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Key Determinants of Conflict Between People and Wildlife, Particularly Large Carnivores, Around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania

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Key Determinants of Conflict Between People and Wildlife, Particularly Large Carnivores, Around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania KEY DETERMINANTS OF CONFLICT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND WILDLIFE, PARTICULARLY LARGE CARNIVORES, AROUND RUAHA NATIONAL PARK, TANZANIA Amelia Jane Dickman PhD Thesis University College London (UCL) and Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London 2008 1 Declaration Declaration I, Amelia Jane Dickman, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. The material contained in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree at University College London or any other university. © The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without her prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University College London, 2008 2 Summary Summary Human-wildlife conflict, particularly human-carnivore conflict, is a growing problem in today’s crowded world, and can have significant impacts on both human and wildlife populations. This study, based in the Idodi-Pawaga area adjacent to Tanzania’s Ruaha National Park, explored the main drivers of conflict between people and wildlife, particularly five focal large carnivore species, in order to identify possible mitigation strategies. Considerable antagonism towards wildlife was reported, with particular hostility engendered by large carnivores. The main reasons given for conflict were the risks of wildlife damage, particularly livestock depredation, and attacks upon humans. Initial reports suggested that people were losing 1.2% of their livestock to predators every month, but after long-term monitoring this estimate was revised to 0.32%, and on-site follow-up visits led to a further revised figure of 0.26%, which was far less than the percentage reportedly lost to disease. Adherence to traditional livestock husbandry techniques seemed effective at limiting depredation, but follow-up surveys revealed that views towards focal carnivores remained robust even after many months without an attack. These data suggest that conflict is driven by numerous factors, rather than the risk of wildlife damage alone. Traditional pastoralists appeared less tolerant than other ethnic groups, with their history of land alienation for conservation, political marginalisation and insecurity over land tenure probably driving some of their antagonism towards wildlife. Income diversification was linked to higher tolerance, but few people received any income or non-consumptive benefits from wildlife. Conversion to an external religion, rather than retaining traditional beliefs, was also linked to a decrease in tolerance for wildlife. Overall, many different factors appeared to influence the magnitude of reported conflict, and it was clear that any mitigation efforts would have to confront the social, political, historical, economic and ecological drivers of conflict in order to develop truly appropriate and effective solutions. 3 Dedication Dedication To Mum For all the amazing love, support and wisdom, not only for the three years of this PhD, but for every day of every year beforehand 4 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Anyone who knows me well will know that it would be impossible for me to complete something that requires as much patience, organisation and hard work as a PhD without vast amounts of help, and the very long list of people that I must thank here proves that that is indeed the case! Firstly, I would like to thank Pete, Chris, Henry and Nina Coppolillo, for allowing me to share their lives and intrude upon their family, both at camp and in Iringa. Despite some of Pete’s weird characteristics (such as, but by no means limited to, a fondness for Land Cruisers and a fascination with stale bread rolls), I could never have done this without them, and their hospitality, friendship, help, humour, advice and support were truly invaluable – as was Chris’ dedication at keeping the camp supplies of G&T stocked up! The full list of people who helped me in Tanzania is far too long to include here, but numerous people stand out as being particularly important. My research assistants, particularly Alphonce Msigwa, Julius Mbuta and Nicolaus Gilbert, were truly amazing, providing endless support and patience as they ably helped me with all kinds of tasks, including locating pastoralists, administering surveys, translating, assessing vegetation plots and boma structures, putting up with my worrying obsession with collecting carnivore scat, and changing countless tyres. I would also like to thank the rest of the WCS-Iringa team, who were always extremely generous in terms of their time, patience and help whenever it was needed, which was very often! Fellow researchers at camp made the time there extremely enjoyable, and I thank all of them, especially Meg Demment, Deana Clifford and Mike Clifford, for all the happiness, sundowners and good memories that they provided. Justin Brashares also provided invaluable support during my first season at camp, even though he used his status as a fancy journal editor to dupe me into thinking that his suggestions for fieldwork methodology were sound, despite all evidence to the contrary once I had actually tried them. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to Leelah Hazzah, Mary Wykstra, Jo Driessen and Judith Jackson, who were all fantastic in getting me through some very hard times in Nairobi and Arusha. I would also like to thank all the ‘carnivore monitors’ in the villages, particularly Asha, Kinyozi and Sikitiko, for working so hard to collect data for months on end, and Zawadi, Jumanne, Flora, and everyone at the Tanzania Carnivore Centre for all their help through the years. I am also indebted to Will Powell of Canine Specialist Services International, for patiently training me and two detection dogs, which we still plan to use in the future! This thesis would never have even begun without Sarah Durant, who has been totally amazing since the day she first sent me off to the swamp to start this study, and has never failed to provide help, friendship, laughter and support when it was needed, as well as providing impressive quantities of champagne and other beverages the rest of the time. I am also indebted to my other supervisors, particularly Katherine Homewood, who provided extremely valuable support, advice, much-needed reference material, and courageously took on the challenge of opening my eyes to the world of anthropology, which was a Herculean task! I would also like to thank Chris Carbone for all his help and good nature, even when utterly stressed by a deluge of draft thesis chapters that pushed his reading rate to the very limit.....although admittedly that did not take much to exceed! 5 Acknowledgements Nathalie Pettorelli, however, read chapters at warp speed and provided lots of great advice and comments, even though I resisted the R conversion to the end! Many other people in the UK were also brilliant at helping me through the PhD. The Human Ecology Research Group at UCL was extremely useful in helping me to understand more about the world of anthropology and putting up with my endless obsession with furry animals rather than people. Numerous people at ZSL (who were totally fine with the furry animal thing) also provided invaluable support, and many have become great friends over the last three years. Joe Smith was there on my first day at ZSL and has stuck by me ever since, helping with all sorts of academic tasks that I had inevitably forgotten till the last minute, taking me out for drinks when it all got a bit stressful, providing lots of help, laughter and support, and proving himself as a superlative trans-Atlantic bag carrier! Dada Gottelli was another tower of strength at ZSL, and was always available for endless girly gossip, advice, fun, help and friendship. Nicky Jenner, Esteban Payan and Maurus Msuha were also brilliant to have around, and Maurus patiently helped me out with logistical support in Tanzania as well as being a great friend and colleague at ZSL. I would like to thank Laurie Marker and Bruce Brewer, who helped me learn so much about two of my main interests – human-wildlife conflict and red wine - both of which were invaluable in getting me through this thesis. I would also like to thank Megan Parker, who amazingly ceased whining about her own thesis long enough to let me finish mine. I am also indebted to the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology for allowing me to work in their country, and to the ESRC/NERC, the Zoological Society of London, the Howard G. Buffett Foundation, the Wildlife Conservation Society/Panthera Kaplan Scholarships, the St. Louis Zoo and the Fund for Women Graduates, for providing financial support. I also owe an incredible amount to the local people in the Pawaga-Idodi area, who put up with endless questions and intrusions from the ‘very very white woman’ with impressive grace, patience and good humour. It has been amazing working with you, and I would love to continue working with you in the future. Most importantly, I would like to thank all my friends and family, and especially Ro, Sam, Nancy, Poppy and Richard, who have always been there for me, from the years when working in Africa was still a faraway dream, and provided endless love, support, and encouragement, even before they realised that they could be rewarded with cheap safaris! Finally, I will be eternally grateful to Marcus, who waited for me, believed in me, supported me, encouraged me, shared adventures with me, and who has shown incredible love and patience during the entirety of this PhD, always being on hand with support, sympathy, tea and chocolate when it all threatened to get too much! I could not have done it without you.
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