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Governmental Responses to Political Criminality in Mexico and Colombia, 1870S - 1910S

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Governmental Responses to Political Criminality in Mexico and Colombia, 1870S - 1910S Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-20-2019 Fighting Rebellion, Criminalizing Dissent: Governmental Responses to Political Criminality in Mexico and Colombia, 1870s - 1910s Adrian Alzate Garcia Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons, Legal Commons, Legal History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Alzate Garcia, Adrian, "Fighting Rebellion, Criminalizing Dissent: Governmental Responses to Political Criminality in Mexico and Colombia, 1870s - 1910s" (2019). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4047. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/4047 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida FIGHTING REBELLION, CRIMINALIZING DISSENT: GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES TO POLITICAL CRIMINALITY IN MEXICO AND COLOMBIA, 1870s – 1910s A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY by Adrian Alzate Garcia 2019 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International & Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Adrian Alzate Garcia, and entitled Fighting Rebellion, Criminalizing Dissent: Governmental Responses to Political Criminality in Mexico and Colombia, 1870s – 1910s, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgement. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _________________________________________ Bianca Premo _________________________________________ Okezi Otovo ________________________________________ Matthew Mirow _________________________________________ Karl Harter _________________________________________ Victor Uribe, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 20, 2019 The dissertation of Adrian Alzate Garcia is approved _________________________________________ Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International & Public Affairs _________________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2019 ii DEDICATION To my parents, for their unconditional love and support. To Renán Silva, my first mentor, to whom I owe my passion for history. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The list of people I wish to thank for their support and company during the last five years is long and extends beyond the limits of this section. I apologize in advance for not including here all people whose names deserve at least a brief mention. They might not appear in these pages, but they still have a very special place in my heart. I hope life gives me the chance of expressing them my gratitude in person. I would like to start by thanking all the institutions that contributed to this experience and its successful conclusion. My doctorate in the United States would not have been possible without the institutional and financial support of Fulbright Colombia. Being a fulbrighter was a privilege and an honor, and I did my best for meeting their expectations of excellency, dedication, and commitment to my country. I would like to thank them for firmly believing in the transformative role of humanities and social sciences in our society. My doctoral studies at Florida International University were a product of that belief, and so is this dissertation with all its further outcomes and products. I received additional financial support from the University’s Graduate School and the Tinker Foundation. I will always be thankful to the University for giving me the chance of finishing my doctorate with a Teaching Assistant fellowship, and supporting my work with a Morris and Anita Broad Research Fellowship. In addition, the University’s Doctoral Evidence Acquisition and Dissertation Year fellowships made possible the timely completion of this dissertation. I am greatly indebted to all the people that helped me achieve the dream of studying in the United States. Thanks to my professors Renán Silva, Beatriz Castro, and Luis Javier Ortiz for all their support and advice during the application process and the first years of my doctoral experience. Thanks to my colleague and friend Ramón Versage for helping iv me improve my academic writing during my last year in Colombia. He was in my mind anytime I received an A with some extra compliments about my English. I also want to thank my colleagues from the Universidad Icesi in Cali, Colombia, who gave me the opportunity of growing up as an academic during the years prior to my departure. Special thanks to my colleagues Mario Cajas, Natalia Rodríguez, Lina Buchelli, and Diana Solano for teaching me a great deal of what I currently know about law. They are partially responsible for my interest on legal history. I am indebted, too, with several people at school. Victor Uribe, my head advisor, played the most important role in my formation as a legal historian and modern Latin Americanist. I am more than thankful for his dedication, his interest, and his confidence in my work. Professors Bianca Premo and Aaron Slater greatly contributed to expand my perspectives and potential as both a professor and a researcher. Doctors Okezi Otovo and Matthew Mirow made important contributions not only to my professional formation but also to the intellectual endeavors behind this dissertation. Doctors Micah Oelze and Judith Mansilla adopted me as a younger sibling almost since the beginning of my doctoral experience, when they were just two graduate students in the final phases of their dissertations. I learned a great deal from them, and the memories of our many trips within the United States and abroad will remain in my memory forever. I also want to thank Luis del Pino for his time, patience, and good humor. Outside Florida International University, professors James Sanders and Joshua Rosenthal gave me valuable feedback on more than one occasion. I will treasure the conversations we had during the few academic congresses we attended together. Thanks, too, to all the people from the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, in v Frankfurt, Germany. Doctors Stephanie Ruther and Karl Harter made my two weeks at the Institute a wonderful and unforgettable academic experience. Doctor Harter also played an important role as an external advisor for this dissertation, and provided me with useful literature and vital suggestions concerning my theoretical framework. An additional thank you to the people that gave me a hand in the recollection of primary sources and archival documents in Colombia, especially to Juán Sebastián García in Bogotá and Katherine Bolívar in Medellín. Finally, I want to thank those that kept me afloat during five years of academic, professional, and emotional challenges. My parents, Gabriel and María Eugenia, were the most important support I had. Week after week they did all they could for making me feel that home was not as far as it actually was. Carlos, Ángela, Daniel, and Camila were always there for reminding me what family love was and how powerful it could be. Megan, with her patient love, her sweet devotion, and her many lessons, was my light in the darkness, the pillar of my sanity, the force behind all my endeavors, and the responsible for most of my accomplishments in the last few years. I do not have words for expressing how much I owe Andrés and his unconditional friendship and loyalty. Thank you all for helping me being the person I am now and achieving all that I have achieved thus far. This accomplishment is as yours as it is mine. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION FIGHTING REBELLION, CRIMINALIZING DISSENT: GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES TO POLITICAL CRIMINALITY IN MEXICO AND COLOMBIA, 1870s – 1910s by Adrian Alzate Garcia Florida International University, 2016 Miami, Florida Professor Victor Uribe, Major Professor Political Crimes represent one of the most neglected areas in the historical scholarship on modern Latin America. It is an enduring absence that, for decades, has prevented historians from developing richer understandings about the functioning of politics, the evolution of legal phenomena, and the workings of both war and peace in the region. This dissertation addresses this historiographical void trough a comparative study of governmental responses to political criminality in Mexico and Colombia between the 1870s and the 1910s –years that frame the rise and fall of the Mexican Porfiriato and the Colombian Regeneration. A study of political, legal, and social history, the dissertation explores and analyzes how governments in Mexico and Colombia understood and responded to political offenses such as treason, rebellion, and subversion. How legalistic were these responses? How respectful of the rule of law they were? What do these responses reveal about the logics of justice, state power and repression in late-nineteenth century Latin America? What do they tell about the relationships between state and citizens in the region? A wide collection of vii primary sources helps answer these questions. Sources include newspapers; memoires; collections of laws and decrees; legislative debates; legal essays; criminal
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