Dhananjayarao Gadgil Library III~III~~ mlll~~ I~IIIIIIII~IIIU GlPE-PUNE-OO 1848 CONSTITUTION AL HISTORY OF

STUBBS 1Lonbon

HENRY FROWDE

OXFORD tTNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE

AMEN CORNEl!. THE CONSTITUTIONAL mSTORY OF ENGLAND

IN ITS ORIGIN AND DEtrLOP~'r

BY

WILLIAM STUBBS, D.D., BON. LL.D.

BISHOP OF CHESTER

VOL. III

THIRD EDITIOlY

@d.orlt AT Tag CLARENDON PRESS

J( Deco LXXXIV

[ A II rig"'" reserved. ] V'S;LM3 r~ 7. 3 /fyfS CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVIII.

LANCASTER AND YORK.

299. Character of the period, p. 3. 300. Plan of the chapter, p. 5. 301. The Revolution of 1399, p. 6. 302. Formal recognition of the new Dynasty, p. 10. 303. Parliament of 1399, p. 15. 304. Conspiracy of the Earls, p. 26. 805. Beginning af difficulties, p. 37. 306. Parliament of 1401, p. 29. 807. Financial and poli­ tical difficulties, p. 35. . 308. Parliament of 1402, 'p. 37. 309. Rebellion of Hotspur, p. 39. 310. Parliament of 14°40 P.42. 311. The Unlearned Parliament, P.47. 312. Rebellion of Northum­ berland, p. 49. 813. The Long Parliament of 1406, p. 54. 314. Parties fonned at Court, p. 59. 315. Parliament at Gloucester, 14°7, p. 61. 816. Arundel's administration, p. 63. 317. Parlia­ mont of 1410, p. 65. 318. Administration of Thomae Beaufort, p. 67. 319. Parliament of 14II, p. 68. 820. Death of Henry IV, p. 71. 821. Character of H'!I'l'Y. V, p. 74. 322. Change of ministers, p. 78. 823. Parliament of 1413, p. 79. 324. Sir John Oldcastle, p. 80. 325. Parliaments of 14140 p. 83. 326. War with France, p. 88. 327. The remaining Parliaments of the reign, p." 89. 328. The King's last expedition and death, p. 94. 329. Bedford and Gloucester, p. 96. 330. Arrangement for the minority of Henry VI, p. 99. 331. Impolitio conduct of Gloucester, p. 101. 332. Quarrel with Bishop Beaufort, p. 104. 333. Visit of Bedford, p. 105. 334. Gloucester's attempt to govern, p. 109. 335. Re- newed attack on the Cardinal, p. 113. 336. Henry's visit to France and change of ministers, p. liS. 337. Continuation of the quarrel" p. 117. 838. Bedford's second. visit, p. 119. 339. State of the government after Bedford's death, p. 124. 340. Approaching end of the war, p. 128. 341. Character of Henry VI, p. J32. 342. The king'. marriage, p. 135. 343. Death of Glou­ cester and Beaufort, p. 139. 3U. Administration of Suffolk,. p, 144. VI ContC1tf,a.

345. Fall of Suffolk, P.149. 346. Carle's rebellion, p. 155. 347. Struggle of Somerset and York, P.I57. 34S. First rising of the Yorkists, p. 165. 349. First regency of the Duke of York, p. 16S. 350. Results of the battle of St. Alban's, p. 175. 351. Second regency of York, p. 177. 352. Sole role of Henry and Margaret, p. ISO. 353. The war of Lancaster and York, p. IS2. 354. The claim of York to the crown, p. 190- 355. Aocession of Edward IV, p. 193. 356. Edward's first Parliaments, p. 200. 357. The close of the struggle, p. 203. 35S. The struggle of the Nevilles, p. 206. 359. Edward's supremacy, p. 219. 360. Reign of Edward V, p.226. 361. Richard m, p. 23i. 362. Fall of Richard, p. 239. 363 .. The claim of the to the name of Constitutional Rulers, p. 240. 364. Parliamentary theory under Lancaster, p. 243. 365. Fortescue's scheme of government, p. 247. 366. Practical illustration of constitutional working, p •.253. 367. The council, p. 25+ 368. The elections to the House of Commons, p. 262. 369. Freedom of dehatsin the House of Commons, p. 266. 370. Money grants, p. 270. 371. Interference with the Royal household, p. 271. 372. Want of governance, p. 275. 373. Case for and against the as rulers, p. 280.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE CLERGY, THE KING, AND THE POPE.

374. Problem of Church and State, p. 295. 375. Plan of the cbapter, p. 29S. 376. The clerical estate or spirituaity, p. 29S. 377. Relations between the Pope and the Crown, p. 299. 378. AI'­ . POINTHENT OF BISHOPS, p. 303. 379. The pall, p. 304. 380. Legations, p. 306. .381. Papal interference in election of bjshops, P.3IO. 382. Elections in the thirteenth century, p. 313. 383. The pope's claim to confer the temporalities, p. 315. 384. Papal . proVlSlOns, P.319. 385. Legislation on provisions, p. 324. 386. The compromise on elections, p. 326. 387. Elections to abbacies, p. 329. 388. The eeclesiastical assemblies, p. 330. 389. EccLX­ BUSTICAL LEGISLATION; for the clergy by the clergy, P. 332. 390. By the clergy for the laity, p. 335. 391. By parliament for the clergy, p. 3;t7. 392. Statute of provisol'll, p. 338. 393. Statute of praemunire, p. 341. 394. Legislation in parliament for the national church, p. 343. 395. EccLXSU.STICAL TAXATION; by the pope, p. 346. 396. Taxation by convocation, P.349. 397. Attempt in Parliament to tax -the clergy, p. 351. 398. Of tl,le C(Jlttenta. Vll

clergy to tax the laity, p. 352. 399. EccLBSIASTICAL JUDICATUBE; of the king's courta over the clergy, p. 352. 400. Of the court Christian; in temporal mattera, p. 356. 401. In disciplinary cases, p. 357. 402. Over ecclesiastics, p. 359. 403. Appeals to Rome, p. 360. 404. Legislation against. heresy, p. 365. 405. Social importance of the clergy, p. 378. 406. Intellectual and moral in­ ftuence of the clergy, p. 382.

CHAPTER XX.

PARLIAMENTARY ANTIQ.UITIES.

407. Parliamentary usage., definite or obocure, p. 388. 408. Plan of the chapter, p. 390. 409. Choice of the day for Parliament, p. 390. 410. Annoal Parliamente, p. 393. 411. Length of notice before holding Parliament, P:394. 412. Choice of the place of session, p. 395. 413. The Palace of Westminster, p. 396. 414. Parlia­ mente out of London, p. 399. 415. Share of the councU in calling & parliament, p. 401. 416. Issue and form of write, p. 403. 417. Writs of summons to the Lords, p. 40+ 418. Writs of the justice., p. 408. 419. Write to the Sheriffs for elections, p. 410. 420. County elections, p.417. 421. Return on indenture, p. 421. 422. Borongh elections, p. 437. 423. Contested and disputed elections, p. 435. 424. Manucaption and expenses, p. 439. 425. Meeting of parliament and opening of the session, p. 440. 426. Separation of the honses, p. #+ 427. House of Lord., p. 446.' 428. Ranks of the peerage, p. 448. 429. Number of lords temporal, p. 457. 430. Number oflords spiritual, p. 458. 431. J uatices in the House of Lords, P.461. 432. Clerical proctors, p. 462. 433. Numbers and distribution of seate in the House of Commons, p .•"3. 434. Clerks, p. 467. 435. The Speaker of the Commons, p. 469. 436. Business laid before the houses by the king, p. 472. 437. Supply and account, p. 47+ 438. Form of the grant, p. 475· 439. Pro· ceeding in legislation, P.476. 440. The common petitions, p. 477. 441. Form of statutes, p. 480. 442. Details of procedure, p. 483. 443. Sir 's description of a session, p. 483. 444. Judicial power of the Lords, p. 493. 445. Prorogation, p. 497· 446. Dissolution, 1'". 498. 447. Writ of expenses, p. 500. 448. Distinctions of right aud privilege, p. 502. 449. Proxies of the Lords, p. 50+ 450. Right of protest, p. 506. 451. Freedom of debate, p. 506. 452. Freedom from arreSt, p. 5 II. 453. Privileges ~peerage, p. 51 5. viii Contents.

CHAPTER XXI.

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES AT THE CLOSE 01' THE MIDDLE AGES.

~54. Plan of the chapter, p. 517. 455. Variations of the political balance throughout English History, p. 519.. 456. THE KINGs: popular regard for the Plantagenets, p. 524. ~57. Growth of loyalty, p. 525. ~58. Doctrine of legitimism, p. 527. 459. Ma­ terial and legal securities, p. 527. 460. Extent of the royal estates, p: 528. -461. Religious duty of obedience, p. 530. 462. Fealty, homage, and allegiance, p. 531. ~63. Law of Treason, p. 534. 464. Tm! CLERGY, p. 538. 465. Wea.kness of their spiritual posi­ tion, p. 541. 466. Wea.kness of their temporal position, p. 542. 467. Tm! BARONAGE: their wealth and extent of property, p. 542. 468. Their territorial distribution, p. 545. 469. Class distinctions, p. ~47. 470. Livery and maintenance, p. 548. 471. Heraldic distinctions, p. 551. 472. Fortified houses and parks, p. 55+ 473. Great households, p. 556. 474. Service by indenture, p. 557. 475. Good and evil resolts of baronial leadership, p. 559. 476. Baronial position of the bishops, p. 560. 477. TIlE KNIGHTS AND SQUIRES, p. 562. 478. Their relation to the barons, p. 566. 479. Independent attitude of the knights in parliament, p. 567. 480. THE YEOMANRY, p. 569. 481. Expenditure of the squire and tenant farmer, p. 572. 482. The .,aletti in parliament, p. 573. 483. The yeomen electors, p. 57+ 484. Tm! BOBOUGHS, p. 576. 485. The merchant gnild and its developments, p. 578. 486. 'Constitution of London, p. 586. ~87. Importance and growth of Companies, p. 590. 488. Other municipalities, p. 596. 489. Politics in the boroughs, and of their representatives, p. 607. 490. Political capabilities of conntry and town, merchant, tradesman, and artificer, p.610. 491. The life of the burgher, p. 613. 492. Connexion with the country and with other classes, p. 615. '493. Artisans and labour

INDEX I,' INDEX.

Abbot., appointment of, 329. Assize, justices of, to take cognisa.nce - in parliament, 417, 459 aq. of elections, 26.., 265,437. Account., audit of, 56, 133, 274. Attainder, bills of, 184,202,273,479, Adrian IV, pope, 300. Audley, James Touchet, lord, killed Alexander III, pope, 302, 312, 353. at Blore Hea.th, 184. Alfred, propooal to canonise, 133. - John Touchet, lord, fails to tske Alienation of land, restrictions on, Calais, 187; ehanges sides, 193. evaded, 570. AomiUe, honour of, 449. Alien priories, 48, 84, 86. Ali8D8, legislation against, 44. Bagot, Sir William, 19. - taxation of, 103, 128, 131, 147, Banneret, dignity of, 456. 168, 225. Bardolf, Thomas, lord, rebels in 1405, Appeals to Rome, 360-364. 50; flies to , 59; dies, 64. Appropriation of grants of money, Baronage, importance of, 538. 27 1,272• Barony, 451 aqq. Armies of Edward IV and Richard Beauchamp, John, of Holt, created a. III, 285-287. baron, 452. Array, co~sions of, 269, 281, 285- Beaufort., legitimised, 59; with a. 28 7. reserva.tion, 61; adliere to the Arrest, freedom from, 507 aqq. prince of Wales, 61, 68, 69; to Arundel, Thomas, earl of Arundel Bedford against Gloucester, 97. and Surrey, 16, 52; commands Beaufort, John, marquess of Dorset, in France, 81; is lord treasurer, degraded, 22; declared loyal, 32; 78• • , refuse. to be restored as marquess, - Thomas, , 39; at the head of the fleet, ,47; - preaches at the accession of Henry dies in 1410, 68. IV, 13; discusses Richard's fate, - Henry, , chan­ 20; has damages from Walden,23; cellor, 39; made bishop of Win­ restored by a papal act, 25; legis­ chester, 49, 59; opposes the mar­ lates against the Lollarde, 32, 33 '; riage of Clarence, 68; cbancellor, repels the attack of the knights, 78, 86; his loans, 90, 93; resigns 48; urges the king against the the great seal, 91; is chancellor Lollards, 48; purges hiInself, 50; again in 1423, 103; his speech on intercedes for Scrope, 52; in par­ the elephant, 103; his first quarrel liament of 1406, 55; hie hostility with Gloucester, 104; garrisons the to the Beaufort., 61; moves against Tower, ib.; sends for Bedford, ib. ; the Lollards, in convocation, 64; defends himself against Gloucester's forbids unauthorised translations cha.rges, 106; resigns the seal, 107; of the Bible, ib.; chancellor again, I goes abroad, 109; made a cardi­ 7 J ; displaced, 78; renews the per­ nal, I II; heads the HUBsite cru­ secution of the- Lollards, 79 aqq.; sade, 109, II2; attempt to exclude dies, 83; his constitutional speeches, him from council, II4; goes to 2..... 246. France, n6; attempt to remove -, Ascough, William" bishop of Salis. him, ib.; hie jewels Beized, II7; bury, murdered,- J 57. declared loyal, lIS; leailij th~ c~un- Inae:c.

cil after :Bedford's death, 125 ; at­ 84; lieutenant of the realm, 87, tacked by Gloucester in 1440, 129 ; 88, 91, 92. 94; left gUardian of is the king's chief adviser, 135; England and France on Henry's death, 143; his political character, death, 94; his character, 97; con­ 143 8'1..; the king refuses his trea­ nexion with the :Beauforte, ib.; his sure,I43; hisconstitutionalspeeches, position as regent, 100; thwarted 246. by Gloucester, 101 8'1..; reca.lled :Beaufort, ThomBB, 59; condemns by:Beaufort, 1°4; his alliance with Scrope and Mowbray, 52; chan­ Gloucester, 105; mediates, 106; cellor, 64-69; earl of Dorset, 84; undertakes to respect the authority duke of Exeter, 91; charged with of the council, 108; returns to the care of Henry VI, 95, 100; dies, France, 1°9; quarrels with :Bur­ 107. gundy, 120; returns home to de­ - John, earl of Somerset, 127; com­ fend himself, ib.; proposes to econ­ mands in France, 128; his expedi­ omise, I 22 j undertakes to be cbief tion, 136; duke of Somerset, ill.; counsellor, 123; dispute with dies, lb. Gloucester, ib.; dies, 124 j marriage - Margaret, heiress of Somerset, 136; of his widow, 127; his treatment plan for marrying her to John de of the Maid of Orleans, II5. la Pole, 139, 152; attainted, 236. :Benevolences, 2198'1.., 224, 238, 281, - Edmund, count of Mortain, his 283; abolished, 237 8'1.'1.. early rivalry with the duke of York, :Beverley, constitution of, 601. 126; marquess of Dorset, 136; at :Bishops, in parliament, 458. duke Humfrey's arrest, 140; lieuo - noble, 380, 381. tenant in France, 144; made duke - prisons of, 359. of Somerset, 146; loses Normandy, - right of appointment of, 303-329. 145, 146; his antagonism to the - fealty and homage of, 302. 304; duke of York, 158; returns from deposition of, 327 j translation of, Normandy, and is made constable, 316• 161 ; petition for his dismissal from :Boniface VIII, pope, his episcopal court, 163; attacked by the duke nominations, 316, 317. of York in 1453, 165; charges :Boniface IX, pope, 25, 326. against, 169; repeated by the duke Eourchier, ThomBB, bishop of Ely, of Norfolk, 170; arrested, ,:b.; re­ made drchbishop of Canterbury, leBBed, 175; killed at St. Alban's, 172; proceedings against Pecock, 176. .' 182 ; mediates for peace, ib.; wel­ - Henry, duke of Somerset, 176; at comes the Yorkist invasion, 187; war with Warwick, 181; fails to his conduct with respect to the take Calais, 187; is absent from duke's claim, 190; recognises Ed­ parliament, 193; wins battles at ward IV, 195; welcomes him on Worksop and Wakefield, 193; es­ his return, 216; accepts Richard capes after Towton, 196; attainted, III BB king, 232. ~02 ; pardoned by Edward IV, 204; - Henry, viscount, treBBurer, 177; rejoins Margaret, 205; beheaded, dismissed, 181 ; summoned to par­ 206. liament and made earl of Essex by - Edmund, duke of Somerset, bro­ Edward IV, 200; treasurer, 220; ther, 2J 5 j put to death at Tewkes· dies, 227. bury, 217. :Bracton, quoted, 403, 534- :Beaumont, John, viscount of, arreste :Brember, NicolBB, 593. duke Humfrey, 140; killed. 189. :Buckingham, Humfrey Stafford, duke - William, viscount of, attainted, of, earl of Stafford, 105; duke, 140; 202. at duke Humfrey's arrest, ib.; half· :Bedford, John of LanCRBter, duke of, brother of archbishop :Bourchier, 59; defeats the rebellion of 1405, 172 j is surety for Somerset, 175 j' .5 I ; constable, 42, 60 ; made duke, his son killed at S. Alban's, 176 j Index.

l"PpOriB Henry VI, lSI; killed at Carlisle, parliament of, 321, 338- N orthamptoD, 189. ' 340 ,401• Buckingham, Henry Stafford, duke Castles, fortification of, 554 aq. 01. grandson. 208 ; steward at Chancellor, office of, in the house of Clarence'. trial, 222 ; in the council, Lords,472 • U7; conspires with Gloucester, Chancellors- 229; declares hi. claim to the , foorth time, throne, 230; rebels, 233; beheaded, 6[; fifth time, 71. 234- , 340 38, 39. Bolla, papal, restraint on, in England, John Scorle, 15, 34. 334· , 39-49; again, Bnrgage, tenure by, 434. 78 ; again. 103· Bury S'- Edmund'., parliaments at, Thomas Longley, 49; again, 9[, 140, 400. 99· Butler, James, earl of Wiltshire, 173; Thomas Beaufort, 64. treasurer, 175 ; again, 183; executed, , 107. l:iee Kemp. 196; attainted, 202. , 117. 136.148. Richard Neville, earl of Salis· Cade. Jack, rebellion of, 155 Iqq., bury, 172. ' 168, 184. Thomas Bourchier, [75-181. Cambridge, parliament at, 401. . 181, 184. - Richard, earl of, 84; his plot and , , fate, 87,88, 159. 189, 200. 209. Canon law, its authority in England, Robert Stillington. bishop of 333· ,Bath, 209. . Canterbury, primacy of, 303. Thomas Rotherham, archbishop - archbishops of- of York. 220. Aneeim, 303. , bishop of Lincoln, Ralph,311 • 229· William of Corbeuil, 307. Chester, palatine earldom of. held by Theobald, 3l1. the heir apparent, 447, 528. , 302, 312. Chichele, Henry, archbishop. of, Can­ , 313. terbllry, not responsible. for the Richard, 313. French war, 85 ; opens the parlia­ Edmund, 314. ment of 1422, 99; mediates be­ Boniface, 3140 354- tween Beaufort and Gloucester, , 314- 104 j again, 105 j threatened with , 314,315. the loss of his legation, 309. , 315. Cinque Porta, representative. of, sum­ , 322. moned to parliament, '1:16, 434, Simon Mepeham, 323 Iq. 465.467. . . John Stratford, 324. Clarence, Lionel, duke of. 448. Thomas Arundel, 326. See - Thomas of Lancaster, duke of, 34; Arundel. lieutenant of Ireland, 39, 60; mar­ , 23, 26, 326. ries his uncle's widow, 68; com­ Heury Chichele, !IS. See Chi. mands an army in alliance with chele. Orleane. 71; made duke. ib. j John Stafford, 1J7, 136,148. killed, 93. John Kemp, 167- 171. See - George. duke of, 200; intrigues Kemp, with WarwiCk, 2°9.210; married Thomas Bonrchier, 172-232. See to Isabella Neville, 2 I2 ; joins in Bonrchier. Warwick's invasion. 212;. par­ Cantilupe, Walter, bishop of Wor. doned, 213; flies to France, 214; cester, 381. succession settled on him. 2 [5 ; - Thomas, bishop of Hereford, 381. goes over to Edward, 216 j accused VOL. llI. .T t Jnae3:.

and attainted, 22 2; his death, County courts, election of knights in, i6. etc.,. 58, 67, 8o, 114, 119, 263-265, Clarendon, constitutions of, 3°4, 354- 415, 417 .qq. - Sir IWger, 37, 51. Courts, ecclesiastical, jurisdiction of, Clement V, pope, his ·usurpation of 352-360; abuses of, 386. patronage, 323. Coventry, parliament at, 184, 400. Clement VI, pope, 324- Creation money, 45°.451. Clergy, relation of, to the state, 298 sqq. Cromwell, Ralph, lord, a councillor - social importance of, 378 sqq.; in 1422, 101; mediates between great numbers of, 379; want of Beaufort and Gloucester, 105; re­ unity in, 383; political importance moved from the chamberlainship, of, 538 IIqq. 117; demands a reason in parlia­ - parliamentary representation of, ment, II 8 ; becomes treasurer, 120; 330 .qq. his accounts, 118, !l2, 474; _reo - benefit of, 355. signs in 1443, 136; leads the at· - oonvict. 359. tack on Suffolk, 149 sqq.; quarrels Collector, papal, 346. with the duke of Exeter, 174; Commons, wages of members, 440; with Warwick, 178. numbers of, 463 sq. - share the legislative power of par­ De la Pole, Michael, restored to the liament. 268-270; and the taxa­ earldom in 1399. 23; his advioe on tive, 270 sq. war, 35. - privileges of, 507 sqq. - William, earl of Suffolk, ambassa­ - debate on all public matters, 267. dor to France, 136; concludes the Communa, 578. . marriage treaty of Henry VI, 137; Constable, strained jurisdiction of, thanked in parliament, ;6.; his 289. 290. rapid rise, 138; intends to marry Constables- his son to Margaret Beaufort, 139; Henry Percy, 15. question of his complicity in the John of Lancaster, 42. arrest of Gloucester, 14.1 sq.; duke Richard Wydville, 208, 290. of Suffolk, 147; his impeachment, John Tiptoft, 214, 288-29°' trial, and fate, 149 sqq; Edmund, duke of Somerset, 161. - John, duke of, a Yorkist, 186; Henry, duke of Buckingham, 232. married to a sister of Edward IV, Convocation of the clergy, its relation 227· to parliament, 331 sq.; proceedings - John, earl of Lincoln, son, de· in, 478. clared heir to Richard III, 238. - its oonstitution, 330; royal inter­ Demesne, of the crown, proposed ference with, 334 sqq.; 349 sq. under Henry IV, 25, 48. See Re­ Cornwall, duke of, 448. sumption, acts of. - Sir John, 105; made .. baron in Despenser, Henry Ie, bishop of N or­ parliament, 119. 13 2 , 452. wicb, reconciled, 32. Coronation of Henry IV, 15. - Thomas Ie, made earl of Glouces­ Council, privy, vote of oonfidence in, ter, 16; deprived of the earldom. 56, 255; Fortescue's plan of, 251 ; 22; killed at Bristol, 26; sentence president of, 2 5 2~ of forfeiture, 32; his widow Con­ - names of, declared in parliament, stance, 49. 45, 255; wages and oaths, 257, Devonshire, Thomas Courtena~, earl 258; rules for, 258, 259; powers of, of, 165, 170; is on the king s side defined, 259, 260; petitions in, 261. at S. Alban's, 176. - ordaining power of, 260. - Thomas Courtenay, earl of, son, - executive power of, 262. 185, 193; executed after Towton, Councils, provincial, 331 sq. See Con­ 196; attainted, 202. vocation. - Humfrey Stafford made earl of, by - limitations of action of, 334. Edward IV, 292; put to death, 213. }naez.

Devonshire, Thomaa Courtenay, law. Gloucester, parli~ent at, 267,401. ful earl, killed at Tewkesbury, 217. - Thomas of Woodstock, duke of, Dukes, dignity of, +l8, +l9, 5+l. his enemies accused, 19-22; his descendants, 173. :...- Humfrey of Lancaster, duke of, Faria, creation ot; il/. parliament, 450 59; made duke, 84; lieutenant of ·f· the realm in 1420. 92; charge of , palace of, 397. Henry V to, 94; ·his character, 97; Edward, Prince of Wales, son of opposition to the Beauforta, ib.; Henry VI, 169. 1(4; his right to vicegerent in England, 98 ; his po­ regency reoognised, 172, 179; said sition settled by parliament, 99, to be a changeling, 183; goes to 100; his foreign intrigues and ex­ Scotland, 196; killed at Tewkes­ pedition, 101 ; his first quarrel with bury, u7. Beaufort, 104; his league with Edward IV; as earl of,March, 185, Bedford, 105 ; reconciled with Beau­ 187; wins the battle of Mortimer's fort, 106, 107; agrees to act by the Cross, 194; becomes king, 195; advice of the council, 108; his history of his reign, 199-225; h!s power as protector defined, II 0 ; death, 2.5; character, 225 .q.; his attacks Beaufort ag&in, 112; his reputed marriage with Eleanor protectorate ends, II 3; lieutenant Butler, 230. .. during the king's absence, lIS; - V, born, .18; eucceeds, 22 7; his makes a third attack on Beaufort, reign, 227-231. 116; compromises, 118; defence - BOn of Richard m, prince of oflord Cromwell against, I21 ; dis­ Wales, 233; dies, 238. pute with Bedford, 123; his cam­ Elections of knights of the shire, 410, paign in 1436, 126; bitterly attacks 417 .q.; legislation on, 58, 67, 80, Beaufort in 1440. 129; his wife 1140 119, .63 .qq.; contested,435- tried as a witch, 131; his opposi­ 438. tion to the peace and to Henry's -of bishopS, 315 .qq. marriage, 138; his arrest and - of borough representatives, 427 death, 139, 140-14.; trial of his • qq. servants, 142 • Electors of knights of the shire, 58, - Beginald Bowlers, abbot of, ,63. 67, 80, 1140 119, 263 .qq. Gregory VII, pope, 300; his dealings Emperor, Sigi8IDUDd, 89, 268. with Willia.m I, ib. - XI, pope, 325. Fealty, form of, 531 aqq. Grey, of Ruthyn, lord, 28, Fleta, 535. 35, 36, 39; suit of,. against Bas­ Forest law, clerical offendeni aga.inat, tings, 551. 355· - Thomas, marquess of Dorset, 227, Fortescue, Sir John, 199; attainted, 228. 202; taken at Tewkesbury, 2 I 7 ; Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of :Lincoln, pardoned, 220; his theory of the ma.int&ins clerica.l immunities, 354. English constitution, 247-253; on Guild., mercha.nt, 580-584. torture, 288. - cra.ft, 58", .qq. France, HenryV's war with, 84 .qq., - illegal or adulterine, 58+ ·75,276. Freeholders, political position of, 570 Hastings, William lord, captain of • qq. See Elections and Electors. Calais, 227,228; beheaded, 228 .q. Fulford, Baldwin, 187. Haxey, Thomas, 23. Fulthorpe, Sir Willia.m, 52. Henry IV, cla.ims the crown, 12; sketch of his reign, 12-74; his .' character, 7-9; summary of results, Ga.scoigne, Sir William, 52, 78, 79. 72-74; rel&tion of hiB reign to the Gentry, origin and growth of, 5628qq. next, U. T t 2 lnrle:c.

Henry V, as prince of Wales, 19; Hussite crusade; 109, II 2. duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, 23; lieutenant in Wales, 39; crown settled on, 46, 58; his friendship Impeachment, practice of, 273. with the Beauforts, 60; takes the Innocent III, pope, 3 I 3. lead in council, 67; allies himself - IV, pope, 320. with Burgundy, 68; attacked in council, 7I; his father asked to John XXII, pope, 301, 322. resign, 70; succeeds, 78; his cha­ Judges summoned to parliament, 404, racter, 74-78; sketch of his reign, 406,461. 78-99· Jurymen, qualification of, 265. Henry VI, birth of, 94; his acces­ sion, ib.; sketch of his reign, 94- 195; arrested and imprisoned, 207; Keighley, Henry of, 469. restored and holds parliament, 214; Kemp, John, , chan­ taken by Edward IV, 216; death cellor, 107; archbishop of York, and burial, 217. ib.; opposes Gloucester, 115; re­ Herbert, Sir William, 195; lord signs his seal, II7 j attacked by Herbert, 200, 209, 210; made earl Gloucester in 1440, 129; becomes ofPembroke, 21 I; put to death, 213. chancellor again, 148; declares the Heresy, legislation against, 25, 32, king's sentence on Suffolk, 153; 33, 345, 3640 378 ; petition on, 65· offers a pardon to Cade. 157 j opeus Holland, John, duke of Exeter, de­ the parliament of 1450, 162; arch­ graded, 22; joins in the conspiracy bishop of Canterbury, 167; dies, of 1400 and is killed, 26; forfeited, 17I. 32 • Kent, William Neville, earl of, 200. - John, son of John, restored to the King, the, his personal influence and earldom, 89; victorious at sea, 91 ; prerogative, 524-538 j his presence duke of Exeter, 289. in parliament. 494 aqq. - Henry, son of John, duke of Exeter, - his list. 272. 174; escapesa.fterTowton, 196; at­ Knaresborough, castle of, 18; forest tainted, 202; returns to England, of, 279. 21 5. Kmghts, wages of, 500 j form of writs - Thomas, son of Thomas, duke of .of summons, 410. Surrey, degraded, 22; conspires - and squires, as an element in and is killed, 26; forfeited, 32. political life, ~62 Bqq. . - Edmund, earl of Kent, brother of Kyme, Gilbert Umfravile, titular earl Thomas, 49. of,68. Homage, importance of, 531 Bqq. - William Taillebois, titular earl of, - of bishops, 296, 302, 30+ 150,206. Household, royal, attack on expenses of,44· Ladies, not summoned to parliament, - charges of, separated from the 453,454· national accounts, 272. Lancaster sword, II. Howard, J ohn,lord, 227; made duke Lancaster, Edmund, earl of, II. of Norfolk, 232. - Thomas, earl of, 211. Hungary, apostolic legation of the - Henry, duke of, 11. kings of, 301. Lancaster, duchy of, 105, 128, 416, Hungerford, Walter, lord, 101; trea­ 528 sq. surer, 107, 117. Latimer, Thomas, a Loll&rd, 32. - Robert, lord, 185. Lawyers, not to be knights of the - Robert. lord Moleyns. 185; at· shire, 47, 363, 413. tainted. 202; beheaded, 206. Legates from Rome, list of, 307 sq. Huntingdon, earls of, aO(l Holland; Guruo, 308. election at, in 1450, 423, 436. Pandulf, 308. 1,ttJez.

Otho, 308. 330. Mortimer, Edmund, earl of March, Othobon, 308. SOD of Roger, passed over in 1399- Guy. bishop of Sabina, 308. 10; attempt to seize, 49; iD the Peter of Spain, 339. confideDce of HeDry V. 87; plot to LegatiDe CouDCiIs. 333. make him king. 88; a coDDcillor iD Legalion,imponauce~ 306; acqnired 1423, 100; plot in favour ~ 103; by the archbishops of Canterbury. goes to Irelaud aDd di .... ib. 307. aDd York, 310. - Edmund, DDele of the earl, 36, 40, - of Wolsey. 309. 332. 159· - offered &0 kings, 301 ''1. - Sir John, ""ecUtiOD of, 103. Legialauon, iniW-tioD of, 476 ''11}. - Dame of, ....umed by Jack Sharp, Leiooster. par1iameDt of 1414 at, 83; 362; by Jack Cade, 156. of 14.6 at, 105. 400. MortoD, John, attaiDted in 14iil, - COD8titution of, 600. 202; pardODed,. 20; master of the Libel of English policy. ~7S. rolls, ih.; bishop of Ely, imprisoDed, Linooln, parliaments ~ 400. 2.\0; urges Buckingham to rebel, Livery. legislation against, 20a. 548 233· 'I}. Mowbray, John, earl of Nottingham, Lo1Iarda, legislatioD against, '5. 32 di.... 17. ~I}.; iDlIueu\ial men among. 32; - Thomas, earl ma.rshall, 50; his petitioD against, 58 ; action agaiDst. rebellioD aDd fate, 51 11'1. 6., 65.80 ''11}.; _ Heresy; statute - John, earl marshall, a couDcillor iD of Leicester against, 83; share in 1432, 100; made duke of Norfolk, J aclt Sharp's rising. II 5. 375; "".... 10+ COtiOD of, 377. - John, duke of Norfolk, allies him­ London, muuicipal history ~ 586 self with the Yorkista, 16.; accuses ''11}. Somerset, 169, 170, 174;threateus - electioD of repreB8Dtatives ~ 430. arehhishopKemp, 171 ; has liceDce Loyalty, seDtiment ~ 5'5. to gu on pilgrimage, 182; swears Lynn, electiODB at. 431, 439. allegiance to Henry, 185; recog­ nises Edward IV, 195.

MaiDteuau~ legislation against, 5.. 9 Naples, papal hold upon, 300. "1'1' National character, 632. Man, lordship ~ ....7 ''1. Navy, DDder Henry V, 90 ''1., 275. Margaret of ADjou, her marriage, N evilla, William, a Lollard, 33. 137; promotes Suffolk, 138; her - Ralph, lord, earl of Westmoreland, position after the battle of S. BOD·in.laW of John of GaUDt, 18; Albau's, 176; her foreign intri· advises OD war, 35; opposes the gu.... 180, 181; flies to l:lcotlaud, Perci.... 43, ..... So ''1.; his fictitious 190; beats W...-wick at S. Albau's, speech in 1414, 85 ; a couDcillor in 19.Jj retreats Dorthwards, 195; her 14240 100. weakD_ aDd DDpopularity, 197, - Ralph, earl of Westmorelaud, 18r,. 198; attainted, 20. ; goes to France, - Richard, earl ofSa1isbury, at duke .0.. ; takeD prisoDer at Tewkesbury. Humfrey's arrest, 140; chancellor, 217. 172 ''1.; declared loyal, 178; wiDs Marquess, dignity of, ....9> ..So. the battle of Bloreheath, 184; flies Merton, statute of, 336. to Calais, ':b. ; attainted, 185 ; plans Modos teueDdi parliameutum, ""5. invasion, 187; iD parliameDt, 193; Moleyus, Adam, privy seal and bishop beheaded, W. of Chichester; Degotiates for peace, - John, lord MODtague, made earl 1 ..6; is murdered, 1 .. 1. I.p, ISO, of Northumberland, 20S, 206; 15+ marquess of Montague, 214; de­ Mortimer; house of, their claim to the serts Edward, ih.; killed at Barnet, crown, 159. 216. Inde~.

Neville, George, made biShop of Exe­ Peace and war, discussions in parli .... ter, 172, 18o; chancellor, 189, '94; ment on, 268. archbishop of York, 206; removed Pecock, Reginald,'bishop of Chiches­ from the chancery, 2°9; marries ter, 182, 376. Clarence, 212 ; Edward surrenders Peerage, rights of, for life, 454; ree to, 213; restores Henry VI, 214 signstion of, 458; privileges of, 8'1.; makes' peace after Barnet, 5028'1'1_ 21 9. Peeresses, trial of, 131. - John, Lord Neville, on the Lan­ Peers, bishops, 106, 455. castrianside, 193; killedatTowton, Percy. Henry, earl of N orthumber­ 196; attainted, 202. land, is Mattathias, II; constable Northampton, councUat, 402. of England, 15, 17; takes the votes - parliaments at, 400. on Richard's sentence, 20; his ad­ - battle of, 189. vice on war, 35; defeats the Scots. Northampton, John of,mayor of Lon- 37; his discontent, 39; submits, don, 593. 42; his rebellion in 1405. 50; Nottingham, parliament at, 401. second rebellion and death, 63 8'1. - Berkeley, earl of, 232. - Henry, Hotspur, son of the earl, - earl of; see Mowbray. has the isle of Anglesey, 15; com­ mands in Wales, 35; his rebellion and death, 41, 42. Oath, of allegiance, 532. - Henry, son of Hotspur, restored - of councillors, 257. to his earldom, 87; a member of Oldcastle, Sir John, 34, 373; his trial council, 100; killed at S. Alban's and attempt at rebellion, 81-83; in 1455, 176. . his end, 92- - Henry, earl of Northumberland, Owen Glendower, 27, 28, 35 8'1.; as­ son, 193 i killed at Towton, 196; sisted by France, 53; gives refuge attainted, 302. to Percy and Bardolf, 59; his heirs Percy, Henry, earl ofNorthumberlsnd, pardoned, 90. son, 232; chamberlain, 234 i deserts Oxford, university o~ resists arch­ Richard III, 239. bishop Arundel, 6", 67; scholars - Thomas, earl of Worcester, admiraJ, of, at war with the county, 278. 15; his rebellion and death, 41, 42 ; - earls m. 8ee Vere. mentioned, 266. - Thomas, lord EiNDlont, 150, 189. Peter's pence, 346. . Painted chamber, 398, 440. Petition, right o~ how treated in Pall, archiepiscopaJ, its importance, council and parliament, 477 8'1'1. i 30 5 8'1. not to be altered, 8", 269 i triers Papacy, relations of the crown to, and receivers of, 443-468. 300• Poor, condition of, 618 8'1'1. Pardons, Henry VI grants too many, Postal service, 224- 134· Prsemunientes clause, 330,407.417. Parliament, antiquities o~ 388 8'1'1. ; 462; 886 Clergy. Sir Thomas Smith's account of, 483, Praemunire, statute o~ 341 8'1. 493· Prerogative of the king. 24. - powers of, under Henry VIII, 487. Privileges of parliament, 502 8'1'1. - annual, petitioned for, 393 8'1' Privy sea.!, keeper of, 252. 259; - suspension of, 282. , 23 j Adam MOo - place of, 395 8'1'1. leyns, 141. - prorogation o~ 282, 498. Prohibitions, to church assemblies and - olerks of, 467. courts, 335, 337, 353, 358• - the merciless, 402. Prorogation of parliament, 497 sq. i - the unlearned, 47. 400. long prorogations, 28a. - of bats, 106, 400. Protests of lords, 506. . Inrle:c.

Provisicm, papal, to sees, 317 aqq. Scrope, Henry Ie, lord of Masham, Provison, statute of, 334. 338. treaaurer of England. 78; joins in Proxies, of peen, 504 aq. the Southampton plot, and is put to Purveyanoe, complaints against, 25. death, 87, 88. Scrope and Grosvenor, law-suit of, Raleigh, William, bishop Of Win- . 551• chester, 316. Sheriff, bis precept, 428 8q. Reading, parliaments at, 167, 400- - of towns and cities, 416, 606. Redesdale, Robin of, 211 aqq.; rioters Sheriff's toarn, 418. from, 278. Shire, third penny of, 45 I. Regency, under Henry VI, 99 aqq. ShIewsbury, John Talbot, earl of, - during his illness, 171, 178, 179. lOS, 167; killed, 168: - under Edward V, 328. - John Talbot, earl of, treasurer of Resumption, acts of, in 1450, 154; subsidy, 173; treasurerofEngIand. re-enacted, 164; in 1456, 179; in 181; killed, 189. 1473, 220; Fortescue's pIan for. - parliament of. 401. 251. 272. Sicily, monarchy of, 302. Revenue. refused to Henry IV. 66 ; Speakers of the hoose of commons­ granted to Henry V. 90; to Henry Peter de 1& Mare. 469. VI, 168; to Edward IV, 205; to Thomas Hungerford, 469. Richard. 236. . 18, 55. 470. Riohard II, of Bourdeaux, bis de­ John Doreward. 19.470. position, 13, 14; condemned to im­ , 29, 43. 55.57. 245. prisonment, 20; question of his 266. fate. 27; bis first funeral. ib.; bis William Esturmy. 48. lacond, 8o; reported to be alive, John Tihetot. 54. 41,61. , 62, 65, 68, 93. Richard III. aB duke of GlouceBter, 266. 200; marries Anne Neville. 220; , 92. conducts the war with the Scots, Richard Banyard, 94. 224; his conspiracy. 229; declares John Russell, 102, II7. bimself king, 231 ; his reign, 232- Thomas Wauton, 103. 339· Richard Vemcm, 106. Rioters. statutes against, 278. John Tyrell, 109, II6; 127. , 93, 120. S. Alban·s. 335. , 125. - second battle. in 1461, ,194. , 128, 131, 140' Salisbnry, parliaments at, 401. , 137. Salisbury, John Montacute, earl of, , 147. accused of the attac'k on Gloucester. , 148. 21 ; joins in the conspiracy of the William Oldha.ll, 163, 168. 185. earls, and is killed, ib.; forfeited, , 168, 169, 266, 32 • 470• - Richard Neville, earl of. See , 171. Neville. John Wenlock, 178,185. Sawtre, William, barned, 33; im­ , 184. portance of his case, 370. , 190. Scot and lot, 433 aqq. , 200. Scrope, Richard Ie, spared in 1399, William Alyngton, Il3, 219.222. 25· , 224. - William Ie, son of Richard, earl of , 235. Wiltshire, 25. - election and protest of, 469 aqq. - Richard Ie, archbishop of York, Stanley, Thomas,' lord, petition for his rebellion and fate, 50-52, 58; attainder of, 185; stewa.i:d of Ed­ offerings to bim, 80. ward IV, 227; step-father of Henry Index.

Tudor, 239; constable, 234; joins Taxes of 1478, 223. Henry at Bosworth, 239:' - of 1483, 225. Stanley, Sir William, 2340 239. - of 1484, 236. Statutes, of Merton, 336, 418. Temporalities, restitution of, 304; - de religiosis, 343. usurped by the popes, 317, 318. - of Carlisle, 339, 340. Terms, law, 392 sq. - of provi80rs, 309, 324. Testamentary causes, jurisdiction in, - of praemunire, 341 sq., 363. 336,356. - de haeretico, 33, 369. Thirning, Sir William, 10, 13,29,30, Succession, acts settling the, 46, 58, 462. 21 5, 527. Tiptoft, John, a councillor in 1422, 101; steward of the household, Tallies, 398. II 7; resigns, ill. Ta.xation, of the spirituals, 349 sqq.; - John, son, earl of Worcester, trea­ of the stipendiary clergy, 271. surer, 167, 170, 173; beheaded, - terms of the grant of, express the 214; his cruelties as constable, action of the commons, 270, 475. 2888'1'1. - by the popes, 346. Tithes. suits touching, 344, 353. Taxes of 1399, 23. - of underwood, 336. - of 1401, 33. - of personalty, 352. - of 1402, 31:1. Torture, practice of, 288, 289. - of 1404, 46. Towns, elections of representatives - of 1406, 58. in, 4298'1'1. - of 1407,62. - later constitutional history of, 576 - of 1410, 66. Bqq.; made counties, 606. - of 1411,69. Treason, legislation on, 24. 534 8'1'1' - of 1413,80. - constructive, 290. - of 14140 86. - laws against, 5348'1'1. - ofI415, 88. Treasurers- - of 1416, 90. John N orthbury, 15, 34. - of 1417,92. Lawrence Allerthorpe, 34. - of 1419, 92. Lord Roos, 43. - of 1421,94. Henry Ie Scrope, 64. - of 1422, 101. Thomas, earl of Arundel, 78. - of 1423, 102. John Stafford, 107. - of 1425, 103. Walter, lord Hungerford, 107, - of 1426, 107. 117· :- of 1427, 110. John Ie Scrope, Il7. - of 1429,114. Ralph, lord Cromwell. 120. - of 1431, 116. Ralph Botelez-, lord Sudeley, - of 1432, 119. 136. - of 1433,122. . Marmaduke Lumley, 139. 148. - of 1435,125 sq. Lord Say and Sele, 148, 157. - ofI437, 127. Lord Beauchamp, 155. - of 1439, 128. John Tiptoft, earl of W orcllIIter, - of 1442, 131. 167. . - of 1445; 1446, 137. James Butler, earl .of Wiltshire, - of 1449, 147. 175; again, 183. - of 1450,.154. Henry, viscount Bourchier, 177; - of 1453, 168. again, 195, 220. - of 1463, 205. John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, - of 1465, 205. 181. - of 1468,210. Richard Wydville, lord Rivers, - of 1473, 21 9. 208. - of 1474, 220. Treasurers of war, 46, 48, 55, 56. If"le:c.

Truuell, Sir William, proctor for the a marriage for his daughter with parliament of 1327, ... 61, 469. Clarence, 208; suspected of treason, Tudor, Edmund, 133. 209; connives at the rebellion of - Jasper, 133; earl of Pembroke, Robin of Redesdale, 2 I 2 j goes to 176, 19'oH attainted, 202; defeated Calais, lb. j makes terms with Ed­ . and deprived of his earldom, 211. ward, 31 3; connives at the rising - Henry, earl of Richmond, 331; in Lincolnshire and 1Iies to France, negotiation for his marriage with 314 j lands and restores Henry, Elizabeth of York, 233 j lands at ib.; killed at Barnet, 21 6; his Milford Haven, 239; wina the • character, 318. crown at Bosworth, 239. Welles, Sir Robert., his rebellion and Tunnage and poundage, properly ap­ death, 2 I 3 8'1. plied to the maintenance of the - Leo, lord, attainted, 202. navy, 250, 271. See Taxes. Westminster, palace of, 395 8'1'1. j - for life. granted to Henry V. chapter-house of, 398 8'1" #48'1' Henry VI. and Edward IV, 88, Wight, lordship of, #8. 168, 205; to Richard nI, 236. Winchester. parliaments at, ",00. Worcester, constitution of, 600. Urban n, pope. 302. Writs, of circumspecte agatis, 358. -"" VI, pope. 325, 338. - significavit, 357, 365, 369. - de excommunicato capiendo, 370. Vere, John de, earl of Oxford, put to - de haeretico, 3698'1. death, 204; by law of Padua, 290. - of summons, variety of forms, ",03 - John, earl of Oxford. aeizes St. 8'1'1.; aealing of, 401. Michael's mount, 218; assists WycliJfe, John, importance of the Henry Tudor in his attack on legal proceedings against, 365 8'1'1. Richard, 239. Wydville, Richard, lord Rivers, con­ Villenage, later history of, 622 8'1.'1. atable, 155, 187 j Edward IV Viscount, dignity of, 451. marries his daughter, 206 j rivalry Voting in parliament, 491. of his family with the N evilles, 207 j promotion of his children, Wages of members of parliament, 57, a08 j treasurer and constable, ib. j 440.500 ''1. reconciled with Warwick, 210 j be­ Wakefield, battle of, 193. headed, 213. Wale&, prince of, in parliament, #7. - John, married to the duchess of - represented in the English parli&­ Norfolk, 208 j put to death, 213. . ments.... 63, ... 87 • - Antony, lord Scales, 208, 21I j . W...wick, Thomas Beauchamp. earl earl Rivers, 226; arrested, 228 j of. attempts to deny his comeasion executed, 231. of treason. 20 j restored, 23. - Richard, 2II. 226. - Richard Beauchamp, earl of, quar­ - Edward, 226, 228. rels with the earl Marshall, in 1405, Wykeham, WilliaDi of, bishop of Win­ 50; left by Henry V as preceptor chester, dies, ...9. to his son, 94, 100 j his quarrel with the earl Marshall, 104; instructions Yeomanry, condition and political as Henry's tutor, I II; regent of importance of, 569 8'1'1. France, u 7 j dies, ib. Y onge, Thomas, member for Bristol, - Henry, duke of.... 49. proposes to declare the duke of - Richard Neville, earl of, 166; York heir to the throne, 163 8'1., captain of Calais. 177 j again, 182 ; 510• wins the battle of Northampton, York, Edmund of Langley, duke of, 189; in parliament., 193; is beaten joins in the judgment on Richard, at S. Alban's, 194; joins in making 20. Edward king, 195; his disgust York, Edward, duke of,· son of Ed­ at Edward's marriage, 206; plans mund i a possible competitor for IndellJ.

the crown, 10; accused by Bagot, king in 1452, 165; reconciled, 167 ; 19; reduced in ra.nk, U; betrays has the speaker Thorpe arrested, the conspir&Cy of the earls, 26; 169; summoned to council, ib.; decla.red loyal, 32; &dvises on the opens parli&ment, 170; chosen pro­ war, 35; duke of York, 45,49; &C­ tector, 171 sq. ; his &dministr&tion, cused by his sister, ib.; killed, 9 I. 174; dismissed, 175; wins the. York, Richard, duke of, 87 ; Gloucester battle of S. Alban's, 176; high &dministers the Mortimer estates constable, I 78; his second protec­ for, 104; declared of a.ge, II9; torate, 178, 179; is reconciled with regent of France, 126; again, 128; the queen, 182; goes to Ireland, his rivalry with the Beauforts, 135, 184; attainted, 184; plans inva­ 158; his suspected complicity with sion, 187; returns, 190; claims C&de, 161; his early career, 157 ..q.; the throne, ih.; accepts the suc­ and claims to the crown, 158, 159; cession, 191, 192; killed at W8.ke- visits Henry VI, a.f'ter C&de's re­ field, 193. , bellion, 161; influences the elec­ - parli&ments at, 399. tions, 162; proposal to declare him , elections in, 424 aq.; lord­ heir, 164; marches against the ships in, 546.

THE END. ~Iartnh.O'n Jrtss, @J£ar~.

HISTORICAL WORKS.

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