DOCSLIB.ORG

An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model: Application to Coastal Ocean and Estuaries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model: Application to Coastal Ocean and Estuaries JANUARY 2003 CHEN ET AL. 159 An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model: Application to Coastal Ocean and Estuaries CHANGSHENG CHEN AND HEDONG LIU School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts±Dartmouth, New Bedford, Massachusetts ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Manuscript received 18 January 2001, in ®nal form 27 June 2002) ABSTRACT An unstructured grid, ®nite-volume, three-dimensional (3D) primitive equation ocean model has been devel- oped for the study of coastal oceanic and estuarine circulation. The model consists of momentum, continuity, temperature, salinity, and density equations and is closed physically and mathematically using the Mellor and Yamada level-2.5 turbulent closure submodel. The irregular bottom slope is represented using a s-coordinate transformation, and the horizontal grids comprise unstructured triangular cells. The ®nite-volume method (FVM) used in this model combines the advantages of a ®nite-element method (FEM) for geometric ¯exibility and a ®nite-difference method (FDM) for simple discrete computation. Currents, temperature, and salinity in the model are computed in the integral form of the equations, which provides a better representation of the conservative laws for mass, momentum, and heat in the coastal region with complex geometry. The model was applied to the Bohai Sea, a semienclosed coastal ocean, and the Satilla River, a Georgia estuary characterized by numerous tidal creeks and inlets. Compared with the results obtained from the ®nite-difference model (ECOM-si), the new model produces a better simulation of tidal elevations and residual currents, especially around islands and tidal creeks. Given the same initial distribution of temperature in the Bohai Sea, the FVCOM and ECOM-si models show similar distributions of temperature and strati®ed tidal recti®ed ¯ow in the interior region away from the coast and islands, but FVCOM appears to provide a better simulation of temperature and currents around the islands, barriers, and inlets with complex topography. 1. Introduction ence model can provide a moderate ®tting of coastal Most of the world oceans' inner shelves and estuaries boundaries, but these transformations are incapable of are characterized by a series of barrier island complexes, resolving the highly irregular estuarine geometries char- inlets, and extensive intertidal salt marshes. Such an acteristic of numerous barrier island and tidal creek irregular geometric ocean±estuarine system presents a complexes (Blumberg 1994; Chen et al. 2001; Chen et challenge for oceanographers involved in model devel- al. 2002, manuscript submitted to J. Great Lakes Res.). opment even though the governing equations of oceanic The greatest advantage of the ®nite-element method is circulation are well de®ned and numerically solvable in its geometric ¯exibility. Triangular meshes at an arbi- terms of discrete mathematics. Two numerical methods trary size are used in this method and can provide an have been widely used in ocean models: 1) the ®nite- accurate ®tting of the irregular coastal boundary. The difference method (Blumberg and Mellor 1987; Haid- P-type ®nite-element method (Maday and Patera 1989) vogel et al. 1991; Blumberg 1994) and 2) the ®nite- or discontinuous Galerkin method (Reed and Hill 1973; element method (Lynch and Naimie 1993; Naimie Cockburn et al. 1990) has been introduced into the up- 1996). The ®nite-difference method is the simplest dis- dated ®nite-element model to help improve computa- crete scheme with an advantage of computational ef®- tional accuracy and ef®ciency. ciency. Introducing an orthogonal or nonorthogonal cur- Recently, the ®nite-volume method has received con- vilinear coordinate transformation into a ®nite-differ- siderable attention in the numerical computation of ¯uid dynamics (Dick 1994). The dynamics of oceanography comply with conservation laws. The governing equa- Corresponding author address: Dr. Changsheng Chen, School for tions of oceanic motion and water masses are expressed Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts±Dart- mouth, 706 South Rodney French Blvd., New Bedford, MA 02744- by the conservation of momentum, mass, and energy in 1221. a unit volume. When the equations are solved numer- E-mail: [email protected] ically, these laws cannot always be guaranteed, espe- q 2003 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 06:45 PM UTC 160 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 20 cially in situations with sharp thermoclines or discon- ]u ]u ]u ]u 1 u 1 y 1 w 2 f y tinuous ¯ow. Unlike the differential form, the ®nite- ]t ]x ]y ]z volume method discretizes the integral form of the equa- tions, making it easier to comply with the conservation 1 ]P ]]u 52 1 K 1 F , (2.1) laws. Since these integral equations can be solved nu- r ]x ]z mu]z merically by the ¯ux calculation used in the ®nite-dif- o 12 ]y ]y ]y ]y ference method over an arbitrarily sized triangular mesh 1 u 1 y 1 w 1 fu (like those in a ®nite-element method), the ®nite-volume ]t ]x ]y ]z method seems to combine the best attributes of the ®- nite-difference method (for simple discrete computa- 1 ]P ]]y 52 1 K 1 F , (2.2) tional ef®ciency) and the ®nite-element method (for m y ro ]y ]z12]z geometric ¯exibility). ]P To our knowledge, a three-dimensional (3D), unstruc- 52rg, (2.3) tured grid, prognostic, primitive equation, ®nite-volume ]z ocean circulation model is not currently available in the ]u ]y ]w oceanographic community, although some efforts have 11 50, (2.4) ]x ]y ]z been made to develop a ®nite-volume formulation of the two-dimensional, barotropic shallow water equa- ]u ]u ]u ]u 1 u 1 y 1 w tions (Ward 2000). The MIT General Circulation model ]t ]x ]y ]z developed by Marshall et al. (1997a,b) is the ®rst 3D ®nite-volume ocean model. However, since this model ]]u 5 K 1 F , (2.5) currently relies on rectangular structure grids for hori- ]z12h ]z u zontal discretization, it is not suited to use for coastal ]s ]s ]s ]s ocean and estuarine domains with complicated geom- 1 u 1 y 1 w etries. Recently, we have developed a 3D unstructured ]t ]x ]y ]z grid, ®nite-volume coastal ocean model (called ]]s FVCOM). This new model has been applied to the Bohai 5 K 1 F , (2.6) Sea, a semienclosed coastal ocean, and the Satilla River, ]z12hs]z a Georgia estuary characterized by numerous tidal r 5 r(u, s), (2.7) creeks and inlets. Compared with results obtained from a well-developed ®nite-difference model (called where x, y, and z are the east, north, and vertical axes ECOM-si) and observational data, we ®nd that the ®- of the Cartesian coordinate; u, y, and w are the x, y, z nite-volume model provides a better simulation of tidal velocity components; u is the potential temperature; s elevations and residual currents, especially around is- is the salinity; r is the density; P is the pressure; f is lands and tidal creeks. Both FVCOM and ECOM-si the Coriolis parameter; g is the gravitational accelera- show similar distributions of temperature and strati®ed tion; Km is the vertical eddy viscosity coef®cient; and tidal recti®ed and buoyancy-induced ¯ows in the interior Kh is the thermal vertical eddy diffusion coef®cient. region in the Bohai Sea, but FVCOM seems to resolve Here Fu, Fy , Fu, and Fs represent the horizontal mo- the detailed thermal structure and ¯ows around islands mentum, thermal, and salt diffusion terms. and complex coastal regions. Here Km and Kh are parameterized using the Mellor The remaining sections of this paper are organized and Yamada (1982) level-2.5 (MY-2.5) turbulent closure as follows. The model formulation, design of unstruc- scheme as modi®ed by Galperin et al. (1988). In the tured grids, and discretization procedure are described boundary layer approximation where the shear produc- in sections 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The model appli- tion of turbulent kinetic energy is produced by the ver- tical shear of the horizontal ¯ow near the boundary, the cations for the Bohai Sea and Satilla River are given 2 2 and discussed in section 5, and a summary is provided equations for q and q l can be simpli®ed as in section 6. Detailed expressions for the numerical ]q22]q ]q 2]q 2 1 u 1 y 1 w computation of individual terms in the momentum equa- ]t ]x ]y ]z tion are given in an appendix. ]]q2 5 2(Psb1 P 2«) 1 K q1 F q, (2.8) 2. The model formulation ]z12]z ]ql22]ql ]ql 2]ql 2 a. The primitive equations 1 u 1 y 1 w ]t ]x ]y ]z The governing equations consist of the following mo- Ä 2 mentum, continuity, temperature, salinity, and density W ]]ql 5 lE1 Psb1 P 2«1 K q1 F l, (2.9) equations: 1212E1 ]z ]z Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 06:45 PM UTC JANUARY 2003 CHEN ET AL. 161 where q 2 5 (u9 2 1 y9 2)/2 is the turbulent kinetic energy; determined by matching a logarithmic bottom layer l is the turbulent macroscale; Kq is the vertical eddy to the model at a height z ab above the bottom; that is, diffusion coef®cient of the turbulent kinetic energy; Fq and Fl represent the horizontal diffusion of the turbulent k2 22 kinetic energy and macroscale; Ps 5 Km(uzz1 y ) and C 5 max , 0.0025 , (2.14) d 2 Pb 5 (gKhrz)/ro are the shear and buoyancy production zab terms of turbulent kinetic energy; «5q3/B l is the ln 1 12zo 2 turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate; W 5 1 1 E 2l / ( L)2 is a wall proximity function, where L21 ( k 5 z 2 where k 5 0.4 is the von KaÂrmaÂn's constant and z is 21 (H z)21; 0.4 is the von KaÂrmaÂn constant; o z) 1 1 k 5 the bottom roughness parameter.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sea State in Marine Safety Information Present State, Future Prospects
    Sea State in Marine Safety Information Present State, future prospects Henri SAVINA – Jean-Michel LEFEVRE Météo-France Rogue Waves 2004, Brest 20-22 October 2004 JCOMM Joint WMO/IOC Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology The future of Operational Oceanography Intergovernmental body of technical experts in the field of oceanography and marine meteorology, with a mandate to prepare both regulatory (what Member States shall do) and guidance (what Member States should do) material. TheThe visionvision ofof JCOMMJCOMM Integrated ocean observing system Integrated data management State-of-the-art technologies and capabilities New products and services User responsiveness and interaction Involvement of all maritime countries JCOMM structure Terms of Reference Expert Team on Maritime Safety Services • Monitor / review operations of marine broadcast systems, including GMDSS and others for vessels not covered by the SOLAS convention •Monitor / review technical and service quality standards for meteo and oceano MSI, particularly for the GMDSS, and provide assistance and support to Member States • Ensure feedback from users is obtained through appropriate channels and applied to improve the relevance, effectiveness and quality of services • Ensure effective coordination and cooperation with organizations, bodies and Member States on maritime safety issues • Propose actions as appropriate to meet requirements for international coordination of meteorological and related communication services • Provide advice to the SCG and other Groups of JCOMM on issues related to MSS Chair selected by Commission. OPEN membership, including representatives of the Issuing Services for GMDSS, of IMO, IHO, ICS, IMSO, and other user groups GMDSS Global Maritime Distress & Safety System Defined by IMO for the provision of MSI and the coordination of SAR alerts on a global basis.
    [Show full text]
  • Headland Sediment Bypassing Processes
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS HEADLAND SEDIMENT BYPASSING PROCESSES Doutoramento em Geologia Especialidade em Geodinâmica Externa Mónica Sofia Afonso Ribeiro Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Rui Pires de Matos Taborda Doutora Aurora da Conceição Coutinho Rodrigues Bizarro Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS HEADLAND SEDIMENT BYPASSING PROCESSES Doutoramento em Geologia Especialidade em Geodinâmica Externa Mónica Sofia Afonso Ribeiro Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Rui Pires de Matos Taborda Doutora Aurora da Conceição Coutinho Rodrigues Bizarro Júri: Presidente: ● Doutora Maria da Conceição Pombo de Freitas Vogais: ● Doutor António Henrique da Fontoura Klein ● Doutor Óscar Manuel Fernandes Cerveira Ferreira ● Doutora Anabela Tavares Campos Oliveira ● Doutor César Augusto Canelhas Freire de Andrade ● Doutor Rui Pires de Matos Taborda Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, no âmbito da Bolsa de Doutoramento com a referência SFRH/BD/79126/2011 2017 Em memória do meu irmão Luís Acknowledgments | Agradecimentos O doutoramento é um processo exigente, por vezes solitário, mas que só é possível com o apoio e a colaboração de outras pessoas e instituições. Portanto, resta-me agradecer a todos os que contribuíram para a conclusão deste trabalho. Em primeiro lugar agradeço aos meus orientadores, Rui Taborda e Aurora Bizarro, que têm acompanhado o meu trabalho desde os meus primeiros passos na Geologia Marinha, já lá vão 10 anos! A eles agradeço o incentivo para iniciar este projeto, o apoio demonstrado em todas as fases do trabalho, a confiança e a amizade. Ao Rui agradeço, em particular, a partilha e discussão de ideias e os desafios constantes que me permitiram evoluir.
    [Show full text]
  • North Pacific Ocean
    468 ¢ U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 11 31 MAY 2020 Chart Coverage in Coast Pilot 7—Chapter 11 124° NOAA’s Online Interactive Chart Catalog has complete chart coverage 18480 http://www.charts.noaa.gov/InteractiveCatalog/nrnc.shtml 126° 125° Cape Beale V ANCOUVER ISLAND (CANADA) 18485 Cape Flattery S T R A I T O F Neah Bay J U A N D E F U C A Cape Alava 18460 48° Cape Johnson QUILLAYUTE RIVER W ASHINGTON HOH RIVER Hoh Head 18480 QUEETS RIVER RAFT RIVER Cape Elizabeth QUINAULT RIVER COPALIS RIVER Aberdeen 47° GRAYS HARBOR CHEHALIS RIVER 18502 18504 Willapa NORTH PA CIFIC OCEAN WILLAPA BAY South Bend 18521 Cape Disappointment COLUMBIA RIVER 18500 Astoria 31 MAY 2020 U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 11 ¢ 469 Columbia River to Strait of Juan De Fuca, Washington (1) This chapter describes the Pacific coast of the State (15) of Washington from the Washington-Oregon border at the ENCs - US3WA03M, US3WA03M mouth of the Columbia River to the northwesternmost Chart - 18500 point at Cape Flattery. The deep-draft ports of South Bend and Raymond, in Willapa Bay, and the deep-draft ports of (16) From Cape Disappointment, the coast extends Hoquiam and Aberdeen, in Grays Harbor, are described. north for 22 miles to Willapa Bay as a low sandy beach, In addition, the fishing port of La Push is described. The with sandy ridges about 20 feet high parallel with the most outlying dangers are Destruction Island and Umatilla shore. Back of the beach, the country is heavily wooded.
    [Show full text]
  • Waves and Tides the Preceding Sections Have Dealt with the Types Of
    CHAPTER XIV Waves and Tides .......................................................................................................... Introduction The preceding sections have dealt with the types of motion in the ocean that bring about transport of water massesin a definite direction during a considerable length of time. They have also dealt with the random motion, the turbulence, which is superimposed upon the general flow. Besidesthese types, one has also to consider the oscillating motion characteristic of waves. In general, this motion manifests itself to the observer more by the riseand fall of the sea surface than by the motion of the individual water particles. Waves have attracted attention since before the beginning of recorded history, and in recent years they have been the subject of extensive theoretical studies. Surveys of our knowledge as to the character of ocean waves have been presented by Cornish (1912, 1934), Krtimmel (1911), Patton and Mariner (1932) and by Defant (1929). Lamb (1932) has discussed the hydrodynamic theories of waves, and Thorade (1931) has given a comprehensive review of the theoretical studies of ocean waves and has compiled a long list of literature covering the period from 1687 to 1930. Our understanding of the waves of the ocean, how they are formed and how they travel, is as yet by no means complete. The reason is, in the first place, that actual observations at sea are so difficult that the characteristicsof the waves cannot easily be determined. In the second place, the theories that serve to bring the observed sequence of events in nature into intimate connection with experience gained by other methods of study are still incomplete, particularly because most theories are based on classicalhydrodynamics, which deal with wave motion in an idealized fluid.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Wave Forecasting at ECMWF
    Ocean Wave Forecasting at ECMWF Jean-Raymond Bidlot Marine Aspects Section Predictability Division of the Research Department European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (E.C.M.W.F.) Reading, UK Slide 1 Ocean waves: We are dealing with wind generated waves at the surface of the oceans, from gentle to rough … Ocean wave Forecasting at ECMWF Slide 2 Ocean Waves Forcing: earthquake wind moon/sun Restoring: gravity surface tension Coriolis force 10.0 1.0 0.03 3x10-3 2x10-5 1x10-5 Frequency (Hz) Ocean wave Forecasting at ECMWF Slide 3 What we are dealing with? Water surface elevation, η Wave Period, T Wave Length, λ Wave Height, H Ocean wave Forecasting at ECMWF Slide 4 Wave Spectrum l The irregular water surface can be decomposed into (infinite) number of simple sinusoidal components with different frequencies (f) and propagation directions (θ ). l The distribution of wave energy among those components is called: “wave spectrum”, F(f,θ). Ocean wave Forecasting at ECMWF Slide 5 l Modern ocean wave prediction systems are based on statistical description of oceans waves (i.e. ensemble average of individual waves). l The sea state is described by the two-dimensional wave spectrum F(f,θ). Ocean Wave Modelling Ocean Wave Modelling Ocean wave Forecasting at ECMWF Slide 6 Ocean Wave Modelling l For example, the mean variance of the sea surface elevation η due to waves is given by: 〈η2〉 = F( f ,θ)dfdθ ∫∫ l The mean energy associated with those waves is: 2 energy= ρηw g l The statistical measure for wave height, called the significant wave height (Hs): 2 H s = 4 η The term significant wave height is historical as this value appeared to be well correlated with visual estimates of wave height from experienced observers.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing
    remote sensing Article Contribution of Remote Sensing Technologies to a Holistic Coastal and Marine Environmental Management Framework: A Review Badr El Mahrad 1,2,3,* , Alice Newton 3, John D. Icely 3,4 , Ilias Kacimi 2, Samuel Abalansa 3 and Maria Snoussi 5 1 Murray Foundation, Brabners LLP, Horton House, Exchange Street, Liverpool L2 3YL, UK 2 Laboratory of Geoscience, Water and Environment, (LG2E-CERNE2D), Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco; [email protected]. 3 CIMA, FCT-Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (J.D.I.); [email protected] (S.A.) 4 Sagremarisco, Apartado 21, 8650-999 Vila do Bispo, Portugal 5 Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 May 2020; Accepted: 13 July 2020; Published: 18 July 2020 Abstract: Coastal and marine management require the evaluation of multiple environmental threats and issues. However, there are gaps in the necessary data and poor access or dissemination of existing data in many countries around the world. This research identifies how remote sensing can contribute to filling these gaps so that environmental agencies, such as the United Nations Environmental Programme, European Environmental Agency, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, can better implement environmental directives in a cost-effective manner. Remote sensing (RS) techniques generally allow for uniform data collection, with common acquisition and reporting methods, across large areas. Furthermore, these datasets are sometimes open-source, mainly when governments finance satellite missions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wind and the Waves
    The wind and the waves The windway Wave wars Graveyards Conflicting seas 17 The windway Sept-Îles Swell and wind waves Waves that have been formed elsewhere or before the wind - “We have to cross to Anticosti today, or we'll have trouble changed direction are called swell. The swell can be an indication tomorrow. They're calling for 30 knot winds tomorrow and the of approaching winds. sea will be too high for my liking. Sailing is a lot of fun, but you If the waves are flowing in the same direction as the wind, how- need strong nerves.” ever, you are looking at wind waves. If the wind should shift, you will encounter cross seas Fetch If there were never any wind, the St Lawrence would be a gigantic mirror, rising and falling with the tides. But that is not the case at all. Fetch: 50 nautical miles The St Lawrence is a vast surface that can be whipped up into Duration: 6 hours violent seas depending on the direction, duration and speed of the wind. Fetch is the distance over which the wind has been blowing from the same direction. The longer the fetch, the higher and longer WIND 15 KNOTS = WAVES 1.5 METRES = LENGTH 25 METRES the waves. After 12 hours at the same speed, though, the wind has almost no effect on the waves, except that it may cause them to lengthen, distance permitting. WIND 25 KNOTS = WAVES 3 METRES = LENGTH 32 METRES Since the fetch is limited on the St Lawrence, the waves cannot lengthen as much as they do out in the open ocean, so they often become very steep.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellites HY-1C and Landsat 8 Combined to Observe the Influence of Bridge on Sea Surface Temperature and Suspended Sediment Concentration in Hangzhou Bay, China
    water Article Satellites HY-1C and Landsat 8 Combined to Observe the Influence of Bridge on Sea Surface Temperature and Suspended Sediment Concentration in Hangzhou Bay, China Shuyi Huang 1, Jianqiang Liu 2 , Lina Cai 1,*, Minrui Zhou 1, Juan Bu 1 and Jieni Xu 1 1 Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (J.X.) 2 National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS), Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 August 2020; Accepted: 13 September 2020; Published: 17 September 2020 Abstract: We analyzed the influence of a cross-sea bridge on the sea surface temperature (SST) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of Hangzhou Bay based on landsat8_TIRS data and HY-1C data using an improved single window algorithm to retrieve the SST and an empirical formula to retrieve the SSC. In total, 375 paired sampling points and 70 transects were taken to compare the SST upstream and downstream of the bridge, and nine transects were taken to compare the SSC. The results show the following. (i) In summer, when the current flows through the bridge pier, the downstream SST of the bridge decreases significantly, with a range of 3.5%; in winter, generally, the downstream SST decreases but does not change as obviously as in summer. The downstream SSC increases obviously. (ii) The range of influence of the bridge pier on the downstream SST is about 0.3–4.0 km in width from the bridge and that on the downstream SSC is approximately 0.3–6.0 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Water Mangement Towards a New Spatial Agenda for the North Sea Region Region the North Sea for Spatial Agenda a New Towards
    Coastal Water Mangement Towards a New Spatial Agenda for the North Sea Region Region the North Sea for Spatial Agenda a New Towards European Union The European Regional Development Fund Coastal Water Management Towards a New Spatial Agenda for the North Sea Region Prepared for Interreg IIIB North Sea Region Programme by Resource Analysis, IMDC, PLANCO, ATKINS, INREGIA Authors: Elke Claus, Holger Platz, Michael Viehhauser, Jon McCue, Koen Trouw and Barbara De Kezel 37, Wilrijkstraat 2140 Antwerpen, Belgium Tel: +32 3 270 00 30 E-mail: [email protected] TOWARDS A NEW SPATIAL AGENDA FOR THE NORTH SEA REGION Between 1998 and 2001, a spatial vision for the North Sea Region was developed, based on the principles of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP). NorVision, as it was called, is a key advisory document, which has strongly influenced territorial cooperation in the North Sea Region. It describes the existing state of spatial development and suggests directions for the future. Projects that have been developed under INTERREG IIIB NSR put many of them into practice In mid 2004 the Programme Monitoring Committee for the Interreg IIIB North Sea Programme decided that there should be a selective update to NorVision to have valuable strategic input for the future cooperation in North Sea Region. They agreed that the original NorVision document continues to be relevant and should not be evaluated or reworked. The new spatial agenda, as is has become known, should focus on issues, which have become more urgent or important in recent years or which have not been thoroughly addressed in the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • Dry Active Matter Exhibits a Self-Organized'cross Sea'phase
    Dry Active Matter exhibits a self-organized “Cross Sea” Phase Rüdiger Kürsten and Thomas Ihle Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 6, 17489 Greifswald, Germany (Dated: February 8, 2020) The Vicsek model of self-propelled particles is known in three different phases: (i) a polar ordered homogeneous phase also called Toner-Tu phase, (iii) a phase of polar ordered regularly arranged high density bands (waves) with surrounding low density regions without polar order and (iv) a homogeneous phase without polar order. It has been questioned whether the band phase (iii) should be divided into two parts [1]: one with periodically arranged and one with strongly interacting but not ordered bands. We answer this question by showing that the standard Vicsek model has a fourth phase for large system sizes: (ii) a polar ordered cross sea phase. Close to the transition towards (i) this phase becomes unstable and looks like strongly interacting bands. We demonstrate that the cross sea phase is not just a superposition of two waves, but it is an independent complex pattern. Furthermore we show that there is a non-zero mass flow through the structure of the cross sea pattern within its co-moving frame. PACS numbers: 05.65+b, 45.70.Qj, 64.60.De, 64.60.Ej Active matter is characterized by the transformation of interact at discrete instances of time n∆t and remain free energy into directed motion. The energy is supplied constant between those collisions. The interactions are e.g. by chemicals (or food), external fields or radiation. given by the following rule On the other hand, active particles dissipate energy into " # their environment such that there is an interplay between X cos θj(t) energy supply and dissipation.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Pleistocene Sea-Crossings in the Eastern Mediterranean?
    Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 42 (2016) 140–153 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Anthropological Archaeology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Middle Pleistocene sea-crossings in the eastern Mediterranean? ⇑ Duncan Howitt-Marshall a, , Curtis Runnels b a British School at Athens, 52 Souedias, 106 76 Athens, Greece b Department of Archaeology, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA article info abstract Article history: Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artifacts on Greek islands separated from the mainland in the Middle and Received 11 February 2016 Upper Pleistocene may be proxy evidence for maritime activity in the eastern Mediterranean. Four Revision received 9 April 2016 hypotheses are connected with this topic. The first is the presence of archaic hominins on the islands in the Palaeolithic, and the second is that some of the islands were separated from the mainland when hominins reached them. A third hypothesis is that archaic hominin technological and cognitive capabil- Keywords: ities were sufficient for the fabrication of watercraft. Finally, the required wayfinding skills for open sea- Palaeolithic maritime activity crossings were within the purview of early humans. Our review of the archaeological, experimental, Wayfinding ethno-historical, and theoretical evidence leads us to conclude that there is no a priori reason to reject Greek islands Middle Pleistocene the first two hypotheses in the absence of more targeted archaeological surveys on the islands, and thus Human
    [Show full text]
  • REDESIGN of CORE GROYNE USING NATURAL MATERIALS Maulida Amalia Rizki Civil Engineering Faculty Narotama University Surabaya Jl
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Universitas Narotama Surabaya (UNNAR): Journals Volume 03 Number 01 September 2019 REDESIGN OF CORE GROYNE USING NATURAL MATERIALS Maulida Amalia Rizki Civil Engineering Faculty Narotama University Surabaya Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim 51 Surabaya [email protected] ABSTRACT Coastal abrasion is one of the serious problems with shoreline change. In addition to natural processes, such as wind, currents and waves. One method for overcoming coastal abrasion is the use of coastal protective structures, where the structure functions as a wave energy damper at a particular location. Coastal buildings are used to protect the beach against damage due to wave and current attacks. Groyne is a coastal safety structure that is built protrudes relatively perpendicular to the direction of the coast, the importance of built coastal security with a groyne structure on the Jetis beach is as a flood control infrastructure that is as a final disposal of floods in the Ijo Watershed system, addressing coastal abrasion in detail. So we get the design drawings of sediment control buildings to reduce sedimentation / siltation from the direction of the sea into the river mouth, material structure costs and time schedule. Keywords: Abrasion, Groin, Material, Cost, Time Schedule. INTRODUCTION Research Background The problem at the Jetis beach is a estuary sedimentation, so that the flood discharge and economic activities of the people who use the river estuary channel as their fishing boat route are disrupted. Jetty or Groin which was built for the purpose of protecting the channel protrudes towards the sea to a distance of 300 m, with such conditions the river mouth is expected to get optimal protection.
    [Show full text]