Timeline / 800 to 1400 / TUNISIA

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Timeline / 800 to 1400 / TUNISIA Date Country | Description 827 A.D. Tunisia The Aghlabids begin the conquest of Sicily. 836 A.D. Tunisia Construction of the Great Mosque of Kairouan. 863 A.D. Tunisia Construction of the Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis. 876 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the town of Raqqada a few kilometres outside Kairouan. 921 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the town of Mahdia, capital of the Fatimids. 947 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of princely town of Sabra-al Mansuriya. 971 - 973 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of Cairo (Egypt). The Fatimids leave for Cairo. 1007 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the Qal’at Bani Hammad (Algeria). 1015 A.D. Tunisia The Zirid princes share out the kingdom of Ifriqiya and the fortress of the Bani Hammad. 1016 - 1062 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the kingdom of al-Mu‘izz ibn Badis, which splits from the Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo. 1050 - 1052 A.D. Tunisia Ifriqiya is invaded by Hilalian tribes from Egypt. Split into several different kingdoms, Ifriqiya falls to the invaders. 1118 - 1156 A.D. Tunisia Date Country | Description Norman incursions on the coast of Ifriqiya. The Djerba and Kerkennah islands, along with the towns of Gabès, Sfax, Mahdia and Sousse, are occupied by the Normans. 1160 A.D. Tunisia Reconquest of the coast by the Almohads and reunification of Ifriqiya. 1184 - 1209 A.D. Tunisia The powers of the Almohads declines. 1228 - 1236 A.D. Tunisia The Hafsid Kingdom of Tunis exerts a remarkable influence in politics, economics and culture. 1253 A.D. Tunisia The socio-cultural movement in Ifriqiya flourishes with individuals such as Sidi Bou Saïd and Sidi Mehrez venerated as patron saints. 1270 A.D. Tunisia Death of Louis IX at the gates of Carthage during the Eighth Crusade against the Kingdom of Tunis. 1277 - 1370 A.D. Tunisia The century is marked by trials and crises that shake the Hafsid kingdom: civil wars, foreign incursions and cholera epidemics. 1316 A.D. Tunisia Birth of the illustrious scholar Ibn Arfa. 1332 A.D. Tunisia Birth of the illustrious scholar Ibn Khaldun in Tunis. 1370 - 1394 A.D. Tunisia Political stability under the reign of the Hafsid princes. 1394 - 1434 A.D. Tunisia Development of commercial relations with Italian towns..

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Glaze Production at an Early Islamic Workshop in Al-Andalus
Glaze production at an Early Islamic workshop in al-Andalus Elena Salinas1, Trinitat Pradell1 Judit Molera 2 1Physics Department and Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14 08019 Barcelona, Spain 2GR-MECAMAT, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Campus Torre dels Frares, C/ de la Laura 13, 08500, Vic, Spain Abstract The study and analysis of the materials found in one of the earliest Islamic glazed ceramics workshop in al-Andalus (Pechina) dating from the second half of the 9th century, including fritting vessels, kiln furniture, wasters and slags, and a glass chunk, has revealed the materials used and methods of production. Galena was oxidised to obtain PbO in the workshop. Fritting of the glaze involved a two-stage process for which two different types of vessels were used. The fritting process ended with a melt which was poured to obtain a high lead glass. The ground glass was applied over the biscuit fired ceramics, and fired to a temperature high enough to soften the glaze and adhere it onto the ceramic surface. Evidences of a similar process was found in a later workshop in San Nicolas (10th century) which demonstrates the persistence of the technique in al-Andalus during the caliphal period. There is little evidence of early Islamic glaze manufacture at kiln sites and in contrast to the glass workshops the glazed ceramics workshops have not been studied. Consequently, this study adds valuable information to the currently very limited knowledge about the early glaze technology in Dar al-Islam.
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337 INDE X 4WD Trips 286 a Abbes 256 Accommodation
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