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The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service
Quidditas Volume 9 Article 9 1988 The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service F. Jeffrey Platt Northern Arizona University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Platt, F. Jeffrey (1988) "The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service," Quidditas: Vol. 9 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol9/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. JRMMRA 9 (1988) The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service by F. Jeffrey Platt Northern Arizona University The critical early years of Elizabeth's reign witnessed a watershed in European history. The 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, which ended the long Hapsburg-Valois conflict, resulted in a sudden shift in the focus of international politics from Italy to the uncomfortable proximity of the Low Countries. The arrival there, 30 miles from England's coast, in 1567, of thousands of seasoned Spanish troops presented a military and commer cial threat the English queen could not ignore. Moreover, French control of Calais and their growing interest in supplanting the Spanish presence in the Netherlands represented an even greater menace to England's security. Combined with these ominous developments, the Queen's excommunica tion in May 1570 further strengthened the growing anti-English and anti Protestant sentiment of Counter-Reformation Europe. These circumstances, plus the significantly greater resources of France and Spain, defined England, at best, as a middleweight in a world dominated by two heavyweights. -
Mcgill University
McGill University Faculty of Religious Studies RELG 323 CHURCH AND STATE SINCE 1300 A survey of major developments in the history of the doctrine and institutions of the Church, and the relation of the Church to the Commonwealth, from the later Middle Ages to the present. Birks Building, Room 105 Tuesdays/Thursdays 1:00—2:30 pm Professor: Torrance Kirby Office Hours: Birks 206, Tuesdays/Thursdays, 9:30—10:30 am Email: [email protected] COURSE SYLLABUS—WINTER TERM 2021 Date Reading 5 January INTRODUCTION I. LATE-MEDIEVAL CHURCH AND RENAISSANCE 7 January IMPERIAL SUPREMACY Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam (1302) Marsilius of Padua, Defensor Pacis (1324) 12 January MYSTICAL SPIRITUALITY Julian of Norwich, Shewings of Divine Love (1393) 14 January ECCLESIASTICAL HIERARCHY Nicholas of Cusa, The Catholic Concordance (1433) 19 January NEOPLATONIC MYSTICISM Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 21 January RENAISSANCE HUMANISM Nicollò Machiavelli, An Exhortation to Penitence (1495) II. REFORMATION 26 January JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH ALONE Martin Luther, Two Kinds of Righteousness (1520) 28 January A SEPARATE CHURCH Michael Sattler, Schleitheim Articles (1527) 2 February CHRISTIAN LIBERTY John Calvin, On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1543) 4 February COUNTER REFORMATION Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises (1548) Teresa of Ávila, The Way of Perfection (1573) Confirm Mid-Term Essay Topics Please consult style sheet, essay-writing guidelines, and evaluation rubric. 9 February RIGHT OF RESISTANCE Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, A Defence of Liberty against tyrants (1579) 11 February ERASTIANISM Richard Hooker, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiasticall Politie (1593) RELG 323 CHURCH AND STATE SINCE 1300 2 Date Reading III. -
Elizabethan Diplomatic Networks and the Spread of News
chapter 13 Elizabethan Diplomatic Networks and the Spread of News Tracey A. Sowerby Sir Thomas Smith, Elizabeth I’s ambassador in France, wrote to her longest serving secretary, Sir William Cecil, in 1563 that “yf ye did understand and feele the peyne that Ambassadoures be in when thei can have no aunswer to ther lettres nor intilligence from ther prince, nor hir cownsell, ye wold pitie them I assure yow”. This pain was particularly acute, Smith went on to explain, when there were worrying rumours, such as those circulating at the French court that Queen Elizabeth was dead or very ill.1 Smith was far from the only Elizabethan ambassador to highlight the importance of regular news from home. Almost every resident ambassador Elizabeth sent abroad did so at some point during his mission. Practical and financial considerations meant that English ambassadors often had to wait longer than was desirable for domestic news; it was not unusual for ambassadors to go for one or two months without any news from the Queen or her Privy Council. For logistical reasons diplomats posted at courts relatively close to London were more likely to receive more regular information from court than those in more distant courts such as those of the Spanish king or Ottoman Emperor, or who were attached to semi- peripatetic courts. There were financial reasons too: sending a special post from Paris to London and back cost at least £20 in 1566.2 But sending news through estab- lished postal routes or with other ambassadors’ packets, while considerably cheaper, was also much less secure and took longer.3 A lack of news could hinder a diplomat’s ability to operate effectively. -
The Catholic Plots Early Life 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600
Elizabethan England: Part 1 – Elizabeth’s Court and Parliament Family History Who had power in Elizabethan England? Elizabeth’s Court Marriage The Virgin Queen Why did Parliament pressure Elizabeth to marry? Reasons Elizabeth chose Group Responsibilities No. of people: not to marry: Parliament Groups of people in the Royal What did Elizabeth do in response by 1566? Who was Elizabeth’s father and Court: mother? What happened to Peter Wentworth? Council Privy What happened to Elizabeth’s William Cecil mother? Key details: Elizabeth’s Suitors Lieutenants Robert Dudley Francis Duke of Anjou King Philip II of Spain Who was Elizabeth’s brother? Lord (Earl of Leicester) Name: Key details: Key details: Key details: Religion: Francis Walsingham: Key details: Who was Elizabeth’s sister? Justices of Name: Peace Nickname: Religion: Early Life 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 Childhood 1569 1571 1583 1601 Preparation for life in the Royal The Northern Rebellion The Ridolfi Plot The Throckmorton Plot Essex’s Rebellion Court: Key conspirators: Key conspirators: Key conspirators: Key people: Date of coronation: The plan: The plan: The plan: What happened? Age: Key issues faced by Elizabeth: Key events: Key events: Key events: What did Elizabeth show in her response to Essex? The Catholic Plots Elizabethan England: Part 2 – Life in Elizabethan Times Elizabethan Society God The Elizabethan Theatre The Age of Discovery Key people and groups: New Companies: New Technology: What was the ‘Great Chain of Being’? Key details: Explorers and Privateers Francis Drake John Hawkins Walter Raleigh Peasants Position Income Details Nobility Reasons for opposition to the theatre: Gentry 1577‐1580 1585 1596 1599 Drake Raleigh colonises ‘Virginia’ in Raleigh attacks The Globe Circumnavigation North America. -
Sidney, Shakespeare, and the Elizabethans in Caroline England
Textual Ghosts: Sidney, Shakespeare, and the Elizabethans in Caroline England Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rachel Ellen Clark, M.A. English Graduate Program The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Richard Dutton, Advisor Christopher Highley Alan Farmer Copyright by Rachel Ellen Clark 2011 Abstract This dissertation argues that during the reign of Charles I (1625-42), a powerful and long-lasting nationalist discourse emerged that embodied a conflicted nostalgia and located a primary source of English national identity in the Elizabethan era, rooted in the works of William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, John Lyly, and Ben Jonson. This Elizabethanism attempted to reconcile increasingly hostile conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, court and country, and elite and commoners. Remarkably, as I show by examining several Caroline texts in which Elizabethan ghosts appear, Caroline authors often resurrect long-dead Elizabethan figures to articulate not only Puritan views but also Arminian and Catholic ones. This tendency to complicate associations between the Elizabethan era and militant Protestantism also appears in Caroline plays by Thomas Heywood, Philip Massinger, and William Sampson that figure Queen Elizabeth as both ideally Protestant and dangerously ambiguous. Furthermore, Caroline Elizabethanism included reprintings and adaptations of Elizabethan literature that reshape the ideological significance of the Elizabethan era. The 1630s quarto editions of Shakespeare’s Elizabethan comedies The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost represent the Elizabethan era as the source of a native English wit that bridges social divides and negotiates the ii roles of powerful women (a renewed concern as Queen Henrietta Maria became more conspicuous at court). -
Philip Sidney's Book-Buying at Venice and Padua, Giovanni Varisco's Venetian Editions of Jacopo Sannazaro's Arcadia
This is a repository copy of Philip Sidney's Book-Buying at Venice and Padua, Giovanni Varisco's Venetian editions of Jacopo Sannazaro's Arcadia (1571 and 1578) and Edmund Spenser's The Shepheardes Calender (1579). White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/136570/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Brennan, MG orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-9722 (2018) Philip Sidney's Book-Buying at Venice and Padua, Giovanni Varisco's Venetian editions of Jacopo Sannazaro's Arcadia (1571 and 1578) and Edmund Spenser's The Shepheardes Calender (1579). Sidney Journal, 36 (1). pp. 19-40. ISSN 1480-0926 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Philip Sidney’s Book-Buying at Venice and Padua, Giovanni Varisco’s Venetian editions of Jacopo Sannazaro’s Arcadia (1571 and 1578) and Edmund Spenser’s The Shepheardes Calender (1579)1 [Abstract] This essay traces Philip Sidney’s involvements with the book trade at Venice and Padua during his residence there from November 1573 until August 1574. -
Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations
Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations Jonas A. M. van Tol Doctor of Philosophy University of York History February 2016 Abstract From its inception, the French Wars of Religion was a European phenomenon. The internationality of the conflict is most clearly illustrated by the Protestant princes who engaged militarily in France between 1567 and 1569. Due to the historiographical convention of approaching the French Wars of Religion as a national event, studied almost entirely separate from the history of the German Reformation, its transnational dimension has largely been ignored or misinterpreted. Using ten German Protestant princes as a case study, this thesis investigates the variety of factors that shaped German understandings of the French Wars of Religion and by extension German involvement in France. The princes’ rich and international network of correspondence together with the many German-language pamphlets about the Wars in France provide an insight into the ways in which the conflict was explained, debated, and interpreted. Applying a transnational interpretive framework, this thesis unravels the complex interplay between the personal, local, national, and international influences that together formed an individual’s understanding of the Wars of Religion. These interpretations were rooted in the longstanding personal and cultural connections between France and the Rhineland and strongly influenced by French diplomacy and propaganda. Moreover, they were conditioned by one’s precise position in a number of key religious debates, most notably the question of Lutheran-Reformed relations. These understandings changed as a result of a number pivotal European events that took place in 1566 and 1567 and the conspiracy theories they inspired. -
The Turkish Issue, Reformation and Counter- Reformation in Polish-English Contacts in the 15Th and 16Th Centuries
Saeculum Christianum t. XXVII • 1/2020 s. 96-105 TOmASZ GRZEBYK1 Instytut Historii, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski ORCID: 0000-0001-9094-6665 THE TURKISH ISSUE, REFORmation AND COUNTER- REFORmation IN POLISH-ENGLISH contacts IN THE 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES Abstract There are many matters in the history of Polish-English relations that have so far escaped the attention of historians dealing with this subject. Religious issues that are the subject of this article, which is the result of a monthly query in the British Library, Bodleian Library, and The National Archives of England and Wales realized thanks to the scholarship of The de Brzezie Lanckoroński Foundation, seem to be undervalued. The aim of the article is to present selected religious and political issues as important factors in the shaping of Polish- -English diplomatic relations at the turn of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Keywords: England, Poland, Ottoman Empire, Reformation, Counter-Reformation Kwestia turecka, reformacja i kontrreformacja w kontaktach polsko-angielskich w XV i XVI wieku Streszczenie Istnieje wiele tematów w historii stosunków polsko-angielskich, które dotychczas umykały uwadze historyków zajmujących się tą tematyką. Kwestie religijne, które są przedmiotem tego artykułu, będącego wynikiem miesięcznej kwerendy w British Library, Bodleian Li- brary oraz The National Archives of England and Wales, zrealizowanej dzięki Stypendium Fundacji z Brzezia Lanckorońskich, wydają się – zdaniem autora – niedowartościowane. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych zagadnień religijno-politycznych jako istot- nych czynników w kształtowaniu się polsko-angielskich stosunków dyplomatycznych na przełomie średniowiecza i epoki renesansu. Słowa kluczowe: Anglia, Polska, Imperium Osmańskie, reformacja, kontrreformacja 1 Mgr Tomasz Grzebyk (ur. 5 maja 1990 r.) – historyk i administratywista, doktorant w instytucie Historii UR. -
Recusant Literature Benjamin Charles Watson University of San Francisco, [email protected]
The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Gleeson Library Librarians Research Gleeson Library | Geschke Center 2003 Recusant Literature Benjamin Charles Watson University of San Francisco, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.usfca.edu/librarian Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, History Commons, Library and Information Science Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Watson, Benjamin Charles, "Recusant Literature" (2003). Gleeson Library Librarians Research. Paper 2. http://repository.usfca.edu/librarian/2 This Bibliography is brought to you for free and open access by the Gleeson Library | Geschke Center at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gleeson Library Librarians Research by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECUSANT LITERATURE Description of USF collections by and about Catholics in England during the period of the Penal Laws, beginning with the the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558 and continuing until the Catholic Relief Act of 1791, with special emphasis on the Jesuit presence throughout these two centuries of religious and political conflict. Introduction The unpopular English Catholic Queen, Mary Tudor died in 1558 after a brief reign during which she earned the epithet ‘Bloody Mary’ for her persecution of Protestants. Mary’s Protestant younger sister succeeded her as Queen Elizabeth I. In 1559, during the first year of Elizabeth’s reign, Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity, declaring the state-run Church of England as the only legitimate religious authority, and compulsory for all citizens. -
Manuscripts Collected by Thomas Birch (B. 1705, D. 1766)
British Library: Western Manuscripts Manuscripts collected by Thomas Birch (b. 1705, d. 1766), D.D., and bequeathed by him to the British Museum, of which he was a Trustee from 1753 until his death ([1200-1799]) (Add MS 4101-4478) Table of Contents Manuscripts collected by Thomas Birch (b. 1705, d. 1766), D.D., and bequeathed by him to the British Museum, of which he was a Trustee from 1753 until his death ([1200–1799]) Key Details........................................................................................................................................ 1 Provenance........................................................................................................................................ 1 Add MS 4106–4107 TRANSCRIPTS OF STATE PAPERS and letters from public and private collections, made by or for Birch, together with.................................................................................... 8 Add MS 4109–4124 ANTHONY BACON TRANSCRIPTS.Transcripts and extracts of the correspondence of Anthony Bacon (d. 1601), chiefly in..................................................................................................... 19 Add MS 4128–4130 ESSEX (DEVEREUX) PAPERSTranscripts of original letters and papers in the British Museum, Lambeth Palace Library,............................................................................................. 32 Add MS 4133–4146 FORBES PAPERS. Vols. II–XV.4133–4146. Collections of Dr. Patrick Forbes, consisting of lists, copies, etc., of....................................................................................................... -
Aristocratic Women at the Late Elizabethan Court: Politics, Patronage and Power
Aristocratic Women at the Late Elizabethan Court: Politics, Patronage and Power Joanne Lee Hocking School of Humanities, Department of History University of Adelaide November 2015 Table of Contents Abstract i Thesis declaration iii Acknowledgments iv List of Abbreviations v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 The Political Context, 1580-1603 28 Chapter 3 The Politics of Female Agency: 54 Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick Chapter 4 The Politics of Family and Faction: 132 Anne, Lady Bacon and Elizabeth, Lady Russell Chapter 5 The Politics of Favour: the Essex Women 195 Chapter 6 Conclusion 265 Appendices Appendix A – the Russell family 273 Appendix B – the Dudley family 274 Appendix C – the Cooke family 275 Appendix D – the Devereux family 276 Appendix E – Countess of Warwick’s 277 Patronage Network Appendix F –Countess of Warwick’s will 292 Bibliography 305 Abstract This thesis examines the power of aristocratic women in politics and patronage in the final years of the Elizabethan court (1580 to 1603). Substantial archival sources are analysed to evaluate the concepts of female political agency discussed in scholarly literature, including women’s roles in politics, within families, in networks and as part of the court patronage system. A case study methodology is used to examine the lives and careers of specific aristocratic women in three spheres of court politics – the politics of female agency, the politics of family and faction, and the politics of favour. The first case study looks at Elizabeth’s long-serving lady-in-waiting, Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick, and demonstrates that female political agents harnessed multiple sources of agency to exercise power at court on behalf of dense patronage networks. -
Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Robert G
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2003 Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Robert G. Lilly Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Lilly, Robert G., "Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate" (2003). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 707. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History by Robert G. Lilly Committee Members Dr. William G. Palmer, Committee Chairperson Dr. Montserrat Miller Dr. David L. Kenley Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia April, 2003 Abstract Sir Henry Norris: English Ambassador, Huguenot Advocate Robert G. Lilly Henry Norris served as English ambassador in France from 1567 to 1571, during the second and third French wars of religion, fought between Protestant Huguenots and the ruling Catholics. As ambassador Norris was able to help convince his reluctant Queen, Elizabeth I, to provide aid to her fellow Protestants in France. Elizabeth also entrusted Norris with the task of persuading the French authorities to refrain from sending forces to aid the deposed Scottish Queen Mary and Catholic rebels in the North of England. Despite contemporary criticism that he was inexperienced, and criticism from modern historians that he was ineffective, this thesis shows that Norris played an important role in England’s diplomatic relationship with France during his ambassadorship, and his vocal support for the Huguenots helped pioneer the idea of religious pluralism accepted in modern democracies.