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And “Violent Dissidents”: Frames of Police Illegitimacy by Anti-Good Friday Agreement Republicans

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And “Violent Dissidents”: Frames of Police Illegitimacy by Anti-Good Friday Agreement Republicans “Draconian Crown Forces” and “Violent Dissidents”: Frames of Police Illegitimacy by Anti-Good Friday Agreement Republicans Gijs van der Zanden 5529972 Utrecht University A thesis submitted to the Board of Examiners in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Conflict Studies & Human Rights Gijs van der Zanden – Frames of Police Illegitimacy Prof. dr. Jolle Demmers August 3, 2020 Research & Thesis writing (30 ECTS) Word count: 23585 Cover picture: “Activists push back against normalisation of the PSNI.” Irish Republican News, May, 2020. https://republican-news.org/current/news/2020/05/activists_push_back_against_no.html 1 Gijs van der Zanden – Frames of Police Illegitimacy Abstract In this thesis I will answer the question how collective action frames expressed by Irish republicans who oppose the Good Friday Agreement and thus the current power-holders can help understand the through discourses constructed reality wherein the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) should be rejected. In order to do so I will first answer the question what legitimacy means, how it is cultivated and maintained, and why it is important for the police to be legitimate. I will argue that perceptions of legitimacy rely strongly on discourses that construct a reality that (de)legitimises the police force. In the second chapter I will look more specifically at which obstacles the PSNI faces and how it undermines its power to construct a reality in which they are accepted as legitimate by all layers of society. The issues they face result from ‘policing in a liminal space’, meaning the PSNI has to police both the past and the present. In the last chapter I will adapt the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis to analyse the collective action frames deployed by anti-Good Friday Agreement republicans (AGFARs). In the conclusion I will answer the main question by stating that the collective action frames expressed by AGFARs help understand their discourses as a constructed reality in which the past is continued in the present, and hence the police is still a colonial oppressive power. I argue that more factual evidence is necessary to either address that a minority population unjustifiably gets marginalised, or to build a counter-narrative against violent opposition groups that seem to be growing in support and activity. 2 Gijs van der Zanden – Frames of Police Illegitimacy Acknowledgements This research would not have been possible without the openness, hospitality and willingness to help or even participate without the people of Belfast. Thank you for being willing to engage with me and thank you for your time. I sometimes questioned myself for going to your city to write about problems, difficulties or issues you face, yet you were still generous and kind. Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor Jolle Demmers. Whenever I would feel down or demotivated because of the global pandemic, Jolle had the special gift of being extremely motivating and supportive, encouraging me in a way I doubt many others could do. Her reflective and analytical skills made me think critically about my topic and findings, and this thesis would not have been possible without her help. I would also like to thank my father for taking me under his wing when I was temporarily homeless. Though not being sure how it would be to live with a parent again, it turned out to be very gezellig, and his support made it possible to focus on my thesis. Lastly I would like to thank all those involved in the Master of Conflict Studies and Human Rights at Utrecht University. Not only for providing this very educational academic year, but also for the flexibility and support when things suddenly had to change. 3 Gijs van der Zanden – Frames of Police Illegitimacy Abbreviations 32CSM 32 County Sovereignty Movement AGFAR Anti-Good Friday Agreement Republican CIRA Continuity Irish Republican Army CNR Catholic/nationalist/republican DUP Democratic Unionist Party GFA Good Friday Agreement INLA Irish National Liberation Army IRA Irish Republican Army NIRA New Irish Republican Army PIRA Provisional Irish Republican Army PUL Protestant/unionist/loyalist PSNI Police Service of Northern Ireland RNU Republican Network for Unity RSF Republican Sinn Féin RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary VDR Violent dissident republican 4 Gijs van der Zanden – Frames of Police Illegitimacy TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7 The context of Northern Ireland .......................................................................................................... 7 The focus of this research .................................................................................................................... 9 Sub-questions and chapter layout ...................................................................................................... 10 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 13 Literature review ............................................................................................................................... 13 Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................................................................... 13 Collective action frames ................................................................................................................ 14 Qualitative research ........................................................................................................................... 15 Ethnographic research ................................................................................................................... 15 In-depth interviews ........................................................................................................................ 15 Online platforms and republican parties ....................................................................................... 16 Ethics ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 1: Legitimacy’s Reliance on Perceptions ............................................................. 18 Defining legitimacy ........................................................................................................................... 18 Cultivation and maintenance of legitimacy ....................................................................................... 19 Important critiques and additional thoughts ...................................................................................... 22 A discursive approach to police legitimacy ....................................................................................... 25 The importance of legitimacy ............................................................................................................ 26 Police reform and legitimacy in post-conflict societies..................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: The Police Service of Liminal Ireland: Obstacles for the PSNI ........................... 32 Obstacles of policing in a liminal space ............................................................................................ 32 Policing the past ................................................................................................................................ 32 Consociationalism .......................................................................................................................... 33 Memory wars................................................................................................................................. 35 Change of police force ...................................................................................................................... 38 External issues within the Northern Irish context ............................................................................. 40 Chapter 3: Anti- Good Friday Agreement republicans and the Good Friday Agreement’s police force ..................................................................................................................... 42 Anti-Good Friday Agreement Republicans ....................................................................................... 42 AGFAR collective action frames ...................................................................................................... 44 Diagnostic and prognostic framing ............................................................................................... 45 5 Gijs van der Zanden – Frames of Police Illegitimacy Motivational framing: delegitimising the authorities ................................................................... 47 Lies and collaborations of Sinn Féin .............................................................................................. 47 Dissatisfaction post-GFA state ...................................................................................................... 48 Truly left-wing................................................................................................................................ 50 Frame development and innovation .................................................................................................
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