DOCSLIB.ORG

Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (Online) November, 2020 Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (Online) November, 2020 Vol Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) November, 2020 Vol. 4, No. 11 Citation: Temu, E. L; Itule, V; Nyoni, F. P; Banzi, C & Ulimboka, R. (2020). The Cultural Heritage of the Great Chief Mkwawa in Msembe Area, Tanzania. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(11), 72 – 93. The Cultural Heritage of the Great Chief Mkwawa in Msembe Area, Tanzania By Emanuel Lucas Temu, Victor Itule, Frowin Paul Nyoni, Celina Banzi and Rehema Ulimboka Abstract Mkwawa’s cultural heritage in Msembe area entails all the material signs associated with Chief Mkwawa throughout his life history and therefore defines and enrich Hehe and Tanzanians cultural identities in general, It is these cultural heritages that have carried and stored Mkwawa’s history and experiences. The identification and documentation of Mkwawa’s heritage would be crucial in the preservation and transmission of Mkwawa’s past experiences to future generation. Such cultural heritage gives each particular place its recognizable features and it is the storehouse of human experience (UNESCO 1989). Notwitstanding, existing literature on Chief Mkwawa’s history discusses mainly the wars of the period between 1890 to1898 between Mkwawa and the Germans, however, less is known about the cultural heritages of Chief Mkwawa in Msembe area. This article addresses identification, description and analysing the significance and conservation status of Chief Mkwawa’s heritage in Msembe area. The study used documentary review, oral interviews, focus group discussions, field visits and observations to collect data. The major findings of this study established rich evidence of Chief Mkwawa’s heritage, including both tangible and intangible heritage. Furthermore, the conservation condition of heritage sites and materials vary accordingly, from those sites which are at extreme danger of disappearance, at fair condition and those which are in good condition. Generally, all sites require respective attention. The study recommends for immediate action to salvage the sites in collaboration with local communities and other stakeholders and utilize the same to promote historical and cultural tourism. Key words: Cultural heritages, Chief Mkwawa, Heritage sites, conservation, and preservation 72 Copyright © 2020 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) November, 2020 Vol. 4, No. 11 Citation: Temu, E. L; Itule, V; Nyoni, F. P; Banzi, C & Ulimboka, R. (2020). The Cultural Heritage of the Great Chief Mkwawa in Msembe Area, Tanzania. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(11), 72 – 93. The Cultural Heritage of the Great Chief Mkwawa in Msembe Area, Tanzania By Emanuel Lucas Temu, Victor Itule, Frowin Paul Nyoni, Celina Banzi and Rehema Ulimboka Background and Introduction Msembe area is an area which constitutes the current Ruaha National Park, Kalenga and neighboring villages. The area harboured the headquarters of Chief Mkwawa’sKingdom and it is where he spent most of his life time. This is the place where Mkwawa grew up, rose to chieftainship, built his headquarters, and it is in this area where he ended his life and his post cranial remains were buried. It is within this area where there is also a Mkwawa museum preserving the Hehe history and Mkwawa’s skull after it was returned from German in 1952. Mkwawa’s history in the Ruaha National Park is justified by a number of evidences; In the first place chief Mkwawa monopolized elephant hunting within the park using his Makua elephant hunters. These hunters made use of the gun that Mkwawa obtained from coastal traders. Secondly, the park was in close proximity with Kalenga, Mkwawa’s fort and therefore, provided him with recreational, ritual and hideouts. Thirdly, the area covering modern day Ruaha National Park was inhabited by the Vakosisamba who were led by Ngakamo having his capital at Igula. These were conquered by Mkwawa and Ngakamo was killed Hence the significance of the area to the cultural heritages and legacy of Chief Mkwawa. Given this interesting and rich evidence of Chief Mkwawa’s heritage, the current study aims at unfolding and documenting this heritage for current and future generation. Statement of the Problem Tanzania is home to abundant cultural and natural heritage resources. The area of Msembe which constitute Kalenga and Ruaha National Park hosts rich natural, historical and cultural heritage of the Hehe under the Great Chief Mkwawa. Academic evidence indicates that most studies conducted in the area focuses on generating knowledge related to natural heritage resources. For example, issues like park expansion and its impacts to local communities (Sirima, 2016), Community involvement in park decision and fair distribution of resources by (Mtahiko, 2004), the decrease of elephants at Ruaha National Park and other related studies. Beyond, there is an evidence of the existence of Ruaha General Management Plan, which actually directs its efforts in the conservation and management of natural heritage resources, mainly the natural environment and the wildlife. However, little is known about the history of Mkwawa and his cultural legacy in Msembe area which was part of his former territory. This study therefore intends to fill the gap by identifying, documenting and examining the state of heritage conservation in msembe, and alert the heritage managers to take appropriate measures. Objective of the Study The main objective of the study is to establish the heritages of Chief Mkwawa and the cultural richness of Msembe area. 73 Copyright © 2020 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) November, 2020 Vol. 4, No. 11 Citation: Temu, E. L; Itule, V; Nyoni, F. P; Banzi, C & Ulimboka, R. (2020). The Cultural Heritage of the Great Chief Mkwawa in Msembe Area, Tanzania. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(11), 72 – 93. Specific objectives i. To identify Chief Mkwawa’s heritages and evidence from Msembe area, Tanzania. ii. To document cultural heritage. iii. To examine the state of cultural heritage assets conservation Review of Related Literature The concept of Cultural Heritage The term cultural heritage is not friendly to most people. Some people have no any idea of what cultural heritage is. Harrison (2013) in (Marshall et.al. 2015) argues while researching for his study on cultural heritage, some books written “there is no such thing as cultural heritage”, the other one contend that “cultural heritage is anything you want”. Furthermore, many indigenous languages have no word for cultural heritage as such. Such a diversity of understanding is a challenge for any protected area manager where the cultural heritages exist including Ruaha National Park. Universal definition of cultural heritage emerged after the Second World War where people started to recognize the need to protect the monument as part of their national identity (Lennon, 2006) in (Marshall, et al. 2015). Since that period, defining a common terminology and scope of heritage has been guided by the United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) which arose at the Venice Charter of the 1964 (Ahmad, 2006) in (Marshal et. al. 2015) In 1992 UNESCO’s definition was expanded to include cultural landscape, modification by humans and in 2003 it was again amended to include intangible heritage and practices (Marshall et al. 2015). Whereas, the modern scope of cultural heritage embraces all the signs that document human activities over time. It relates to the tangible built environment in an ecological context, and requires the reading of layers of evidence present in environment. Cultural heritage also encompasses the intangible heritage of culture such as language, dance, music, folk ways and craft skills. Intangible heritage is often associated with particular localities, giving meanings and significance to these places. The inclusion of cultural land scape and intangible heritage in the definition of cultural heritage has a significant impact on the way protected areas like Ruaha National Park are managed. Cultural heritage is no longer about a disconnected past instead it is linked to a contemporary society which wants to ensure its heritage is adequately managed and which also holds the information that gives values to that heritage. Meanings and values linked to cultural heritage are embedded in dynamic changing social context; it has been argued that cultural heritage is a process in itself (Marshal et. al. 2015). Cultural heritage is significant because it can help us understand the world and the means by which we shape it. It is rooted in our cultural identities. It also provides a sense of wisdom and knowledge to strengthen sustainable development policies (Marshall et. al. 2015). Archaeology Archaeology is the study of material remains of human history, from the time of our earliest ancestors up to date. The earliest period, archaeology dealt with paleontology in the study of 74 Copyright © 2020 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) November, 2020 Vol. 4, No. 11 Citation: Temu, E. L; Itule, V; Nyoni, F.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plantation Forestry in Tanzania: a History of Sao Hill Forests, 1939-2015
    Plantation Forestry in Tanzania: A History of Sao Hill Forests, 1939-2015. Hezron Kangalawe Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Professor Sandra Swart March 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entire of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature: Date: March 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis uses plantation forests from the colonial to the postcolonial period as a lens to explore the history of Tanzania between 1939 and 2015. The thesis discusses transitions within plantation forestry by using the changing history of the Sao Hill, the biggest plantation forest in Tanzania. The thesis weaves together the varied factors that led to the establishment of the Sao Hill plantation, first during the colonial period, when it was established as a means of ameliorating the micro-climates around tea farms and white commercial farms. Secondly, during the postcolonial period, it was part of implementing Basic Industrial Strategy (BIS) policy aimed at introducing industries that could reduce imports from 1967. While the colonial government compensated the customary land owners to get land for afforestation, the postcolonial government did not compensate as it resettled under the rubric of African Socialism, famously known as Ujamaa villages, between 1973 and 1976.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedagogy As Social Practice and Teachers' Pedagogic Choices In
    Pedagogy as Social Practice and Teachers’ Pedagogic Choices in Tanzanian Primary Schools A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Kristeen Chachage IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOHPY Frances Vavrus, Advisor January, 2020 © Kristeen Chachage 2020 Acknowledgements This research and dissertation could not have been possible without the support of many people. First, and foremost, I’d like to thank my family, especially Tuli and Bukaza, for moving, encouraging me and supporting me throughout the process, as well as all my siblings who supported us along the way. I am greatly indebted to the UMN professors who provided stimulating and challenging courses and comments throughout the program. I would especially like to mention my advisor, Professor Frances Vavrus, as well as Professors Joan DeJaeghere, Timothy Lensmire and Peter Demerath. Equally important were my colleagues in the Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development graduate program, CIDE cohort members—from my year group and our ‘elders’—as well as colleagues from Curriculum & Instruction, including all the MCF and TERI fellows. Finally, I thank my parents for providing me with the inspiration to seek a PhD since the time I was a child. This dissertation was also made possible by the generous support of a University of Minnesota Graduate School Thesis Research and Travel Grant, as well as the Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development John & Grace Coogan Graduate Research Fellowship and the College of Education & Human Development Women’s Philanthropic Leadership Circle. i Abstract Amidst the current push for improving the quality of education in Sub-Saharan Africa, a technicist approach to pedagogy, which focuses on inputs and technical teacher training, has come to predominate international aid to education and much of the related literature.
    [Show full text]
  • A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: the Colonial and Post-Colonial Significance of Mlambalasi Rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania
    Journal of African Archaeology 17 (2019) 23-35 brill.com/jaa A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: the Colonial and Post-Colonial Significance of Mlambalasi Rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania Pamela R. Willoughby Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Katie M. Biittner Department of Economics, Anthropology, and Political Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Pastory M. Bushozi Department of Archaeology and Heritage, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania [email protected] Jennifer M. Miller Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Abstract everything. It is not just the context of the find nor of the site but this context must necessarily include the larger During the 2010 excavations of Mlambalasi rockshelter, Iringa historic and cultural fact of the communities in which Region, Tanzania, a single rifle bullet casing was recovered. archaeologists work and increasingly work for (Shepherd Analysis of this casing found that it was manufactured in 1877 2002). While Mlambalasi rockshelter, located in Iringa at the munitions factory in Danzig for the German infantry’s Region, Tanzania (Fig. 1) is an important Iron Age and Mauser 71 rifle. This casing is thus directly linked to the period Stone Age archaeological site (Biittner et al. 2017), it also of German colonization of Tanganyika, during which Iringa was plays a significant place in local and national history. a key centre of anti-colonial resistance. Mlambalasi was the lo- In Tanzania, reflecting a broader trend in African and cation of the last stand of Chief Mkwawa of the Hehe people, Africanist archaeologies, research is increasingly devoted and this bullet casing provides a tangible link to his uprising to analyzing what archaeologists are doing, for whom they during the 1890s.
    [Show full text]
  • A Descriptive Study of Swahili Literary Translations
    Decision-Making in Literary Translation: A Descriptive Study of Swahili Literary Translations Der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften der Universität Leipzig eingereichte D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Chimoni, Justus Mtende geboren am 15th May 1975 in Kinango, Kenya Leipzig, den 14th December 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTON ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Presentation of the Problem ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Research Focus and Central Questions ................................................................................. 3 1.4 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Significance of the Study .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • White Violence in German East Africa
    “The People Who Make Our Heads Spin”: White Violence in German East Africa by Ryan Masters A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Ryan Masters 2019 “The People Who Make Our Heads Spin”: White Violence in German East Africa Ryan Masters Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This dissertation explores violence perpetrated by the colonial state and white settlers in German East Africa from the 1890s to the First World War. It examines the place of white violence, almost all of it directed at black bodies, in East Africa and traces the ways in which broader social and political tensions in the German community shaped debates and contestations over the boundaries of “acceptable” white violence in the colony. Violence was a contested issue, one that divided the community of German colonists against itself. The issue was not that Germans disagreed about their right to treat Africans violently or dominate them by force. Rather disputes arose because the boundaries and limitations of white violence were never clearly defined, so that colonial administrators and German settlers were left to sort it out amongst themselves. The case of the plantation manager Georg Passarge demonstrates that social conflicts in the German colonial community could play a significant role in drawing officials’ attention to non-official white violence and ultimately in the prosecution of settler abuses. Further, the frustrations and anxieties that beset the German settler community shaped coverage of corporal ii punishment in the settler-friendly press, which defended whipping and flogging of Africans as integral to the success and well-being of German colonists.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Kervan – International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies n. 23 Special Issue (2019) More than Just Warriors Mythical and Archetypal Images of the Hero in Swahili Literature Graziella Acquaviva Since ancient times till today the image of the hero has universally influenced literary works. The “hero” becomes mythical only after his death, and through a form of remembrance realized in literary productions where his figure is re- created and transmitted through fictitious characters. The central focus of the paper is to examine, within the archetypal theories on myth and “hero,” the figures of two Swahili warriors, namely Liongo Fumo, one of the greatest warrior-hero figures of the Swahili oral tradition, and Chief Mkwawa of the Hehe people, who fought against the German rule in former Tanganyika, and whose deeds have been reinvented and described in modern written literature. Both Liongo Fumo and Mkwawa have acquired the status of mythical warriors, and, as other East African heroes, have inspired poets and writers and become symbols of bravery and national consciousness to which the historical and cultural memory of old and new generations refer. A second part of the work is devoted to the presentation of those who can be defined as “minor heroes” and who nevertheless represent a new way to look at literature and a bridge between tradition and modernity through the use of historical and mythical memory. 1. On Archetype and Criticism: A Brief Note The word ‘archetype’ derives from Latin archetypum meaning “the original form.” The formulation of a theory of archetypes began in 1912 and marked a split with Freudian theory and the beginning of Jung’s stream of depth psychology – albeit Jung’s first use of the term ’archetype’ occurred later in 1919 1 (Roesler 2012: 223).
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Discourse Surrounding People with Albinism in Tanzania
    Disability & Society ISSN: 0968-7599 (Print) 1360-0508 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cdso20 Labeling albinism: language and discourse surrounding people with albinism in Tanzania Giorgio Brocco To cite this article: Giorgio Brocco (2015) Labeling albinism: language and discourse surrounding people with albinism in Tanzania, Disability & Society, 30:8, 1143-1157, DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2015.1075869 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1075869 © 2015 Taylor & Francis Published online: 25 Sep 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 2344 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cdso20 Download by: [81.255.145.177] Date: 20 October 2017, At: 04:55 Disability & Society, 2015 Vol. 30, No. 8, 1143–1157, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1075869 Labeling albinism: language and discourse surrounding people with albinism in Tanzania Giorgio Brocco* Institut für Sozial- und Kulturanthropologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Received 4 December 2014; final version received 21 July 2015) This article is based on a qualitative study that set out to analyze the labels and terms attached to 28 people affected by albinism in villages in Kilolo district, Tanzania. Even though national and international attention to killings of people with albinism has attempted to improve general knowledge of albinism and reduce discrimination, most of the community members within the study had lit- tle knowledge of the (bio)medical explanations for albinism and tended to marginalize people with albinism.
    [Show full text]
  • An Encyclopedia for Students GEOPOLITICAL
    AfriAfricaca An Encyclopedia for Students GEOPOLITICAL TUNISIA MOROCCO ALGERIA LIBYA EGYPT WESTERN SAHARA MAURITANIA MALI NIGER SUDAN SENEGAL CHAD ERITREA GAMBIA BURKINA DJIBOUTI FASO GUINEA BISSAU BENÍN NIGERIA SOMALIA GUINEA ETHIOPIA CÔTE SIERRA D’IVOIRE CENTRAL LEONE GHANA AFRICAN REPUBLIC TOGO CAMEROON LIBERIA EQUITORIAL GUINEA UGANDA SAO˜ TOMÉ AND KENYA PRINCIPE GABON RWANDA 19,341 ft. CONGO (Kinshasa) CONGO BURUNDI (Brazzaville) TANZANIA COMOROS ELEVATIONS OVER 1,640 FEET ANGOLA MALAWI ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA MADAGASCAR BOTSWANA SWAZILAND LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA AfriAfricaca An Encyclopedia for Students John Middleton, Editor Volume 3 Leakey–Rwanda africa_toc_v2-4 1/14/03 1:45 PM Page iv Copyright © 2002 Charles Scribner’s Sons All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the permission of Charles Scribner’s Sons. Developed for Charles Scribner’s Sons by Visual Education Corporation, Princeton, N.J. For Scribners PUBLISHER: Karen Day EDITORS: John Fitzpatrick, Brad Morgan COVER AND INTERIOR DESIGN: Jennifer Wahi PHOTO RESEARCH: Kelly Quin PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR: Mary Beth Trimper For Visual Education PROJECT DIRECTOR: Darryl Kestler WRITERS: John Haley, Charles Roebuck, Rebecca Stefoff, Joseph Ziegler EDITORS: Noëlle Y. Child, Cindy George, Guy Austrian, Charles Roebuck ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Cheryl MacKenzie COPYEDITING SUPERVISOR: Helen A. Castro ELECTRONIC PREPARATION: Fiona Torphy Contributors Nancy E. Gratton, Kevin van Bladel, Frank Griffel, Jeremy Raphael Berndt Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data Africa: an encyclopedia for students / John Middleton, editor. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-80650-9 (set : alk. paper) —ISBN 0-684-80651-7 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-684-80652-5 (v.
    [Show full text]
  • S.3 History Chp 16 Examples of Resistance to Colonial Rule.Pdf
    CHAPTER 16 CASE STUDIES OF RESISTANCES BY COMMUNITIES IN EAST AFRICA THE ABUSHIRI REBELLION AT THE COAST OF TANGANYIKA (1888-1890) CAUSES OF ABUSHIRI RESISTANCE 1. Abushiri resistance is also referred to as the Coastal rebellion and Arab revolt. 2. It was the first resistance that was staged against the German rule in Tanganyika. 3. It was led jointly by Abushiri Bin Salim and Bwana Heri. 4. The Abushiri rebellion occurred from 1888-1890. 5. The Arabs, Swahili people and Africans were the ones who were very much involved. The causes were: 6. It was fought as a way of preserving African political independence that the Germans had wanted to take. 7. Some African traditional leaders had lost their powers to the Germans and there was need to redeem it, hence war. 8. The Germans abused and despised Arab cultures as inferior and backward. 9. The German traders had also dominated the Coastal trade and this forced the Arabs to fight them. 10. Besides they had put heavy tariffs on traders and the local people, for example taxes like hut tax, poll tax and inheritance tax among others. 11. The taxes introduced were even brutally and cruelly collected. 12. The Sultan of Zanzibar had sold African coastland to the Germans. This later provoked or forced war against the Germans. 13. The German rulers at the coast were too harsh and rude to their subjects, for example they would wallop, and whip, cane and even frog march the local people. This attracted war. 14. The Germans was active in the abolition of slave trade which the coastal Arabs and the Africans had benefited from highly.
    [Show full text]
  • P.6-Sst-Lesson-Notes-Term-One-2020
    YUDESI PRIMARY SCHOOL P.6 S.ST LESSON NOTES TERM 1, 2020 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (1967 -1977) 1. The East African Community was a common market which united the three East African countries. 2. What is a common market? • This is an economic grouping formed by countries to promote common interest especially trade among member states. • A group of countries that have accepted to work together with the major aim of promoting trade. • N.B: Another name for a common market is Regional Economic Grouping. 3. Organizations that existed before the East African Community. a) The East African High Commission formed in 1948. -The East African Common Services Organization formed in 1961 to replace the East African -High Commission. 4. The headquarters of the East African High Commission were at Nairobi. 5. The countries that formed the East African Community in 1967 were;. -Uganda -Kenya -Tanzania MAP OF EAC COUNTRIES 1967 Page 1 6. The Presidents of East Africa who formed the East African Community in 1967. • H.E. Dr. Apollo Milton Obote of Uganda. • H.E. Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya. • H.E. Julius Kambarage Nyerere of Tanzania. 7. The headquarters of the East African Community were based in Arusha-Tanzania. 8. The headquarters were transferred from Kenya to Arusha-Tanzania based on the complaints from Uganda and Tanzania that Kenya was over benefiting than the other East African countries. OBJECTIVES/AIMS/REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY IN 1967 • To have a common tax on imports and exports. • To promote unity/co-operation among member countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Since 1800, Fifth Edition Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 0521836158 - Africa since 1800, Fifth Edition Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More information Index Abacha, Sani, 361, 377 missionaries and, 116 Abbas, Ferhat, 190–1, 240, 242 in Namibia, 297 Abbas I, of Egypt, 43 National Party and, 287 Abboud, General, 231 war between Britain and, 143–5, Abdallah, brother of Usuman dan Fodio, 200–1 67 see also South Africa Abdallahi, the Khalifa, 44, 47 Afro-Asian Conference (Bandung, 1955), Abd al-Qadir, 57–9 216, 230, 243 Abd al-Qrim, 188 Afro-Brazilians, 72–3 Abd ar-Rahman, of Morocco, 55, 59 Afro-Malagasy Joint Organisation Abeokuta, 74, 76 (OCAM), 266 Abiola, Moshood, 361, 362 agriculture, expansion of, 37–9, 91–2, Abushiri, 137, 161 174, 219, 225, 228, 269, 324, Accra Conference (1958), 254, 261 328 Achimota, 221 Ahmad, bey of Tunis, 61 Acholi people, 97 Ahmad, Sayyid, 195–6 Adamawa, 66 Ahmad, Tijani, 64 Addis Ababa Agreement (1972), 314 Ahmadu Lobo (Hamadu Bari), 67 Adowa, battle of (1896), 51 Ahmadu Sefu, 68, 131, 149 Afar people, 233 AIDS. See HIV/AIDS Afghanistan, 353, 356, 380 Akan states, 15 Afonja of Ilorin, 73 Akasombo dam, Ghana, 326–7, 336 African National Congress (ANC, South Akitoye, Oba, of Lagos, 76 Africa), 209, 234, 270, 280, 283, al-Azhar University, Cairo, 184 288–90, 301–2, 367 al-Bashir, Omar, 356 African Union, 359, 368, 377 Alexandria, 228 Africa Service (BBC), 373 Algeria Afrikaans language, 143, 207, 294 France and, 56–8, 89, 241–2 Afrikaner National Party, 206, 207 independent, 226, 353–4, 379 Afrikaners (Boers) nationalism in, 190–1,
    [Show full text]
  • A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: the Colonial and Post-Colonial Significance of Mlambalasi Rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania
    Journal of African Archaeology 17 (2019) 23-35 brill.com/jaa A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: the Colonial and Post-Colonial Significance of Mlambalasi Rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania Pamela R. Willoughby Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Katie M. Biittner Department of Economics, Anthropology, and Political Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Pastory M. Bushozi Department of Archaeology and Heritage, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania [email protected] Jennifer M. Miller Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Abstract everything. It is not just the context of the find nor of the site but this context must necessarily include the larger During the 2010 excavations of Mlambalasi rockshelter, Iringa historic and cultural fact of the communities in which Region, Tanzania, a single rifle bullet casing was recovered. archaeologists work and increasingly work for (Shepherd Analysis of this casing found that it was manufactured in 1877 2002). While Mlambalasi rockshelter, located in Iringa at the munitions factory in Danzig for the German infantry’s Region, Tanzania (Fig. 1) is an important Iron Age and Mauser 71 rifle. This casing is thus directly linked to the period Stone Age archaeological site (Biittner et al. 2017), it also of German colonization of Tanganyika, during which Iringa was plays a significant place in local and national history. a key centre of anti-colonial resistance. Mlambalasi was the lo- In Tanzania, reflecting a broader trend in African and cation of the last stand of Chief Mkwawa of the Hehe people, Africanist archaeologies, research is increasingly devoted and this bullet casing provides a tangible link to his uprising to analyzing what archaeologists are doing, for whom they during the 1890s.
    [Show full text]