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Eolian Dust Impact on River Chemistry in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

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Eolian Dust Impact on River Chemistry in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Earth and Planetary Science Letters 515 (2019) 79–89 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Evidence for early (≥12.7 Ma) eolian dust impact on river chemistry in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau ∗ ∗ Xiaobai Ruan a,c,d, Yibo Yang a,b, , Albert Galy d, Xiaomin Fang a,b,c, , Zhangdong Jin e, Fei Zhang e, Rongsheng Yang a,c,d, Li Deng e, Qingquan Meng f, Chengcheng Ye a, Weilin Zhang a,b a Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China b CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China d Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, UMR7358, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France e State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China f School of Earth Sciences & Key Laboratory of Western China’s Mineral Resources of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: As one of the largest dust sources on the Earth’s surface, dryland in Central Asia gives rise to thick eolian Received 12 October 2018 deposits over East Asia (e.g., the Chinese Loess Plateau, CLP) and significantly influences the regional Received in revised form 9 March 2019 hydrochemistry in the downwind drainage areas. However, the formation of thick eolian dust deposits Accepted 13 March 2019 requires not only climatic prerequisites for dust emission and transport but also climatic and topographic Available online 27 March 2019 conditions favourable for deposition and accumulation. The scarcity of widespread eolian deposition Editor: D. Vance around the CLP before 7-8 Ma hinders a full understanding of the processes and mechanisms of Central Keywords: Asian aridification. The deposition of eolian dust also impacts the hydrogeochemistry of fluvial systems eolian dust and the precipitation of authigenic phases in continental sedimentary systems could be an archive for Sr isotopes studying eolian dust dynamics when pure eolian deposits are scarce. Here, we present the Ca-Mg-Sr 87 86 carbonate concentrations and Sr/ Sr isotope compositions of bulk carbonates in a new fluvial sequence (12.7-4.8 Linxia Basin Ma) of the Xining Basin. The Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of the carbonate describe a power law relationship Xining Basin with a power coefficient of ∼0.8, lower than the coefficient characteristic of prior calcite precipitation (PCP). An input of eolian dust with the dissolution of Mg-rich carbonate is likely responsible for the 87 86 deviation from a pure PCP process. The bulk carbonates also show a general decrease of Sr/ Sr ratios from 12.7 to 4.8 Ma, with a transition around 8.6 Ma revealed by lower Sr/Mg ratios. The comparison of these proxies to a previously reported fluvial section (12.2-5.1 Ma) in the Linxia Basin, ∼200 km to 87 86 the southeast, shows that the Sr/ Sr ratios of the bulk carbonates and water-soluble salts in the Linxia Basin are around 0.7098, which is 0.0018 lower than those in the Xining Basin before 8.6 Ma, but shows 87 86 a significant rise between 8.6 and 7.0 Ma. The two basins share the same range of carbonate Sr/ Sr 87 86 ratios when sediments are younger than 7 Ma. For the last 7 Myrs, the evolution of the Sr/ Sr ratios in bulk carbonates of fluvial sediments and Pliocene-Quaternary eolian deposits found in the Xining Basin are similar to those in typical eolian red clays/loess-palaeosol sequences on the CLP. These results suggest a transition of the hydrochemical regime at 8.6 Ma in the Linxia Basin from a catchment only influenced by the weathering of its bedrock to one significantly impacted by eolian dust input. In the 87 86 Xining Basin, the carbonate elemental and Sr/ Sr ratios are consistent with a hydrochemistry more impacted by the presence of the eolian dust. There, the dust input occurred earlier, at ≥12.7 Ma, though it has strengthened since 8.6 Ma. The eolian dust impact on fluvial systems in the Xining Basin was much earlier than in the Linxia Basin and also preceded the initial accumulation of widespread eolian red clays on the CLP (7-8 Ma), suggesting a temporally propagating and spatially stepwise expansion of eolian dust delivery across the Asian inland during the late Cenozoic. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Corresponding authors at: CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth * Dust can influence both the regional and global climate (Kok et Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China. al., 2018)through its direct impacts on incoming solar and terres- E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Y. Yang), [email protected] (X. Fang). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.03.022 0012-821X/© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 80 X. Ruan et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 515 (2019) 79–89 trial radiation (Tegen et al., 1996), its indirect impacts on cloud 2. Geological settings and stratigraphy formation (Sassen et al., 2003), and iron fertilisation for ocean phytoplankton production (Martin and Fitzwater, 1988). Since the The Xining Basin lies on the northeastern margin of the TP, Messinian (7.2-5.3 Ma), the arid part of Central Asia has been at an average elevation of 2100 m above sea level. The Xining one of the largest dust sources (An et al., 2001; Engelbrecht and Basin is dominated by an arid/semi-arid continental climate with Derbyshire, 2010), delivering dust to East Asia (Tanaka and Chiba, occasional dust storms during spring. The basin is confined by three NW-SE-trending dextral transpressional faults, is surrounded 2006), the Pacific Ocean (Rea et al., 1998), and even North Amer- by the Laji Shan, Riyue Shan and Daban Shan mountains to the ica and Greenland (Jaffe et al., 1999;Bory et al., 2002). Dust south, west and north, respectively (Dai et al., 2006), and opens emissions from Asian desert- and loess-covered regions and allu- to the Minhe-Lanzhou Basin to the east (Fig. 1). The Laji Shan vial piedmonts with poor vegetation (Nie et al., 2015), give rise is mainly composed of Palaeozoic basic to intermediate volcanic, to thick eolian deposition on the relatively flat and stable high- volcaniclastic, and clastic rocks, while the Daban Shan is com- lands in East Asia (Guo et al., 2002) and significantly influence posed of early Palaeozoic marine clastic, volcanic and volcaniclastic the regional hydrochemistry in the downwind drainage area (Jin rocks (Wang et al., 2015). A more than 2000 m-thick Cenozoic et al., 2011). Such dust related deposits are therefore highly sen- sedimentary succession lies unconformably on Jurassic-Cretaceous sitive indicators of the regional evolution of the landscape and terrestrial clastic rocks (Wang et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016), in- climate. However, the accumulation of thick and continuous eo- cluding the Palaeogene Xining Group and Neogene Guide Group. lian deposits during the late Cenozoic (e.g. on the CLP) requires The Xining Group is characterised by reddish siltstones and mud- not only climatic prerequisites for dust emission and transport, stones intercalated with gypsum beds, and the Guide Group is but also relatively flat, stable topography and relatively dry condi- characterised by siltstones and mudstones intercalated with sand- tions to minimise erosion and generate significant deposition (Pye, stone or conglomerate beds, with the grain size gradually becom- 1995; Guo, 2017). The existing pure eolian red clays widely spread ing coarser upward along the sequence (Dai et al., 2006; Zhang et around the CLP are not older than 7-8 Ma (Ding et al., 2001; al., 2016). The Cenozoic sediments have now been cut through by the Huangshui River and its tributaries, which have formed river Qiang et al., 2001), which prevents a full understanding of the on- terraces mantled by loess and eolian red clays (Lu et al., 2004; set and evolution conditions of dust emission and deposition prior Zhang et al., 2017). to that time. The Mojiazhuang (MJZ) section is located in the northeastern The fluvial basins in the northern Tibetan Plateau (TP) are char- part of the Xining Basin, 25 km northeast of Xining City (Fig. 1; acterised by distinct river water cation compositions during the Yang et al., 2017b). This 336 m-thick section includes the late spring through the dissolution of eolian dust carbonates and salts Miocene Xianshuihe Formation and the Pliocene Linxia Formation. along with secondary calcite precipitation (Jin et al., 2011). There- The section was dated by high-resolution magnetostratigraphy, fur- fore, detailed spatial and temporal investigations of the eolian dust ther constrained by the occurrence of late Miocene mammal fos- impacts on hydrological conditions in arid drainage areas could sils (Chilotherium wimani, Hipparion dongxiangense and Parelasmoth- be a useful tool in understanding regional dust emissions dynam- erium sp), and is considered to be deposited between 12.8 Ma ics linked to the late Cenozoic climate change and tectonic uplift and 4.8 Ma (Fig. 2; Yang et al., 2017b). Three sedimentary facies of the northern TP. Lacustrine or fluvial carbonates and salt min- are identified in the section (Fig. 2). The lower part of the sec- erals (e.g., gypsum) are suitable hosts for tracing hydrochemical tion (0-137 m, 12.8-8.6 Ma) is dominated by distal sedimentation changes induced by eolian dust, especially when their 87Sr/86Sr ra- of yellow-brownish mudstone with laminated marl, indicating a tios (e.g., Naiman et al., 2000;Van der Hoven and Quade, 2002; floodplain with shallow lakes.
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