Waves and Tides the Preceding Sections Have Dealt with the Types Of
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Of Universal Gravitation and of the Theory of Relativity
ASTRONOMICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION AND OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY By HUGH OSCAR PEEBLES Bachelor of Science The University of Texas Austin, Texas 1955 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August, 1960 ASTRONOMICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION AND OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY Report Approved: Dean of the Graduate School ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my deep appreciation to Dr. Leon w. Schroeder, Associate Professor of Physics, for his counsel, his criticisms, and his interest in the preparation of this study. My appre ciation is also extended to Dr. James H. Zant, Professor of Mathematics, for his guidance in the development of my graduate program. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION. 1 II. THE EARTH-MOON T"EST OF THE LAW OF GRAVITATION 4 III. DERIVATION OF KEPLER'S LAWS OF PLAN.ET.ARY MOTION FROM THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION. • • • • • • • • • 9 The First Law-Law of Elliptical Paths • • • • • 10 The Second Law-Law of Equal Areas • • • • • • • 15 The Third Law-Harmonic Law • • • • • • • 19 IV. DETERMINATION OF THE MASSES OF ASTRONOMICAL BODIES. 20 V. ELEMENTARY THEORY OF TIDES. • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 VI. ELEMENTARY THEORY OF THE EQUATORIAL BULGE OF PLANETS 33 VII. THE DISCOVERY OF NEW PLANETS. • • • • • • • • • 36 VIII. ASTRONOMICAL TESTS OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY. 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 45 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Fall of the Uoon Toward the Earth • • • • • • • • • • 6 2. Newton's Calculation of the Earth's Gravitational Ef- fect on the Moon. -
Physical Geography of Southeast Asia
Physical Geography of Southeast Asia Creating an Annotated Sketch Map of Southeast Asia By Michelle Crane Teacher Consultant for the Texas Alliance for Geographic Education Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 Guiding Question (5 min.) . What processes are responsible for the creation and distribution of the landforms and climates found in Southeast Asia? Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 2 Draw a sketch map (10 min.) . This should be a general sketch . do not try to make your map exactly match the book. Just draw the outline of the region . do not add any features at this time. Use a regular pencil first, so you can erase. Once you are done, trace over it with a black colored pencil. Leave a 1” border around your page. Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 3 Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 4 Looking at your outline map, what two landforms do you see that seem to dominate this region? Predict how these two landforms would affect the people who live in this region? Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 5 Peninsulas & Islands . Mainland SE Asia consists of . Insular SE Asia consists of two large peninsulas thousands of islands . Malay Peninsula . Label these islands in black: . Indochina Peninsula . Sumatra . Label these peninsulas in . Java brown . Sulawesi (Celebes) . Borneo (Kalimantan) . Luzon Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 6 Draw a line on your map to indicate the division between insular and mainland SE Asia. -
Sea State in Marine Safety Information Present State, Future Prospects
Sea State in Marine Safety Information Present State, future prospects Henri SAVINA – Jean-Michel LEFEVRE Météo-France Rogue Waves 2004, Brest 20-22 October 2004 JCOMM Joint WMO/IOC Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology The future of Operational Oceanography Intergovernmental body of technical experts in the field of oceanography and marine meteorology, with a mandate to prepare both regulatory (what Member States shall do) and guidance (what Member States should do) material. TheThe visionvision ofof JCOMMJCOMM Integrated ocean observing system Integrated data management State-of-the-art technologies and capabilities New products and services User responsiveness and interaction Involvement of all maritime countries JCOMM structure Terms of Reference Expert Team on Maritime Safety Services • Monitor / review operations of marine broadcast systems, including GMDSS and others for vessels not covered by the SOLAS convention •Monitor / review technical and service quality standards for meteo and oceano MSI, particularly for the GMDSS, and provide assistance and support to Member States • Ensure feedback from users is obtained through appropriate channels and applied to improve the relevance, effectiveness and quality of services • Ensure effective coordination and cooperation with organizations, bodies and Member States on maritime safety issues • Propose actions as appropriate to meet requirements for international coordination of meteorological and related communication services • Provide advice to the SCG and other Groups of JCOMM on issues related to MSS Chair selected by Commission. OPEN membership, including representatives of the Issuing Services for GMDSS, of IMO, IHO, ICS, IMSO, and other user groups GMDSS Global Maritime Distress & Safety System Defined by IMO for the provision of MSI and the coordination of SAR alerts on a global basis. -
Chapter 5 Water Levels and Flow
253 CHAPTER 5 WATER LEVELS AND FLOW 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to provide the hydrographer and technical reader the fundamental information required to understand and apply water levels, derived water level products and datums, and water currents to carry out field operations in support of hydrographic surveying and mapping activities. The hydrographer is concerned not only with the elevation of the sea surface, which is affected significantly by tides, but also with the elevation of lake and river surfaces, where tidal phenomena may have little effect. The term ‘tide’ is traditionally accepted and widely used by hydrographers in connection with the instrumentation used to measure the elevation of the water surface, though the term ‘water level’ would be more technically correct. The term ‘current’ similarly is accepted in many areas in connection with tidal currents; however water currents are greatly affected by much more than the tide producing forces. The term ‘flow’ is often used instead of currents. Tidal forces play such a significant role in completing most hydrographic surveys that tide producing forces and fundamental tidal variations are only described in general with appropriate technical references in this chapter. It is important for the hydrographer to understand why tide, water level and water current characteristics vary both over time and spatially so that they are taken fully into account for survey planning and operations which will lead to successful production of accurate surveys and charts. Because procedures and approaches to measuring and applying water levels, tides and currents vary depending upon the country, this chapter covers general principles using documented examples as appropriate for illustration. -
Innovation Outlook: Ocean Energy Technologies, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi
INNOVATION OUTLOOK OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES A contribution to the Small Island Developing States Lighthouses Initiative 2.0 Copyright © IRENA 2020 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN 978-92-9260-287-1 For further information or to provide feedback, please contact IRENA at: [email protected] This report is available for download from: www.irena.org/Publications Citation: IRENA (2020), Innovation outlook: Ocean energy technologies, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge, and a driver of action on the ground to advance the transformation of the global energy system. An intergovernmental organisation established in 2011, IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. Acknowledgements IRENA appreciates the technical review provided by: Jan Steinkohl (EC), Davide Magagna (EU JRC), Jonathan Colby (IECRE), David Hanlon, Antoinette Price (International Electrotechnical Commission), Peter Scheijgrond (MET- support BV), Rémi Gruet, Donagh Cagney, Rémi Collombet (Ocean Energy Europe), Marlène Moutel (Sabella) and Paul Komor. -
Headland Sediment Bypassing Processes
UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS HEADLAND SEDIMENT BYPASSING PROCESSES Doutoramento em Geologia Especialidade em Geodinâmica Externa Mónica Sofia Afonso Ribeiro Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Rui Pires de Matos Taborda Doutora Aurora da Conceição Coutinho Rodrigues Bizarro Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS HEADLAND SEDIMENT BYPASSING PROCESSES Doutoramento em Geologia Especialidade em Geodinâmica Externa Mónica Sofia Afonso Ribeiro Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Rui Pires de Matos Taborda Doutora Aurora da Conceição Coutinho Rodrigues Bizarro Júri: Presidente: ● Doutora Maria da Conceição Pombo de Freitas Vogais: ● Doutor António Henrique da Fontoura Klein ● Doutor Óscar Manuel Fernandes Cerveira Ferreira ● Doutora Anabela Tavares Campos Oliveira ● Doutor César Augusto Canelhas Freire de Andrade ● Doutor Rui Pires de Matos Taborda Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, no âmbito da Bolsa de Doutoramento com a referência SFRH/BD/79126/2011 2017 Em memória do meu irmão Luís Acknowledgments | Agradecimentos O doutoramento é um processo exigente, por vezes solitário, mas que só é possível com o apoio e a colaboração de outras pessoas e instituições. Portanto, resta-me agradecer a todos os que contribuíram para a conclusão deste trabalho. Em primeiro lugar agradeço aos meus orientadores, Rui Taborda e Aurora Bizarro, que têm acompanhado o meu trabalho desde os meus primeiros passos na Geologia Marinha, já lá vão 10 anos! A eles agradeço o incentivo para iniciar este projeto, o apoio demonstrado em todas as fases do trabalho, a confiança e a amizade. Ao Rui agradeço, em particular, a partilha e discussão de ideias e os desafios constantes que me permitiram evoluir. -
Lecture 10: Tidal Power
Lecture 10: Tidal Power Chris Garrett 1 Introduction The maintenance and extension of our current standard of living will require the utilization of new energy sources. The current demand for oil cannot be sustained forever, and as scientists we should always try to keep such needs in mind. Oceanographers may be able to help meet society's demand for natural resources in some way. Some suggestions include the oceans in a supportive manner. It may be possible, for example, to use tidal currents to cool nuclear plants, and a detailed knowledge of deep ocean flow structure could allow for the safe dispersion of nuclear waste. But we could also look to the ocean as a renewable energy resource. A significant amount of oceanic energy is transported to the coasts by surface waves, but about 100 km of coastline would need to be developed to produce 1000 MW, the average output of a large coal-fired or nuclear power plant. Strong offshore winds could also be used, and wind turbines have had some limited success in this area. Another option is to take advantage of the tides. Winds and solar radiation provide the dominant energy inputs to the ocean, but the tides also provide a moderately strong and coherent forcing that we may be able to effectively exploit in some way. In this section, we first consider some of the ways to extract potential energy from the tides, using barrages across estuaries or tidal locks in shoreline basins. We then provide a more detailed analysis of tidal fences, where turbines are placed in a channel with strong tidal currents, and we consider whether such a system could be a reasonable power source. -
A Synthesis of Climate Change and Coastal Science to Support Adaptation in the Communities of the Torres Strait
MTSRF Synthesis Report A Synthesis of Climate Change and Coastal Science to Support Adaptation in the Communities of the Torres Strait Stephanie J. Duce, Kevin E. Parnell, Scott G. Smithers and Karen E. McNamara School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University Supported by the Australian Government’s Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility Project 1.3.1 Traditional knowledge systems and climate change in the Torres Strait © James Cook University ISBN 978-1-921359-53-8 This report should be cited as: Duce, S.J., Parnell, K.E., Smithers, S.G. and McNamara, K.E. (2010) A Synthesis of Climate Change and Coastal Science to Support Adaptation in the Communities of the Torres Strait. Synthesis Report prepared for the Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility (MTSRF). Reef & Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns (64pp.). Published by the Reef and Rainforest Research Centre on behalf of the Australian Government’s Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility. The Australian Government’s Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility (MTSRF) supports world-class, public good research. The MTSRF is a major initiative of the Australian Government, designed to ensure that Australia’s environmental challenges are addressed in an innovative, collaborative and sustainable way. The MTSRF investment is managed by the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA), and is supplemented by substantial cash and in-kind investments from research providers and interested third parties. The Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited (RRRC) is contracted by DEWHA to provide program management and communications services for the MTSRF. This publication is copyright. -
Hydroelectric Power -- What Is It? It=S a Form of Energy … a Renewable Resource
INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric Power -- what is it? It=s a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry. Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate. Reclamation=s 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42 billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14 million people. -
Tide Identification and Tabulation Procedure
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Evaluating VDatum in Coastal National Parks Fire Island National Seashore, Gateway National Recreation Area, and Assateague Island National Seashore Natural Resource Report NPS/NCBN/NRR—2016/1148 ON THE COVER Photograph of GPS receiver on a tidal benchmark that collected data for Gateway National Recreation Area. Photograph courtesy of Michael Bradley. Evaluating VDatum in Coastal National Parks Fire Island National Seashore, Gateway National Recreation Area, and Assateague Island National Seashore Natural Resource Report NPS/NCBN/NRR—2016/1148 David Ullman Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island 215 South Ferry Road Narragansett, RI 02882 Amanda Babson National Park Service, Northeast Region University of Rhode Island 215 South Ferry Road Narragansett, RI 02882 Michael Bradley Environmental Data Center Department of Natural Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 02881 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. -
North Pacific Ocean
468 ¢ U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 11 31 MAY 2020 Chart Coverage in Coast Pilot 7—Chapter 11 124° NOAA’s Online Interactive Chart Catalog has complete chart coverage 18480 http://www.charts.noaa.gov/InteractiveCatalog/nrnc.shtml 126° 125° Cape Beale V ANCOUVER ISLAND (CANADA) 18485 Cape Flattery S T R A I T O F Neah Bay J U A N D E F U C A Cape Alava 18460 48° Cape Johnson QUILLAYUTE RIVER W ASHINGTON HOH RIVER Hoh Head 18480 QUEETS RIVER RAFT RIVER Cape Elizabeth QUINAULT RIVER COPALIS RIVER Aberdeen 47° GRAYS HARBOR CHEHALIS RIVER 18502 18504 Willapa NORTH PA CIFIC OCEAN WILLAPA BAY South Bend 18521 Cape Disappointment COLUMBIA RIVER 18500 Astoria 31 MAY 2020 U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 11 ¢ 469 Columbia River to Strait of Juan De Fuca, Washington (1) This chapter describes the Pacific coast of the State (15) of Washington from the Washington-Oregon border at the ENCs - US3WA03M, US3WA03M mouth of the Columbia River to the northwesternmost Chart - 18500 point at Cape Flattery. The deep-draft ports of South Bend and Raymond, in Willapa Bay, and the deep-draft ports of (16) From Cape Disappointment, the coast extends Hoquiam and Aberdeen, in Grays Harbor, are described. north for 22 miles to Willapa Bay as a low sandy beach, In addition, the fishing port of La Push is described. The with sandy ridges about 20 feet high parallel with the most outlying dangers are Destruction Island and Umatilla shore. Back of the beach, the country is heavily wooded. -
Erosion and Accretion on a Mudflat: the Importance of Very 10.1002/2016JC012316 Shallow-Water Effects
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans RESEARCH ARTICLE Erosion and Accretion on a Mudflat: The Importance of Very 10.1002/2016JC012316 Shallow-Water Effects Key Points: Benwei Shi1,2 , James R. Cooper3 , Paula D. Pratolongo4 , Shu Gao5 , T. J. Bouma6 , Very shallow water accounted for Gaocong Li1 , Chunyan Li2 , S.L. Yang5 , and YaPing Wang1,5 only 11% of the duration of the entire tidal cycle, but accounted for 1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 2Department 35% of bed-level changes 3 Erosion and accretion during very of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, Department of Geography and 4 shallow water stages cannot be Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK, CONICET – Instituto Argentino de neglected when modeling Oceanografıa, CC 804, Bahıa Blanca, Argentina, 5State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China morphodynamic processes Normal University, Shanghai, China, 6NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and This study can improve our understanding of morphological Delta Systems, and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands changes of intertidal mudflats within an entire tidal cycle Abstract Understanding erosion and accretion dynamics during an entire tidal cycle is important for Correspondence to: assessing their impacts on the habitats of biological communities and the long-term morphological Y. P. Wang, evolution of intertidal mudflats. However, previous studies often omitted erosion and accretion during very [email protected] shallow-water stages (VSWS, water depths < 0.20 m). It is during these VSWS that bottom friction becomes relatively strong and thus erosion and accretion dynamics are likely to differ from those during deeper Citation: flows.