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El Colegio De Chihuahua Ricardo León García MAESTRO EN El Colegio de Chihuahua Un acceso de modernidad. Reflexiones sobre la vida económica del estado de Chihuahua, 1880-1920. Tesis presentada por Ricardo León García para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN INVESTIGACIÓN Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, septiembre de 2018. El Colegio de Chihuahua Un acceso de modernidad. Reflexiones sobre la vida económica del estado de Chihuahua, 1880-1920. Tesis presentada por Ricardo León García para cumplir con los requisitos parciales para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN INVESTIGACIÓN Director de Tesis Nombre de la persona Comité de Tesis Nombre de la persona Nombre de la persona Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, septiembre de 2018. © Ricardo León García Se autoriza el uso del contenido de esta tesis, siempre y cuando sea sin fines de lucro o para usos estrictamente académicos, citando invariablemente la fuente, sin alteración del contenido y dando los créditos autorales. El Colegio de Chihuahua Institución Pública de Investigación y Posgrado Sínodo de tesis Nombre de la persona Presidente Nombre de la persona Secretario Nombre de la persona Vocal Nombre de la persona Vocal Nombre de la persona Vocal Resumen Comercio, industria, ferrocarriles y banca fueron los sectores de la economía chihuahuense del porfiriato (1880-1911) que le dieron un toque de modernidad. Las inversiones y los esquemas de organización de los impulsores de este intento de colocar a la región como parte de la vanguardia capitalista son presentados con la finalidad de provocar una reflexión profunda en el significado de su actuación. La investigación logra poner en duda el carácter tradicionalista de los representantes del sistema mercantil al colocarlos como eje de la inversión que promueve modernos tipos de industria, ferrocarriles acordes con las necesidades de la economía local y nacional, así como instituciones bancarias sin parangón en ese momento con sus similares del país. Todo lo anterior, como parte de un proyecto muy ambicioso de construcción del Estado- Nación mexicano. Summary Commerce, industry, railways and banking were the sectors of the State of Chihuahua economy during the so called porfiriato era (1880-1911) that gave the regime a touch of modernity. Investments and organizational schemes of the promoters of this attempt to place the region as a part of the capitalist vanguard are presented with the purpose of encouraging more deep reflections on the meaning of their actions. The investigation manages to question the traditionalism of the representatives of the mercantile system by placing them as the real footing of investment that promotes modern classes of industry, railways in accordance with the requirements of the local and national economy, as well as banking institutions unparalleled at that time with its similar ones in the country. All these features, as part of a very ambitious project of construction of the Mexican Nation-State. Contenido Introducción, 1 Capítulo I. Los ámbitos del comercio en el estado de Chihuahua, 17 Fases de la actividad comercial entre 1880 y 1920, 17 Reacomodo de posiciones, 18 Consolidación de nuevos comerciantes, 18 Los comerciantes de la zona libre, 19 Ascenso de pequeños comerciantes, 20 Nuevos líderes mercantiles, 21 Un acercamiento a la realidad comercial del estado de Chihuahua, 21 Los comerciantes extranjeros, 22 Concentración de líderes en la capital, 23 Los que llegaron en el tren, 26 El nuevo tipo de comerciante, 28 La zona libre y el comercio chihuahuense, 34 La oferta comercial en el estado de Chihuahua, 38 Capítulo II. La primera ola industrializadora, 42 Revitalización de las actividades tradicionales, 44 Hilados, tejidos y confecciones: los primeros establecimientos, 60 La Industria, 60 Fábrica de Dolores, 61 Fábrica de Talamantes, 62 Bellavista, 63 La renovación de la producción textil, 64 Producción de harina de trigo, 73 Bebidas alcohólicas, 77 La modernización fabril, 79 Compañía Industrial Mexicana, S. A. (CIM), 79 Compañía Cervecera de Chihuahua, S. A., 86 Industrial Jabonera de La Laguna, S. A., 89 La Internacional, S. A., 91 Capítulo III. Los ferrocarriles: más esperanzas que cambios, 94 El impulso constructor, 96 Proyectos de papel, 97 Rutas en expansión, 100 Se vislumbran los cambios, 102 La modernidad sobre ruedas, 102 El camino real de hierro, 103 Los trabajos y las vías, 107 Una fiebre de fracasos, 110 Tres vías para un destino: el sistema ChP, 112 Las nuevas concesiones, 116 Las otras vías, 120 Lo que fue y lo que pudo ser, 122 Un rompimiento a medias, 124 La participación de los propietarios de las tierras, 128 ¿Negocios sobre ruedas?, 132 Viajar en tren, 140 Capítulo IV. Un modelo para su tiempo: la banca de Chihuahua, 143 El entusiasmo por los bancos, 147 El Banco Minero de Chihuahua, 150 Asentamiento del Banco Minero, 152 Enrique C. Creel, banquero mexicano, 157 Otros bancos, 160 El caso del Banco Nacional de México, 162 Crédito al margen de los bancos, 163 Conclusión, 171 Fuentes de información, 174 Índice de cuadros I.1. Principales comerciantes en Chihuahua, 1880-1914 30 I.2. Comerciantes que arribaron a Ciudad Juárez en la época de la Zona Libre (muestra) 36 II.1. Establecimientos y operarios artesanales en el estado de Chihuahua, en cada uno de los distritos judiciales, 1906 43 II.2. Actividades artesanales en el estado de Chihuahua por distrito, 1906 45 II.3. Concesiones industriales en el estado de Chihuahua, 1881-1910 48 II. 4. Concesiones estatales para la producción de bienes para la industria 49-50 II.5. Concesiones estatales para la prestación de servicios industriales 51-52 II. 6. Concesiones estatales para la producción de bienes de consumo 53 II.7. Concesiones estatales para la producción de alimentos y bebidas 55 II. 8. Concesiones estatales para producción textil 56 II.9. Localidad de ubicación de las concesiones industriales en el estado de Chihuahua, 1881-1910 57 II. 10. Concentración geográfica de la industria chihuahuense, 1905-1910 58 II.11. Número de establecimientos industriales por distrito judicial, 1905-1910 59 II. 12. Establecimientos de producción textil en Chihuahua, 1886-1910 65 II.13. Producción anual de mezcales en 1906 78 II.14. Algunos empleados extranjeros en la CIM 81 II.15. Producción de cebada en el estado de Chihuahua, 1898-1909 89 III.1. Concesiones ferrocarrileras en el estado de Chihuahua, 1850-1876 98 III.2. Ferrocarril Chihuahua e Hidalgo a la Sierra Madre 111 III.3. Concesiones ferrocarrileras en Chihuahua. Proyectos sin realizar, 1880-1909 127 III.4. Ventas de fajas de terreno al FC Central Mexicano en la zona de Camargo 130 III.5. Ferrocarril Central Mexicano. Adquisición terrenos para construir Ramal Jiménez- Parral-Santa Bárbara 131 III.6. Líneas de concesión federal en 1899 135 III.7. Estadística ferroviaria del estado de Chihuahua, 1910 136 III.8. Ferrocarriles de concesión estatal al 31 de diciembre de 1910 137 III.9. Datos de explotación de ferrocarriles, 1909 138 III.10. Líneas de ferrocarril en operación dentro del estado de Chihuahua, 1883-1923 139 IV.1. Concesiones bancarias otorgadas por la Legislatura del estado de Chihuahua hasta 1884 146 IV.2. Bancos acreedores del Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua 149 IV.3 Créditos del Banco Minero de Chihuahua (muestra) 153 IV.4. Socios suscriptores del Banco Minero de Chihuahua, 1896 155 IV.5. Estados financieros del Banco Minero 1883-1911 157 IV.6. La carrera bancaria de Enrique C. Creel 158 IV.7. Oficinas de bancos foráneos en Chihuahua, 1882-1914 160 IV.8. Algunos créditos extrabancarios otorgados en 1888 165 IV.9. Algunos créditos otorgados por Stallforth y Hermano en Parral, 1888-1908 166 IV.10. Algunos créditos otorgados por Enrique C. Creel, 1883-1905 167 IV.11. Algunos créditos otorgados por el general Luis Terrazas, 1883 y 1884 168 IV.12. Préstamos de Jesús José Salazar en Cusihuiríachi 1883 168 Siglas utilizadas AGNCH Archivo General de Notarías del Estado de Chihuahua. CHE Periódico The Chihuahua Enterprise. ECC Periódico El Correo de Chihuahua. EPDH Periódico El Paso Daily Herald. EPDT Periódico El Paso Daily Times. EPH Periódico El Paso Herald. EPT Periódico EL Paso Times. LSEP Periódico The Lone Star of El Paso. POCH Periódico Oficial del Estado de Chihuahua. Introducción Mucho se habla en distintos medios periodísticos y académicos de los procesos de modernización. Cada vez que la modernidad, lo moderno o la modernización se evocan en el discurso, las expresiones de definitividad no cejan. Se da una especie de contundencia que no admite argumentación en contra. Pero ¿a qué nos referimos cuando hablamos de modernidad y de la modernización? Hans Robert Jauss ha insistido en que se trata básicamente de un término derivado de la estética y con el cual hemos venido jugando desde el siglo XVIII. En términos generales, dice el filólogo alemán, nos hemos quedado con la idea de que lo moderno implica un proceso de cambio durante el cual se va desechando lo considerado como viejo o antiguo y se propone una innovación.1 Para adentrarse en la idea de lo moderno, hay que asumir la contradicción entre lo antiguo y lo actual, incluso entre conservación y cambio. El siglo XIX es testigo del convencimiento de diversos grupos de las élites latinoamericanas para pensar el capitalismo como la opción organizativa más viable para la construcción de la nación, una vez sacudido el lastre del coloniaje europeo. La influencia del empuje estadounidense y de las ideas provenientes de la Francia, que se oponía a la conservación de lo que sus intelectuales bautizaron como “el antiguo régimen”, hizo mella en el pensamiento de quienes se imaginaban nuevas naciones que
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