Timeline / 600 to 1900 / TUNISIA
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The Question of 'Race' in the Pre-Colonial Southern Sahara
The Question of ‘Race’ in the Pre-colonial Southern Sahara BRUCE S. HALL One of the principle issues that divide people in the southern margins of the Sahara Desert is the issue of ‘race.’ Each of the countries that share this region, from Mauritania to Sudan, has experienced civil violence with racial overtones since achieving independence from colonial rule in the 1950s and 1960s. Today’s crisis in Western Sudan is only the latest example. However, very little academic attention has been paid to the issue of ‘race’ in the region, in large part because southern Saharan racial discourses do not correspond directly to the idea of ‘race’ in the West. For the outsider, local racial distinctions are often difficult to discern because somatic difference is not the only, and certainly not the most important, basis for racial identities. In this article, I focus on the development of pre-colonial ideas about ‘race’ in the Hodh, Azawad, and Niger Bend, which today are in Northern Mali and Western Mauritania. The article examines the evolving relationship between North and West Africans along this Sahelian borderland using the writings of Arab travellers, local chroniclers, as well as several specific documents that address the issue of the legitimacy of enslavement of different West African groups. Using primarily the Arabic writings of the Kunta, a politically ascendant Arab group in the area, the paper explores the extent to which discourses of ‘race’ served growing nomadic power. My argument is that during the nineteenth century, honorable lineages and genealogies came to play an increasingly important role as ideological buttresses to struggles for power amongst nomadic groups and in legitimising domination over sedentary communities. -
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Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel. -
The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions
'lltc Jnslitutc of lsmaili Studies Ismaili Heritage Series, 14 The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions Previously published titles: I. Paul E. Walker, Abu Ya'qub al-SijistiinI: Intellectual Missionary (1996) 2. Heinz Halm, The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning ( 1997) 3. Paul E. Walker, Jjamfd al-Din al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age ofal-l:iiikim (1999) 4. Alice C. Hunsberger, Nasir Khusraw, The Ruby of Badakhshan: A Portrait of the Persian Poet, Traveller and Philosopher (2000) 5. Farouk Mitha, Al-Ghazalf and the Ismailis: A Debate in Medieval Islam (2001) Edited by 6. Ali S. Asani, Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia (2002) Farhad Daftary and Shainool Jiwa 7. Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources (2002) 8. Nadia Eboo Jamal, Surviving the Mongols: Nizari Quhistani and the Continuity ofIsmaili Tradition in Persia (2002) 9. Verena Klemm, Memoirs of a Mission: The Ismaili Scholar; States man and Poet al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shfriizi (2003) 10. Peter Willey, Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (2005) 11. Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood (2006) 12. Farhad Daftary, Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies (2005) 13. Farhad Daftary, ed., A Modern History of the Ismailis (2011) I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON • NEW YORK in association with The Institute oflsmaili Studies LONDON 1111 '1111' 1'itti111icl <: 11lifih111t· soun;cs and fanciful accounts of medieval times. 'lhus legends and misconceptions have continued to surround the Ismailis through the 20th century. -
Timeline / 500 to 1800 / TUNISIA
Timeline / 500 to 1800 / TUNISIA Date Country | Description 533 A.D. Tunisia Byzantine reconquest of Africa led by the Byzantine general Belisarius. End of the Vandal kingdom. 534 - 548 A.D. Tunisia Berber insurrections threaten the Byzantine army, which suffered repeated setbacks. 582 - 602 A.D. Tunisia Reorganisation of the Byzantine Empire and institution of the Exarchate of Carthage, consolidating the pre-eminence of the military. 647 A.D. Tunisia First expedition of Muslim Arabs in Ifriqiya. Victory at Sufetula (Sbeitla). 665 A.D. Tunisia Second Arab expedition. Victory at Hadrumetum (Sousse). 670 A.D. Tunisia Third Arab expedition led by ‘Uqba (Okba) ibn Nafi, who founds the town of Kairouan. 698 A.D. Tunisia Carthage conquered by the Arabs under the leadership of Hassan ibn Numan. 705 A.D. Tunisia Musa ibn Nossayr becomes the first governor of Ifriqiya. 711 A.D. Tunisia The Muslims begin the conquest of Spain under the leadership of Tarik ibn Ziyad. 739 - 742 A.D. Tunisia Berber insurrections shake the country. Arab pacification puts an end to the insecurity and prompts economic growth. 827 A.D. Tunisia The Aghlabids begin the conquest of Sicily. Date Country | Description 836 A.D. Tunisia Construction of the Great Mosque of Kairouan. 863 A.D. Tunisia Construction of the Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis. 876 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the town of Raqqada a few kilometres outside Kairouan. 921 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the town of Mahdia, capital of the Fatimids. 947 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of princely town of Sabra-al Mansuriya. 971 - 973 A.D. -
Glaze Production at an Early Islamic Workshop in Al-Andalus
Glaze production at an Early Islamic workshop in al-Andalus Elena Salinas1, Trinitat Pradell1 Judit Molera 2 1Physics Department and Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany, 10-14 08019 Barcelona, Spain 2GR-MECAMAT, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Campus Torre dels Frares, C/ de la Laura 13, 08500, Vic, Spain Abstract The study and analysis of the materials found in one of the earliest Islamic glazed ceramics workshop in al-Andalus (Pechina) dating from the second half of the 9th century, including fritting vessels, kiln furniture, wasters and slags, and a glass chunk, has revealed the materials used and methods of production. Galena was oxidised to obtain PbO in the workshop. Fritting of the glaze involved a two-stage process for which two different types of vessels were used. The fritting process ended with a melt which was poured to obtain a high lead glass. The ground glass was applied over the biscuit fired ceramics, and fired to a temperature high enough to soften the glaze and adhere it onto the ceramic surface. Evidences of a similar process was found in a later workshop in San Nicolas (10th century) which demonstrates the persistence of the technique in al-Andalus during the caliphal period. There is little evidence of early Islamic glaze manufacture at kiln sites and in contrast to the glass workshops the glazed ceramics workshops have not been studied. Consequently, this study adds valuable information to the currently very limited knowledge about the early glaze technology in Dar al-Islam. -
Timeline / 400 to 1550 / TUNISIA
Timeline / 400 to 1550 / TUNISIA Date Country | Description 533 A.D. Tunisia Byzantine reconquest of Africa led by the Byzantine general Belisarius. End of the Vandal kingdom. 534 - 548 A.D. Tunisia Berber insurrections threaten the Byzantine army, which suffered repeated setbacks. 582 - 602 A.D. Tunisia Reorganisation of the Byzantine Empire and institution of the Exarchate of Carthage, consolidating the pre-eminence of the military. 647 A.D. Tunisia First expedition of Muslim Arabs in Ifriqiya. Victory at Sufetula (Sbeitla). 665 A.D. Tunisia Second Arab expedition. Victory at Hadrumetum (Sousse). 670 A.D. Tunisia Third Arab expedition led by ‘Uqba (Okba) ibn Nafi, who founds the town of Kairouan. 698 A.D. Tunisia Carthage conquered by the Arabs under the leadership of Hassan ibn Numan. 705 A.D. Tunisia Musa ibn Nossayr becomes the first governor of Ifriqiya. 711 A.D. Tunisia The Muslims begin the conquest of Spain under the leadership of Tarik ibn Ziyad. 739 - 742 A.D. Tunisia Berber insurrections shake the country. Arab pacification puts an end to the insecurity and prompts economic growth. 827 A.D. Tunisia The Aghlabids begin the conquest of Sicily. Date Country | Description 836 A.D. Tunisia Construction of the Great Mosque of Kairouan. 863 A.D. Tunisia Construction of the Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis. 876 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the town of Raqqada a few kilometres outside Kairouan. 921 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of the town of Mahdia, capital of the Fatimids. 947 A.D. Tunisia Foundation of princely town of Sabra-al Mansuriya. 971 - 973 A.D. -
Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 159/Friday, August 16, 2019/Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 159 / Friday, August 16, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 41909 PART 71—DESIGNATION OF CLASS A, imposed pursuant to an agreement cultural patrimony of Algeria is in B, C, D, AND E AIRSPACE AREAS; AIR between the United States and Algeria jeopardy from the pillage of TRAFFIC SERVICE ROUTES; AND that has been entered into under the archaeological material representing REPORTING POINTS authority of the Convention on Cultural Algeria’s cultural heritage dating from Property Implementation Act. The final approximately 2.4 million years up to ■ 1. The authority citation for part 71 rule amends CBP regulations by adding 250 years ago, including material continues to read as follows: Algeria to the list of countries which starting in the Paleolithic period and Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g); 40103, have a bilateral agreement with the going into the Ottoman period (19 40113, 40120; E.O. 10854, 24 FR 9565, 3 CFR, United States to impose cultural U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(A)); (2) that the 1959–1963 Comp., p. 389. property import restrictions. The final Algerian government has taken rule also contains the Designated List measures consistent with the § 71.1 [Amended] that describes the types of Convention to protect its cultural ■ 2. The incorporation by reference in archaeological material to which the patrimony (19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(B)); (3) 14 CFR 71.1 of FAA Order 7400.11C, restrictions apply. that import restrictions imposed by the Airspace Designations and Reporting DATES: Effective Date: August 14, 2019. United States would be of substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation of Points, dated August 13, 2018, and FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For pillage and remedies less drastic are not effective September 15, 2018, is legal aspects, Lisa L. -
Violence, Protection and Commerce
This file is to be used only for a purpose specified by Palgrave Macmillan, such as checking proofs, preparing an index, reviewing, endorsing or planning coursework/other institutional needs. You may store and print the file and share it with others helping you with the specified purpose, but under no circumstances may the file be distributed or otherwise made accessible to any other third parties without the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Please contact [email protected] if you have any queries regarding use of the file. Proof 1 2 3 3 4 Violence, Protection and 5 6 Commerce 7 8 Corsairing and ars piratica in the Early Modern 9 Mediterranean 10 11 Wolfgang Kaiser and Guillaume Calafat 12 13 14 15 Like other maritime spaces, and indeed even large oceans such as the 16 Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean was not at all a ‘no man’s sea’ – as 17 the sea in general appears, opposed to territorial conquest and occupa- 18 tion of land, in a prominent way in Carl Schmitt’s opposition between 19 a terrestrian and a ‘free maritime’ spatial order.1 Large oceanic spaces 20 such as the Indian Ocean and smaller ones such as the Mediterranean 21 were both culturally highly saturated and legally regulated spaces.2 22 The Inner Sea has even been considered as a matrix of the legal and 23 political scenario of imposition of the Roman ‘policy of the sea’ that 24 had efficiently guaranteed free circulation and trade by eliminating 25 the pirates – Cicero’s ‘enemy of mankind’ 3– who formerly had infected the 26 Mediterranean. -
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: an Introduction
Please provide footnote text Chapter 1 The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: An Introduction Glaire D. Anderson, Corisande Fenwick, and Mariam Rosser-Owen This book takes an interdisciplinary and transregional approach to the Aghlabid dynasty and ninth-century North Africa, to highlight the region’s im- portant interchange with other medieval societies in the Mediterranean and beyond. It comprises new invited essays alongside revised versions of select papers presented at the symposium, “The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa,” held in London in May 2014 under the aegis of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.1 This event was originally intended as a small interdisciplinary workshop on the his- tory and material culture of the Aghlabid dynasty of Ifriqiya and its immediate neighbors in the region, but it rapidly became a larger event when we real- ized the scale of scholarly interest in the topic. The workshop brought scholars together from different national as well as disciplinary traditions to consider the Aghlabids and their neighbors, with the aim of moving toward a more in- tegrated understanding of this crucial dynasty and period within the Islamic world. Our stated aim in the call for papers was to consider North Africa not as a peripheral frontier whose artistic production was inferior to or derivative of trends in the Abbasid heartlands of Iraq and Egypt, which is how it has long been situated in the history of Islamic art, but as one of the vibrant centers of the early medieval dār al-Islām. In doing so, we hoped not only to reevaluate problematic yet persistent notions of the region’s peripherality in Islamic (art) history and archaeology, but also to illuminate processes of acculturation and interaction between ninth-century North Africa, Iberia, Sicily/Italy, and other regions. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Contested Legend Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Contested Legend of al-Kâhina: Prophetess or Propaganda? A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Art in African Studies by Jessica Leigh Keuter 2019 © Copyright by Jessica Leigh Keuter 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Contested Legend of al-Kâhina: Prophetess or Propaganda? by Jessica Leigh Keuter Master of Arts in African Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Ghislaine Lydon, Chair With depictions ranging from anti-Muslim resistance warrior of the seventh century to mythical priestess, al-Kâhina looms large in the historical narratives of North African Amazigh, Jewish, and Arab peoples. Despite her legendary status, al-Kâhina’s existence as a historical female figure who reigned over the Amazigh is disputed. In this paper, I highlight the long history of colonial occupation and continual resistance organizing by the Amazigh prior to al-Kâhina’s battles with the Arab invaders at the end of the seventh century. Through analysis of secondary sources, I examine how both Arab and French occupations appropriated the legend to promote their agendas. I argue that al-Kâhina’s story has been used to enforce or combat different political agendas, both historically and today. Presently in the region , al-Kâhina has been iconized and used as the “face” of Amazigh nationalist and cultural movements. ii The thesis of Jessica Leigh Keuter is approved. Katherine M. Marino William H. Worger Ghislaine E. Lydon, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2019 iii “Someday we’ll all be gone But lullabies go on and on They never die…” ~ Billy Joel iv Contents List of Figures vi List of Maps vii Introduction 1 Historical Context 7 Early Imazighen 7 Greeks/Phoenicians 9 Early Romans 9 Roman Christianization 12 Vandals/Byzantine Control 15 Arab Invasion & Islamization 16 Ottoman Conquest 17 French Colonial Rule 17 Independence 21 Discussion of the Literature 23 Norman Roth 23 "The Kâhina: Legendary Material in the Accounts of the Jewish Berber Queen” H.T. -
'The Pauls of North and West Africa?': A
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.625, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2015 ‘THE PAULS OF NORTH AND WEST AFRICA?’: A RE-READING OF THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE BERBER IN THE ISLAMISATION OF IFRIQIYA, MAGHREB AND THE WESTERN SUDAN IN THE LIGHT OF THE PAULINE MISSIOLOGY DR. DUBE EDMORE* *Lecturer, Dept. of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Mashava Campus, Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe ABSTRACT The study sought to explore the possible phenomenological compatibility between the Pauline and Berber missiological cycles. Using the phenomenological tenets developed by Edmund Husserl, and especially articulated by J. B. Kristensen, the paper found the missiological styles replete with similarities. Zealotry/Kharijism and jihadism (scholarly, military and spiritual strife) were clearly the lubricants of the two missions. The fundamental sources of the oiling concepts were Semitic and Berber traditionalism. Both Paul, the Jewish scholar-cleric, and the Berber Almoravids and ineslemen/zwaya took the same route through forced conversion to the most reliable sources of mission. Their kharijite jihadism allowed no obstacle to stay them off their call and divine commissioning. In that regard they swam through the tide of resistance and persecution unperturbed. To this end the Berbers are indeed ‘the Pauls of North and West Africa’ in relation to their like contribution to the said regions. KEYWORDS: Berber, Itinerant Scholars, Jihad, Kharijism, Pauline Missiology, Zealotry INTRODUCTION The paper proposes the Semitic egalitarian Kharijism as one of the docking factors between the Pauline and the Berber missiological cycles. Of interest are the natures of acceptance of the mission and the subsequent styles of propagation. -
Ancient Lamps in the J. Paul Getty Museum
ANCIENT LAMPS THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM Ancient Lamps in the J. Paul Getty Museum presents over six hundred lamps made in production centers that were active across the ancient Mediterranean world between 800 B.C. and A.D. 800. Notable for their marvelous variety—from simple clay saucers GETTYIN THE PAUL J. MUSEUM that held just oil and a wick to elaborate figural lighting fixtures in bronze and precious metals— the Getty lamps display a number of unprecedented shapes and decors. Most were made in Roman workshops, which met the ubiquitous need for portable illumination in residences, public spaces, religious sanctuaries, and graves. The omnipresent oil lamp is a font of popular imagery, illustrating myths, nature, and the activities and entertainments of daily life in antiquity. Presenting a largely unpublished collection, this extensive catalogue is ` an invaluable resource for specialists in lychnology, art history, and archaeology. Front cover: Detail of cat. 86 BUSSIÈRE AND LINDROS WOHL Back cover: Cat. 155 Jean Bussière was an associate researcher with UPR 217 CNRS, Antiquités africaines and was also from getty publications associated with UMR 140-390 CNRS Lattes, Ancient Terracottas from South Italy and Sicily University of Montpellier. His publications include in the J. Paul Getty Museum Lampes antiques d'Algérie and Lampes antiques de Maria Lucia Ferruzza Roman Mosaics in the J. Paul Getty Museum Méditerranée: La collection Rivel, in collaboration Alexis Belis with Jean-Claude Rivel. Birgitta Lindros Wohl is professor emeritus of Art History and Classics at California State University, Northridge. Her excavations include sites in her native Sweden as well as Italy and Greece, the latter at Isthmia, where she is still active.