DOCSLIB.ORG

Views the Different Strategies Used to Produce Points During the MSA and LSA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Views the Different Strategies Used to Produce Points During the MSA and LSA University of Alberta Lithic technology and hunting behaviour during the Middle Stone Age in Tanzania by Pastory Gozibert Magayane Bushozi A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology ©Pastory G.M. Bushozi Spring 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Examining Committee Dr. Pamela Willoughby, Anthropology, University of Alberta Dr. Christopher Fletcher, Anthropology, University of Alberta Dr. Raymond Le Blanc, Anthropology, University of Alberta Dr. Sandra Garvie-Lok, Anthropology, University of Alberta Dr. Ann McDougall, History and Classics, University of Alberta Dr Alison S. Brooks, Anthropology, George Washington University Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my late father, brothers and sister, Mr. Cosmas Magayane, Medard Magayane, Crosper Magayane and Ms. Flora Magayane and my late father-in-law, Mr. Jonathan Mkandala, for their commitment to my education. Their encouragement and support led me to achieve my academic dreams. I pray that the Lord rest their souls in peace in heaven, Amen! Abstract In this dissertation, I examine the representation of projectile points in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) of Tanzania, and the way in which such tools were used over time and space. This study reviews the different strategies used to produce points during the MSA and LSA. It also examines the mechanisms involved in raw material procurement, hafting technology, and the use of these tools as projectile weapons and how they evolved over time. It is clear that there were different kinds of multi-weapon systems in use in Tanzania during the MSA, LSA and the transition between them. The points examined here are from three archaeological sites: Mumba, Nasera and Magubike. The samples analysed here reveal that triangular blanks were preferred for the production of points. Most of them were modified on their proximal ends to provide a suitable binding portion for hafting as well as for aerodynamic movement. Results from the Tip Cross Section Area (TCSA) and weight values suggest that spear and arrow projectiles coexisted in these three sites during the MSA and MSA/LSA transition. Both local and exotic rocks were used for the production of points. In previous studies, the appearance of exotic rocks in the archaeological assemblages was correlated with trade and exchange. But here the use of exotic rocks seems to be influenced by functional values such as durability, sharpness and brittleness. Sharp and durable rocks such as chert and quartzite were needed for spears because of their high compression strength. This makes them better able to withstand unintentional breakage after being stressed by the force of impact. Points made of brittle rocks, such as quartz and obsidian, were mainly used for light duty projectiles such as throwing spears (darts) and arrows, because they penetrate the body of an animal better and sometimes break more easily. The presence of points made of exotic or local rocks shows that functional variables were important for projectile technologies. The overall morphological and technological patterns revealed in this study suggest that foragers who made and used points had elaborate technological skills, abstract thinking and developed behavioural capability similar to those of other modern foragers. Acknowledgements The success of this dissertation is due to the efforts and support of a large number of people and institutions, all deserving of my appreciation. Any academic merit in this study owes much to the guidance of my advisor, Dr. Pamela Willoughby. Throughout my study and field research, she has been a true advisor and supporter, providing substantial ideas and suggestions for my studies. The criticisms she made of my work and writing have been genuine and legitimate. Always she has been a true friend, ready to help, to answer questions, and to give advice. Special thanks go to the members of my supervisory committee. I am thankful for their inspiration and ideas, and that I have had the great opportunity to have studied with them. Every member of the supervisory committee has provided essential advice and assistance. I wish to thank Dr. Raymond Le Blanc and Dr. Christopher Fletcher for their advice. Different institutions provided important and much appreciated financial support. First, I would like to thank the Wenner-Gren Foundation for giving me a Wadsworth International Fellowship for three years as well as a Dissertation Write-up Fellowship. Second, my sincere thanks go to the Department of Anthropology and the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research at the University of Alberta for their support through a Provost Doctoral Entrance Award, Graduate Interim Tuition Awards and Graduate Research and Teaching Assistantships. Field research was supported by the University of Dar es Salaam, through a Research and Publication Grant, by the University of Complutense, Madrid, through a UCM Cooperation Grant and the University of Alberta through a SSHRC (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada) Standard Research Grant held by my supervisor. Together, these fellowships and grants made my studies possible and successful. Thanks are also due to the Antiquities Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Government of Tanzania, and the Tanzania Commission of Science and Technology (COSTECH) for granting research clearance and for providing permits to borrow artefacts for study at the University of Alberta and to the Regional Community Museum, Madrid for laboratory analysis. I would also like to thank the Vice Chancellor of the University of Dar es Salaam who approved a leave of absence from my position so that I could study for my PhD. Thanks are also due to my colleagues, the members of the Department of History and Archaeology, University of Dar es Salaam, for their encouragement and interest in my research. Special thanks are owed to Dr. Audax Mabulla for his kindness, encouragement, advice, and endless support and care of my family while I was abroad. I would also like to convey my appreciation to all the members of my family. I acknowledge the deprivations that they have endured in my absence. I would like to thank Dr Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo and other members of the Olduvai Research Project for their support and encouragement during my field research at Olduvai Gorge and in the Lake Eyasi basin. I would also like to express my gratitude to Ms. Márquez Balén for her enthusiastic work on microscopic usewar analysis for the sampled points from Mumba. I appreciate her generosity for endless consultations. My field work in Iringa was largely supported by my supervisor and was facilitated by the hospitality we encountered from the people of that region. The field work could not have been accomplished without the help of a large number of people. Among these are Mrs. Joyce Nachilema, Iringa District Cultural Officer, Mr. Marungu, our driver, Mr. Frank Masele, Mr. Emmanuel Bwasiri and Mr. Peter Abwalo, Antiquities representatives during my field work at Olduvai and Iringa. Thanks also go to my fellow graduate students and colleagues Katie Biittner, Katherine Alexander and Ben Collins, for their tireless work during our field survey and excavations. Should anyone’s name have been omitted, it does not reflect on their contributions, but on my involuntary oversight. Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Background information ...................................................................................1 1.2. The MSA and development of modern human behaviour ................................3 1.3. Research problem............................................................................................10 1.4. Research objectives .........................................................................................14 1.4.1. General objective .............................................................................14 1.4.2. Specific objectives ...........................................................................15 1.5. Research questions ..........................................................................................15 1.6. Area of the study .............................................................................................16 1.7. Dissertation organization ................................................................................19 Chapter 2. Previous research on the MSA and LSA in East Africa 2.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................26 2.2. The importance of MSA and LSA studies in East Africa ...............................27 2.3. MSA and LSA research trends in East Africa during the pioneer period .......30 2.4. The post pioneer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa
    Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Introduction 20 The African archeological record of 43-28 ka as a comparison 21 A - The Aurignacian has no direct equivalent in Africa 21 B - Archaic hominins persist in Africa through much of the Late Pleistocene 24 C - High modification symbolic artifacts in Africa and Eurasia 24 Conclusions 26 Acknowledgements 26 References cited 27 To cite this article Tryon C. A. , 2015 - The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa, in White R., Bourrillon R. (eds.) with the collaboration of Bon F., Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe, Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University, P@lethnology, 7, 19-33. http://www.palethnologie.org 19 P@lethnology | 2015 | 19-33 Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Abstract The Aurignacian technocomplex in Eurasia, dated to ~43-28 ka, has no direct archeological taxonomic equivalent in Africa during the same time interval, which may reflect differences in inter-group communication or differences in archeological definitions currently in use. Extinct hominin taxa are present in both Eurasia and Africa during this interval, but the African archeological record has played little role in discussions of the demographic expansion of Homo sapiens, unlike the Aurignacian. Sites in Eurasia and Africa by 42 ka show the earliest examples of personal ornaments that result from extensive modification of raw materials, a greater investment of time that may reflect increased their use in increasingly diverse and complex social networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Remains from the Mumba Cave,Lake Eyasi . 1957.Pdf
    Fish remains from the Mumba Cave, Lake Eyasi Item Type article Authors Greenwood, P.H. Download date 25/09/2021 01:58:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/32698 Sonderabdruck aus Mitteilungen aus clem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg ,.,., Heft 26, S. 125-130, Hamburg 1957 e. Pisces Fish reInains froIn the MUInba Cave, Lake Eyasi by . P. H. GREENWOOD, East African Fisheries Research Organiz~tio~, Jinja, Uganda. Through the courtesy of Dr. U. LEHMANN of the Geologisches Staatsinstitut, Ham­ ,....... burg, I have been able to examine the fish remains collected froPl the Mumba Cave by .5\ l Professor KOHL-LARSEN'S 1938 expedition. Fish remains were obtained from the third (Homo sapiens; late Stone Age) and fifth ('Africanthropus'; Stillbay) strata, and comprise vertebrae,'neurocranial fragments and fin spines. The majority are slightly mineralized (as measured by their hardness and weight) and are lightly coloured, but a small proportion are dark brown in colour and are more heavily mineralized. Fossils from anyone depth usually show some intergra­ dation in hardness and coloration, but specimens in the "pale-soft" category predomi­ nate. In general, the bones are well preserved and consequently a high proportion (over 9st can be identified generically. But, since specific characters are not clearly reflected in any of the elements preserved, it is impossible tD name the species present. The material had been pre-sorted into collections from successive 20 cm depths within each horizon and will be described according to this grouping. 125 " ....., 0', .' . '> .". ;, . ,~ ~ , il,,; . ~ q .... ~ \~ *; ........... - . ~ 'i ( 1 ~~' \~- Horizon III : (Homo sapiens; late Stone-age cultures) 0,0-0,2 m deep.
    [Show full text]
  • Plantation Forestry in Tanzania: a History of Sao Hill Forests, 1939-2015
    Plantation Forestry in Tanzania: A History of Sao Hill Forests, 1939-2015. Hezron Kangalawe Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Professor Sandra Swart March 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entire of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature: Date: March 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis uses plantation forests from the colonial to the postcolonial period as a lens to explore the history of Tanzania between 1939 and 2015. The thesis discusses transitions within plantation forestry by using the changing history of the Sao Hill, the biggest plantation forest in Tanzania. The thesis weaves together the varied factors that led to the establishment of the Sao Hill plantation, first during the colonial period, when it was established as a means of ameliorating the micro-climates around tea farms and white commercial farms. Secondly, during the postcolonial period, it was part of implementing Basic Industrial Strategy (BIS) policy aimed at introducing industries that could reduce imports from 1967. While the colonial government compensated the customary land owners to get land for afforestation, the postcolonial government did not compensate as it resettled under the rubric of African Socialism, famously known as Ujamaa villages, between 1973 and 1976.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Alberta
    University of Alberta A typological and technological analysis of stone artefacts from the Magubike archaeological site, Iringa Region, southern Tanzania by Katharine Virginia Alexander A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Anthropology ©Katharine Alexander Fall 2010 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-68050-6 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-68050-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats.
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle and Later Stone Age of the Article Introduces New Sites and Presents Preliminary Iringa Region, Southern Tanzania: an Results from the Initial Fieldwork
    NYAME AKUMA No. 68 DECEMBER 2007 TANZANIA was done to test models of the emergence of modern humans in this part of Africa (Willoughby 2007). This The Middle and Later Stone Age of the article introduces new sites and presents preliminary Iringa Region, southern Tanzania: An results from the initial fieldwork. Pamela Willoughby Introduction describes the sites, the general framework of this re- search project, and the cultural history of Iringa. Her Katie Biittner two PhD students, Katie Biittner and Pastory Bushozi, Department of Anthropology discuss their own research. University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H4 E-mail: [email protected] What does it mean to be a modern hu- man? Pastory M. Bushozi Department of Anthropology Anatomically modern people (Homo sapiens) University of Alberta are found throughout Africa, as far back as 195,000 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H4 years ago. But their associated artifacts are Middle Stone Age (MSA) or Middle Palaeolithic (MP). How- AND Archaeology Unit ever, it is not until their descendants reached Europe Department of History and become Cro-Magnons with Upper Palaeolithic University of Dar es Salaam (UP) tools that they are considered to be truly mod- P. O. Box 35050 ern. Innovations said to appear only with the Upper Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) Palaeolithic include (1) blade tools, (2) bone, ivory E-mail: [email protected] and antler tools, (3) jewelry and art, (4) curation of tools, (5) long distance transport of resources, (6) Pamela R. Willoughby information networks and the first true ethnic groups, Department of Anthropology (7) collector strategy of mobility, (8) specialization in University of Alberta hunting one or two animal species, (9) use of fish or Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H4 shellfish, (10) more complex burials, (11) expansion E-mail: [email protected] into new territories, and (12) association with ana- tomically modern Homo sapiens (Mellars 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Pedagogy As Social Practice and Teachers' Pedagogic Choices In
    Pedagogy as Social Practice and Teachers’ Pedagogic Choices in Tanzanian Primary Schools A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Kristeen Chachage IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOHPY Frances Vavrus, Advisor January, 2020 © Kristeen Chachage 2020 Acknowledgements This research and dissertation could not have been possible without the support of many people. First, and foremost, I’d like to thank my family, especially Tuli and Bukaza, for moving, encouraging me and supporting me throughout the process, as well as all my siblings who supported us along the way. I am greatly indebted to the UMN professors who provided stimulating and challenging courses and comments throughout the program. I would especially like to mention my advisor, Professor Frances Vavrus, as well as Professors Joan DeJaeghere, Timothy Lensmire and Peter Demerath. Equally important were my colleagues in the Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development graduate program, CIDE cohort members—from my year group and our ‘elders’—as well as colleagues from Curriculum & Instruction, including all the MCF and TERI fellows. Finally, I thank my parents for providing me with the inspiration to seek a PhD since the time I was a child. This dissertation was also made possible by the generous support of a University of Minnesota Graduate School Thesis Research and Travel Grant, as well as the Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development John & Grace Coogan Graduate Research Fellowship and the College of Education & Human Development Women’s Philanthropic Leadership Circle. i Abstract Amidst the current push for improving the quality of education in Sub-Saharan Africa, a technicist approach to pedagogy, which focuses on inputs and technical teacher training, has come to predominate international aid to education and much of the related literature.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Variability of Middle Stone Age Lithic Technology During MIS3 in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
    On the variability of Middle Stone Age lithic technology during MIS3 in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Gregor Donatus Bader aus Stuttgart Tübingen 2017 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 18.10.2017 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel 1. Berichterstatter Prof. Nicholas J. Conard PhD 2. Berichterstatter Prof. Dr. Michael Bolus Table of Contents I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II II. SUMMARY/ZUSAMMENFASSUNG IV III. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS VII i.) Accepted publications VII ii.) Manuscripts ready for submission VII IV. PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION VIII Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Objectives and expected output 9 Chapter 3: Results and discussion 10 3.1. Characterizing the MIS3 post HP/Sibudan 10 assemblage of Sibudu 3.2. Holley Shelter and its place within the MSA 13 chronology of eastern South Africa 3.3. Umbeli Belli, the forgotten MSA site of KwaZulu- 18 Natal 3.4. A Return to Umbeli Belli. First insights of recent 22 excavations and implications for the final MSA in KwaZulu-Natal 3.5. Bringing the Middle Stone Age into clearer focus 27 Chapter 4: Conclusion 28 References 31 APPENDIX 42 I I. Acknowledgements This dissertation represents the final result of three and a half years of intensive research in South Africa and another five years of studies conducted at the University of Tübingen. During this time my childhood dream of becoming an archaeologist became true. Certainly I couldn´t have achieved this without the support of several people and I deeply regret in case I forget anybody.
    [Show full text]
  • A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: the Colonial and Post-Colonial Significance of Mlambalasi Rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania
    Journal of African Archaeology 17 (2019) 23-35 brill.com/jaa A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: the Colonial and Post-Colonial Significance of Mlambalasi Rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania Pamela R. Willoughby Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Katie M. Biittner Department of Economics, Anthropology, and Political Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Pastory M. Bushozi Department of Archaeology and Heritage, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania [email protected] Jennifer M. Miller Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Abstract everything. It is not just the context of the find nor of the site but this context must necessarily include the larger During the 2010 excavations of Mlambalasi rockshelter, Iringa historic and cultural fact of the communities in which Region, Tanzania, a single rifle bullet casing was recovered. archaeologists work and increasingly work for (Shepherd Analysis of this casing found that it was manufactured in 1877 2002). While Mlambalasi rockshelter, located in Iringa at the munitions factory in Danzig for the German infantry’s Region, Tanzania (Fig. 1) is an important Iron Age and Mauser 71 rifle. This casing is thus directly linked to the period Stone Age archaeological site (Biittner et al. 2017), it also of German colonization of Tanganyika, during which Iringa was plays a significant place in local and national history. a key centre of anti-colonial resistance. Mlambalasi was the lo- In Tanzania, reflecting a broader trend in African and cation of the last stand of Chief Mkwawa of the Hehe people, Africanist archaeologies, research is increasingly devoted and this bullet casing provides a tangible link to his uprising to analyzing what archaeologists are doing, for whom they during the 1890s.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Thesis Vol 2
    1 BEGINNINGS OF ART: 100,000 – 28,000 BP A NEURAL APPROACH Volume 2 of 2 Helen Anderson B.A. (University of East Anglia) M.A. (University of East Anglia) Submitted for the qualification of PhD University Of East Anglia School of World Art Studies September 2009 © “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that no quotation from the thesis, nor any information derived therefrom, may be published without the author’s prior, written consent”. 2 VOLUME TWO MAPS Africa 1 India 2 Papua New Guinea/Australia 3 Levant 4 Europe 5 CATALOGUE 1. Skhul Cave 6 2. Qafzeh Cave 9 3. Grotte des Pigeons 13 4. Oued Djebanna 16 5. Blombos Cave 18 6. Wonderwerk Cave 21 7a. Blombos Cave 23 7b. Blombos Cave 26 8. Klein Kliphuis 29 9-12. Diepkloof 32 13. Boomplaas 39 14. Enkapune Ya Moto 41 15. Border Cave 43 16. Kisese II 47 17. Mumba 48 18. Apollo 11 Cave 50 19. Patne 53 20. Bacho Kiro 56 21. Istallosko 59 22. Üça ğızlı Cave 61 23. Kostenki 65 24. Abri Castanet 69 25. Abri de la Souquette 72 26. Grotte d’Isturitz 74 27. Grotte des Hyènes 77 28a. Chauvet Cave 80 28b. Chauvet Cave 83 28c. Chauvet Cave 86 29. Fumane Cave 89 30. Höhlenstein-Stadel 94 31a. Vogelherd 97 31b. Vogelherd 100 31c. Vogelherd 103 31d. Vogelherd 106 3 31e. Vogelherd 109 31f. Vogelherd 112 31g. Vogelherd 115 31h. Vogelherd 118 31i.
    [Show full text]
  • A Descriptive Study of Swahili Literary Translations
    Decision-Making in Literary Translation: A Descriptive Study of Swahili Literary Translations Der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften der Universität Leipzig eingereichte D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Chimoni, Justus Mtende geboren am 15th May 1975 in Kinango, Kenya Leipzig, den 14th December 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTON ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Presentation of the Problem ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Research Focus and Central Questions ................................................................................. 3 1.4 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Significance of the Study .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • White Violence in German East Africa
    “The People Who Make Our Heads Spin”: White Violence in German East Africa by Ryan Masters A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Ryan Masters 2019 “The People Who Make Our Heads Spin”: White Violence in German East Africa Ryan Masters Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This dissertation explores violence perpetrated by the colonial state and white settlers in German East Africa from the 1890s to the First World War. It examines the place of white violence, almost all of it directed at black bodies, in East Africa and traces the ways in which broader social and political tensions in the German community shaped debates and contestations over the boundaries of “acceptable” white violence in the colony. Violence was a contested issue, one that divided the community of German colonists against itself. The issue was not that Germans disagreed about their right to treat Africans violently or dominate them by force. Rather disputes arose because the boundaries and limitations of white violence were never clearly defined, so that colonial administrators and German settlers were left to sort it out amongst themselves. The case of the plantation manager Georg Passarge demonstrates that social conflicts in the German colonial community could play a significant role in drawing officials’ attention to non-official white violence and ultimately in the prosecution of settler abuses. Further, the frustrations and anxieties that beset the German settler community shaped coverage of corporal ii punishment in the settler-friendly press, which defended whipping and flogging of Africans as integral to the success and well-being of German colonists.
    [Show full text]
  • Session C60 Paleopathology Medical Approach of the Relations Between
    UISPP / IUPPS | XV Congress / XV Congrès | Book of Abstracts / Livre des Résumés Session C60 Thursday, 7 September 2006 / Jeudi, 7 Septembre 2006 Room 5.2, Faculty of Letters, Lisbon University Salle 5.2, Faculté de Lettres, Université de Lisbonne Paleopathology Medical approach of the relations between man and environment in Prehistory. Paléopathologie Approche médicale aux relations entre l’Homme et l’Environnement en Préhistoire organized by / organisé par Bertrand MAFART Laboratoire d’Anthropologie, UMR6569, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France - [email protected] SESSION’S ABSTRACT Among the parameters governing relations between the prehistoric man and his environment, the medical component was essential. The modifications of the biotopes, technical progress human like the acquisition of fire and the cooking of food, the neolithisation with the proximity of the domesticated animals played a major role in the relations of the man and his in particular microbiological environment. Recent progress in paleoparasitology, molecular and genetic biology allows new approachs of the relations between Prehistoric men and its environment. This colloquium will make it possible to gather the best international teams for a new step to prehistoric paleopathology. SESSION PROGRAMME / PROGRAMME DE LA SESSION 11:00 Opening / Ouverture 11:00-11:15 Maria Giovanna BELCASTRO (Bologna, Italy) Benedetta BONFIGLIOLI (Bologna, Italy) Silvana CONDEMI (Marseille, France) Fiorenzo FACCHINI (Bologna, Italy) Valentina MARIOTTI (Bologna, Italy) C60-01 The biocultural perspective to the study of the alterations of the human skeletal remains of the Epipalaeolithic necropolis of Taforalt (Morocco, 12- 11000 BP). 11:15-11:30 Virgílio do ROSÁRIO C60-02 Malaria and human evolution 11:30-11:45 DEBONO MAFART C60-03 Activité et lésions osseuses en Préhistoire: que reste t’il de la tracéologie? Lisbon / Lisbonne, 2006 | #350 UISPP / IUPPS | XV Congress / XV Congrès | Session C60 11:45-12:00 S.R.
    [Show full text]