934). SBLSCS Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies Series Smyth Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar (New York: American Book Co., 1920) VT Vetus Testamentum VTSup Supplements to Vetus Testamentum iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Statement of Purpose ............................................................................................................. 7 1.2. Statement of the Research Question ..................................................................................... 7 1.3. Statement of Thesis and Scope of Study ............................................................................. 12 1.4. Preview of Chapters ............................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 2: Method and Survey of Literature .............................................................. 16 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 16 2.2. Statement of Method ........................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1. On the Use of Function versus Construction ............................................................... 17 2.2.2. On the Use of Papyri and other Literature ................................................................... 19 2.2.3. Categorization of Data ................................................................................................. 23 2.2.4. Analysis and Explanation of the Data ......................................................................... 24 2.2.5. Formulation and Testing of a Typology ...................................................................... 28 2.3. Survey of Literature ............................................................................................................ 30 2.3.1. The Helsinki School .................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1.1. Goals of the Helsinki School’s Research ........................................................................... 32 2.3.1.2. Syntax of Translation Greek and Translation Technique .................................................. 34 2.3.1.3. Examples and Exemplary Studies of Translation Technique ............................................ 40 2.3.1.4. The Helsinki School on Relative Clauses in the Septuagint .............................................. 45 2.3.1.5. Summation ......................................................................................................................... 54 2.3.2. The Interlinear Paradigm ............................................................................................. 60 2.3.3. Other Notable Studies .................................................................................................. 62 2.3.3.1. Anwar Tjen, On Conditionals in the Greek Pentateuch .................................................... 62 2.3.3.2. Trevor Evans, Verbal Syntax in the Greek Pentateuch ...................................................... 66 2.3.3.3. Takamitsu Muraoka ........................................................................................................... 69 2.3.4. Summation and Need for the Current Study ................................................................ 77 2.4. A Few Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 78 2.5. Texts Employed .................................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 3: Variation of Relativizers in Greek Numbers ............................................ 82 3.1. Introduction