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The Death of Francis Walsingham, the Queen's Secretary

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The Death of Francis Walsingham, the Queen's Secretary Book 3, chapter 5 The Death of Francis Walsingham, the Queen’s Secretary The beginning of 1591 saw the death of Francis Walsingham, the queen’s secretary of state, a savage man of harsh and choleric character, and a thorough heretic, unbelievably zealous in extending the sect of Calvin in every direction. With diabolical fervor he dedicated himself to viciously persecuting Catholics, and through his considerable political power—due to his position, the queen’s favor, and the earl of Leicester’s friendship—he perpetrated numerous awful cruelties against them. But he distinguished himself most in two things. First, in persecuting the seminaries and the priests who lived there. Second, in sow- ing cockles and discord among princes and kindling fires in foreign realms,1 so as to preserve peace in England. The hatred and abhorrence that this evil man harbored and displayed toward the seminaries is evident all he did to destroy them, if only he could. At first he attempted to have the Most Christian King of France expel all English Catholics from his realm, and especially those at the seminary in Rheims; when he could not achieve this, he cast about for some way of unsettling and alienating the spirits of the young men who lived in the seminaries, or of sowing division in their midst.2 This, too, came to nothing: rather, having recognized his guile and his trickery, the youths dedicated them- selves all the more to their holy intention and drew even closer one to another, and so from the viper’s venom they made theriac.3 After this, he attempted to poison Doctor Allen, then the rector of the college at Rheims and the principal founder and sustainer of the seminaries, imagining that once this pillar had been toppled, the entire edifice would fall, and for this purpose he sent sev- eral men, Englishmen and men of other nations, to France and Italy. And his 1 Matt. 13:25. 2 Prov. 6:14, 6:19. 3 “Theriac” was a preparation first theorized by ancient Greek physicians: originally a treat- ment for snakebite, the term came to refer to a quasi-miraculous panacea, often thought to derive from the venom of various creatures. See Christiane Nockels Fabbri, “Treating Medi- eval Plague: The Wonderful Virtues of Theriac,” Early Science and Medicine 12, no. 3 (2007): 247–83. Ribadeneyra’s source does not make explicit reference to Walsingham: “Other times, they ordered men to Rome and Rheims who secretly sought to create dissension, and sow cockles and conflicts in the souls of the youths, but they did not succeed. Quite the contrary, as from the viper they made theriac.” Relatione, 13–14. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi �0.��63/97890043�3964_�05 <UN> The Death of Francis Walsingham, the Queen’s Secretary 579 wickedness progressed even further, for he tried to envenom the water supply at the seminary, to have done with them all at once.4 But because the Lord was pleased with their service and they had been founded with his blessing, all the craft and malice of men has been powerless to undermine or harm them. The other thing to which Walsingham devoted himself was (as has been said) kindling and feeding fires in neighboring kingdoms and states, to which he committed the utmost diligence and exquisite means. And to this end he spent and frittered away his wealth on spies, observers, informants, and cor- respondents, which he maintained in every province, Catholic and heretic, Christian and infidel. With this information and his position as secretary of state, he had the queen’s confidence—and he colored things just as he pleased, and she knew nothing more than served his turn. (This is one of the harms princes suffer when their confidants are not all they should be.) But, just as Walsingham was at the height of his power and prosperity, living in the great- est splendor, pride, and magnificence—though he had spent all his wealth, and that of his friends, in serving the queen and persecuting Catholics—God struck him down, visiting upon him a shameful, ghastly abscess in his guts, from which, like another Antiochus or Maximianus5 he ended his wretched life and began the death without end, leaving every Catholic in the kingdom offering their thanks to our Lord, who had freed them from the hands of so heartless an executioner, and by his death instructed men not to trust so much to temporal felicity, nor to imagine that what is fleeting, brief, and momentary could last forever.6 4 “Many times they have schemed to poison and murder Mr. Allen, now a cardinal and then the superior of the college at Rheims, as the person upon whom the enterprise rested, and to this end various men were sent, some from England, some from other lands, to Italy and France. And another time, they likewise tried to poison the water, and thus murder all the students.” Relatione, 14. The welcoming atmosphere of the college at Rheims made it facile for English spies to penetrate the community, and the late 1570s saw at least two assassination attempts made against Allen. Eamon Duffy, “Allen, William (1532–1594),” in odnb, 1:824–31, here 826. 5 In the margin: “2 Maccabees 9[:5–10], Eusebius, History, Book 3 [vere 8], Chapter 28 [vere 16].” The reference to Eusebius comes from Persons, who gives the citation “Euseb. li. 8. cap 28.” It seems likely that Ribadeneyra or someone in the printing process misread the first “8” as “3.” Walsingham died in London on April 6, 1590, with Catholic writers almost immediately circulating lurid stories about his disgusting condition and agonizing end. John Cooper, The Queen’s Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth i (London: Faber and Faber, 2011), 322–23. 6 “By dint of his office, he dedicated himself to […] reporting to the queen what was done in parliament, and to keep her informed of things done by others, in other realms throughout the world. He expended extraordinary efforts in this, so as to have countless things to fill the <UN>.
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